1. User Input
The properties of Sample Cross-Section 2 are shown in Figure 1 and are summarized
below.
1
Figure 1: Properties of Sample Cross-Section 2.
Concrete Properties
Steel Properties
Section Dimensions
o Section height, h = 60 cm
o Section width, b = 36 cm
Reinforcement
2
Diameter of longitudinal bars, d b = 1.91 cm
The user input for the first layer of bars is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3.
3
Figure 3: Window 1 representation of Sample Cross-Section 2.
The user input for the axial forces is shown in Figure 4. These axial forces
the section. The largest compressive axial force that can be specified for a
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strength, Ac is the concrete area, Ast is the total steel area, and f s is the
axial force that can be specified is zero. The module is not designed to
consider tensile forces, i.e., negative axial loads. The module uses zero axial
load. Only 50% of the balanced load will be considered in the sample
calculations below.
generate the P-M interaction diagrams. A strain value less than or equal to
the concrete crushing strain may be used. The module uses the concrete
The following sample calculations are based on the method employed by Java Module B.
f c xr , where (1)
fc =
r 1+ xr
ec
x= , e = 0.002
e co c 0
(3)
E sec , the secant modulus of elasticity, is the slope of the line connecting the origin and
fc
Esec = =13, 750.0 MPa
e co
(4) Then,
Ec
r= = 2.24
E c E sec
(5)
ec
27.5( )(2.24)
fc = 0.002 ,
e c 2.24
2.24 1 + ( )
0.002
(6)
6
The above f c e c relationship is plotted in Figure 6. It is assumed that crushing of concrete
In Fig. 6,
1 f c
Circle marker: assumed concrete linear-elastic limit at f c = f el = f c and e c = e el = .
2 2 Ec
7
Window 2 generates the moment-curvature relationships of the section for the user-
specified axial forces. This is an iterative process, in which the basic equilibrium
requirement (e.g., P = Cc + Fs 2 Fs1 Ct for a section with two layers of reinforcement) and
a linear strain diagram are used to find the neutral axis for a particular maximum concrete
The calculation of the following four points on a moment-curvature curve will be shown in
this example:
e cm = 0.25e cu
e cm = 0.5e cu
e cm = 0.75e cu
e cm = e cu (concrete crushing)
Axial Load, P
The axial load considered for these sample calculations is 50% of the balanced failure load.
e cu fy
The neutral axis, c = cb = d , where e y = (7)
e cu + e y Es
8
With e cu = 0.004 and d = 54 cm, this gives a value of cb = 36.0 cm.
(8) The top and bottom steel forces, Fs 2 and Fs1 , respectively, are calculated using
similarity to find the strains in the layers. Balanced failure condition, by definition, has
strain values e cm = e cu = 0.004 for concrete and e s1 = e y = 0.002 for bottom steel. For the
top steel,
c d'
e s 2 = e s1 =0.0033
d c
(9)
Hence,
(10)
Fs 2 = e s 2 Es As 2 f y As 2 = 229.2 kN (compression)
(11)
where, As1 and As 2 are the total reinforcing steel areas in each layer.
The module considers the concrete tensile strength in the tension region. ACI-318 [1]
f r= 0.62 f cMPa
(12)
9
for normal weight concrete. Thus, for f c= 27.5 MPa, f r = 3.3 MPa.
1
The concrete tension force Ct = f r Act = 6.96 kN
2
(13)
where, Act is the area of concrete in tension calculated based on the linear strain diagram.
(14)
Therefore, 50% of the balanced load used in the example is P = 1279.7 kN.
Instant Centroid
The module assumes that the axial load acts at an instant centroid location for the
determined by assuming an initial condition where only the user-selected axial load acts on
the cross-section without moment. This loading condition produces a uniform compression
e s1 = e s 2 = e ci and f si = f s1 = f s 2 = Ese ci f y
(15)
From equilibrium,
f ci Ac + f s1 As1 + f s 2 As 2 = P
(16)
10
e ci
27.5( )(2.24)
0.002 ( A ) + ( f si )( As1 + As 2 ) = P = 1279.7 kN
e ci 2.24 c
2.24 1 + ( )
0.002
(17)
(18)
A trial-and-error solution on Eq. (17) is needed since it is not known in advance if the bars
Then, the location of the instant centroid, x , from the top compression face is determined
as
f ci Ac h / 2 + As1 f si d + As 2 f si d '
x= = 30.48 cm
f ci Ac + As1 f si + As 2 f si
(19)
Point 1
The calculation of the first sample point on the moment-curvature relationship of the
1. e cm = 0.25e cu = 0.001
11
e cm
e s1 = ( d c) = 0.0026 (at yield stress) and
c
(20)
e
e s 2 = (c d
) cm = 0.0006 (below yield stress)
c
(21)
(22)
Fs 2 = e s 2 Es As 2 = 68.8 kN (compression).
