Republic of Ireland

This article is about the sovereign state. For the revolu- The country achieved considerable prosperity between
tionary republic of 19191922, see Irish Republic. For the years of 1995 and 2007, which became known as the
other uses, see Ireland (disambiguation). Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by an unprecedented
nancial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with
i the concurrent global economic crash.[11][12] However,
Ireland ( /arlnd/; Irish: ire [e]), also known
as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hireann), is a as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU
in 2015,[13] Ireland is again quickly ascending league ta-
sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about
ve-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest bles comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For
city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern part of the example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth
island, and whose metropolitan area is home to around a (with Germany) most developed country in the[14] world by
third of the countrys 4.75 million inhabitants. The state the United Nations Human Development Index. It also
shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, a part performs well in several national performance metrics,
of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by including freedom of the press, economic freedom and
the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union
Georges Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to and is a founding member of the Council of Europe and
the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic.[8] The the OECD. The Irish government has followed a policy
legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dil of military neutrality through non-alignment since imme-
ireann, an upper house, Seanad ireann, and an elected diately prior to World War II and [15]
the country is conse-
President (Uachtarn) who serves as the largely ceremo- quently not a member of NATO, although it is a mem-
nial head of state, but with some important powers and ber in Partnership for Peace.
duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach (Prime
Minister, literally 'Chief', a title not used in English), who
is elected by the Dil and appointed by the President; the
Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.
The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 1 Name
as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It had the sta-
tus of dominion until 1937 when a new constitution
Main article: Names of the Irish state
was adopted, in which the state was named Ireland
and eectively became a republic, with an elected non-
executive president as head of state. It was ocially de- The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ire-
clared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ire- land, was styled and known as the Irish Free State.[16]
land Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United The Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides
Nations in December 1955. It joined the European that the name of the State is ire, or, in the English
Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland
European Union, in 1973. The state had no formal rela- Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description
tions with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth cen- of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948
tury, but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, be-
governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties to- cause to have done so would have put it in conict with
wards a resolution to "the Troubles". Since the signing of the Constitution.[17]
the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish govern- The government of the United Kingdom used the name
ment and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated Eire (without the diacritic), and, from 1949, Repub-
on a number of policy areas under the North-South Min- lic of Ireland, for the state;[18] it was not until the
isterial Council created by the Agreement. 1998 Good Friday Agreement that it used the name
[19]
Ireland ranks among the top twenty-ve wealthiest coun- Ireland.
[9]
tries in the world in terms of GDP per capita, and As well as Ireland, "ire or the Republic of Ireland,
as the tenth most prosperous country in the world ac- the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern
cording to The Legatum Prosperity Index 2015.[10] After Ireland or the South.[20] In an Irish republican con-
joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal eco- text it is often referred to as the Free State or the 26
nomic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. Counties.[21]