(23)
c e cm
c
Cc =
f c bdx = f b ec d e c = 644.3 kN.
0 0 cm
(24)
The concrete that has not cracked below the neutral axis contributes to the tension force.
1
Ct = f r Act = 11.1 kN with f r= 3.3 MPa from Eq. (12)
2
(25)
(26)
12
So, the neutral axis must be adjusted downward, for the particular maximum concrete strain
that was selected in Step 1, until equilibrium is satisfied. This iterative process determines
c e cm
c
Cc =
f cbdx = f b ec d e c = 1,369.2 kN.
0 0 cm
(27)
1
Ct = f r Act = 26.0 kN.
2
(28)
e cm 0.001 1
y= = = 3.04 105
c 32.92 cm
(29)
The internal lever arms for the resultant compression and tension forces of the concrete
measured from the instant centroid are zc = 19.15 cm and zct = 4.39 cm, respectively.
(30)
Point 2
13
The calculation of sample point two on the moment-curvature relationship of the section
1. e cm = 0.5e cu = 0.002
e cm
e s1 = (d c) = 0.004 (at yield stress) and
c
e
e s 2 = (c d
) cm = 0.0013 (below yield stress)
c
Fs 2 = e s 2 Es As 2 = 152.8 kN (compression).
c e cm
c
Cc =
f cbdx = f b ec d e c = 1200.7 kN.
0 0 cm
The concrete that has not cracked below the neutral axis contributes to the tension force.
1
Ct = f r Act = 7 kN with f r= 3.3 MPa from Eq. (12)
2
So, the neutral axis must be adjusted downward, for the particular maximum concrete strain
that was selected in Step 1, until equilibrium is satisfied. This iterative process determines
c e cm
c
Cc =
f c bdx = f b ec d e c = 1,585.1 kN.
0 0 cm
1
Ct = f r Act = 9.4 kN.
2
e cm 0.002 1
y= = = 8.42 105
c 23.76 cm
The internal lever arms for the resultant compression and tension forces of the concrete
measured from the instant centroid are zc = 21.6 cm and zct = 5.7 cm, respectively. Then,
Point 3
The calculation of sample point three on the moment-curvature relationship of the section
1. e cm = 0.75e cu = 0.003
e cm
e s1 = (d c) = 0.0051 (at yield stress) and
c
e
e s 2 = (c d
) cm = 0.0021 (at yield stress)
c
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4. The steel stress resultants are
Fs 2 = f y As 2 = 229.2 kN (compression).
c e cm
c
Cc =
f cbdx = f b ec d e c = 1525.3 kN.
0 0 cm
The concrete that has not cracked below the neutral axis contributes to the tension force.
1
Ct = f r Act = 5.3 kN with f r= 3.3 MPa from Eq. (12)
2
So, the neutral axis must be adjusted upward, for the particular maximum concrete strain
that was selected in Step 1, until equilibrium is satisfied. This iterative process determines
c e cm
c
Cc =
f cbdx = f b ec d e c = 1,514.6 kN.
0 0 cm
1
Ct = f r Act = 5.2 kN.
2
16
Section curvature can then be found from:
e cm 0.003 1
y = = = 1.51104
c 19.86 cm
The internal lever arms for the resultant compression and tension forces of the concrete
measured from the instant centroid are zc = 22.33 cm and zct = 10.0 cm, respectively.
Point 4
The calculation of sample point four on the moment-curvature relationship of the section
1. e cm = 1.0e cu = 0.004
e cm
e s1 = (d c) = 0.0063 (at yield stress) and
c
e
e s 2 = (c d
) cm = 0.0029 (at yield stress)
c
Fs 2 = f y As 2 = 229.2 kN (compression).
c e cm
c
Cc =
f cbdx = f b ec d e c = 1630.4 kN.
0 0 cm
17
The concrete that has not cracked below the neutral axis contributes to the tension force.
1
Ct = f r Act = 4.1 kN with f r= 3.3 MPa from Eq. (12)
2
So, the neutral axis must be adjusted upward, for the particular maximum concrete strain
that was selected in Step 1, until equilibrium is satisfied. This iterative process determines
c e cm
c
Cc =
f cbdx = f b ec d e c = 1,512.4 kN.
0 0 cm
1
Ct = f r Act = 3.8 kN.
2
e cm 0.004 1
y= = = 2.05 104
c 19.48 cm
The internal lever arms for the resultant compression and tension forces of the concrete
measured from the instant centroid are zc = 21.82 cm and zct = 10.6 cm, respectively.
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Plots
The three axial forces specified to generate the moment-curvature relationships for Sample
Cross-Section 2 are represented as P1, P2 and P3 in Window 2 as shown below. The M and
y pairs calculated for the four points above are plotted on the moment-curvature curve for
P2 = 0.50 Pb .
determining the axial load and moment pairs of the section for a user-specified maximum
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concrete compression strain, e cm . The P-M interaction diagram for each cross-section is
generated by selecting successive choices of the neutral axis distance, c , from an initial
small value to a large one that gives a pure axial loading condition. The initial neutral axis
value, co , corresponds to the pure bending condition (i.e., no axial force) of the cross-
section.
The calculation of the following three points on the P-M interaction diagram of Sample
c = co
c = 1.5co
c = 3co
Figure 9: Section strains, stresses, and stress resultants for P-M interaction.
Instant Centroid
The module calculates an instant centroid for P-M interaction, similar to the instant
centroid used for the section moment-curvature relationship. The axial load is assumed to
be applied at the instant centroid, which is determined from a uniform compression strain
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distribution over the section, equal to the user-specified maximum concrete strain, e cm , for
P-M interaction.
With Ac = bh ( As1 + As 2 ) = 2143 cm2 , the location of the instant centroid, x , from the top
f ci bh 2 / 2 + As1 f si d + As 2 f si d '
x= = 30.91 cm
f ci bh + As1 f si + As 2 f si
Point 1
The calculation of the first sample point on the P-M interaction diagram of the section is
described below. The initial neutral axis location, co , corresponding to pure bending is
determined as follows:
d co co d
e s1 = e cm and e s 2 = e cm
co co
(31)
Then, f s1 = e s1 Es f y and f s 2 = e s 2 Es f y
(32)
Cc + f s 2 As 2 = f s1 As1 + Ct
(33)
21
Substituting for the concrete and steel stress resultants gives the following equation
e cm
co 1
f b ec d e c + f s 2 As 2 = f s1 As1 + f r Act
0 cm 2
(34)
An iterative solution of Eq. (34) is needed (since the yielding bars are not known in
advance), from which the value of the neutral axis can be obtained as co = 6.01 cm.
co e cm
co
Cc = f cbdx = f b ec d e c = 458.4 kN
0 0 cm
1
Ct = f r Act = 1.6 kN
2
The internal lever arms for the resultant compression and tension forces of the concrete
measured from the instant centroid are zc = 28.46 cm and zct = 24.72 cm, respectively.
Point 2
The calculation of the second sample point, c = 1.5co , on the P-M interaction diagram of
d c c d
e s1 = e cm and e s 2 = e cm
c c
22
Fs1 = f y As1 = 458.4 kN (tension, at yield) and Fs 2 = e s 2 Es As 2 = 115.1 kN (compression,
below yield).
c e cm
c
Cc =
f c bdx = f b ec d e c = 687.5 kN
0 0 cm
1
Ct = f r Act = 2.4 kN
2
The internal lever arms for the resultant compression and tension forces of the concrete
measured from the instant centroid are zc = 27.21 cm and zct = 21.6 cm, respectively.
Point 3
The calculation of the third sample point, c = 3.0c o , on the P-M interaction diagram of the
d c c d
e s1 = e cm and e s 2 = e cm
c c
yield).
c e cm
c
Cc =
f c bdx = f b ec d e c = 1,375.1 kN
0 0 cm
23
1
Ct = f r Act = 4.7 kN
2
P = Cc + Fs 2 Fs1 Ct = 1141.2 kN
The internal lever arms for the resultant compression and tension forces of the concrete
measured from the instant centroid are zc = 23.52 cm and zct = 12.35 cm, respectively.
Plots
The M and P pairs calculated for the three points above are plotted on the interaction
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