1
2 2
2 History
Main article: History of the Republic of Ireland
For the history of the entire island, see History of Ireland.
2.1 Home-rule movement
Main article: Home Rule movement
From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 De-
cember 1922, the island of Ireland was part of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. During the Great
Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of
over 8 million fell by 30%. One million Irish died of star-
vation and/or disease and another 1.5 million emigrated,
mostly to the United States.[22] This set the pattern of em-
igration for the century to come, resulting in a constant
population decline up to the 1960s.
The Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by Charles
Stewart Parnell (18461891).
From 1874, and particularly under Charles Stewart Par-
nell from 1880, the Irish Parliamentary Party gained
prominence. This was rstly through widespread agrarian
agitation via the Irish Land League, that won land reforms
for tenants in the form of the Irish Land Acts, and sec-
ondly through its attempts to achieve Home Rule, via two
unsuccessful bills which would have granted Ireland lim-
ited national autonomy. These led to grass-roots con-
trol of national aairs, under the Local Government Act
1898, that had been in the hands of landlord-dominated
grand juries of the Protestant Ascendancy. In January 1919, after the December 1918 general elec-
HISTORY
Home Rule seemed certain when the Parliament Act
1911 abolished the veto of the House of Lords, and John
Redmond secured the Third Home Rule Act in 1914.
However, the Unionist movement had been growing since
1886 among Irish Protestants after the introduction of the
rst home rule bill, fearing discrimination and loss of eco-
nomic and social privileges if Irish Catholics achieved real
political power. In the late nineteenth and early twenti-
eth century unionism was particularly strong in parts of
Ulster, where industrialisation was more common in con-
trast to the more agrarian rest of the island. It was feared
that any tari barriers would heavily aect that region. In
addition, the Protestant population was more prominent
in Ulster, with a majority in four counties.[23] Under the
leadership of the Dublin-born Sir Edward Carson of the
Irish Unionist Party and the Ulsterman Sir James Craig
of the Ulster Unionist Party, unionists became strongly
militant in order to oppose the Coercion of Ulster. Af-
ter the Home Rule Bill passed parliament in May 1914,
to avoid rebellion with Ulster, the British Prime Minister
H. H. Asquith introduced an Amending Bill reluctantly
conceded to by the Irish Party leadership. This provided
for the temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings
of the bill for a trial period of six years, with an as yet
undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the
area to be temporarily excluded.
2.2 Revolution and steps to independence
Though it received the Royal Assent and was placed on
the statute books in 1914, the implementation of the
Third Home Rule Act was suspended until after the First
World War which defused the threat of civil war in Ire-
land. With hope of ensuring the implementation of the
Act at the end of the war through Irelands engagement in
the war, Redmond and his Irish National Volunteers sup-
ported Britain and its Allies. 175,000 men joined Irish
regiments of the 10th (Irish) and 16th (Irish) divisions of
the New British Army, while Unionists joined the 36th
(Ulster) divisions.[24]
The remainder of the Irish Volunteers, who opposed
any support of Britain, launched an armed insurrection
against British rule in the 1916 Easter Rising, together
with the Irish Citizen Army. This commenced on 24
April 1916 with the declaration of independence. After
a week of heavy ghting, primarily in Dublin, the surviv-
ing rebels were forced to surrender their positions. The
majority were imprisoned but fteen of the prisoners (in-
cluding most of the leaders) were executed as traitors to
Britain. This included Patrick Pearse, the spokesman for
the rising and who provided the signal to the volunteers
to start the rising, as well as James Connolly, socialist and
founder of the Industrial Workers of the World union and
both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements. These
events, together with the Conscription Crisis of 1918, had
a profound eect on changing public opinion in Ireland.
2.3 Irish Civil War 3

In 1922 a new parliament called the Oireachtas was established,

of which Dil ireann became the lower house.

Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the

Parliament of Northern Ireland had the option to leave the
Irish Free State one month later and return to the United
Kingdom. During the intervening period, the powers
of the Parliament of the Irish Free State and Executive
Council of the Irish Free State did not extend to North-
ern Ireland. Northern Ireland exercised its right under the
treaty to leave the new dominion and rejoined the United
Kingdom on 8 December 1922. It did so by making an
address to the King requesting, that the powers of the
Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall
Easter Proclamation, 1916 no longer extend to Northern Ireland.[26] The Irish Free
State was a constitutional monarchy sharing a monarch
with the United Kingdom and other dominions of the
British Commonwealth. The country had a governor-
tion, 73 of Irelands 106 Members of Parliament (MPs)
general (representing the monarch), a bicameral par-
elected were Sinn Fin members who refused to take their
liament, a cabinet called the Executive Council, and
seats in the British House of Commons. Instead, they
a prime minister called the President of the Executive
set up an Irish parliament called Dil ireann. This rst
Council.
Dil in January 1919 issued a Declaration of Indepen-
dence and proclaimed an Irish Republic. The Declara-
tion was mainly a restatement of the 1916 Proclamation
2.3 Irish Civil War
with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a
part of the United Kingdom. The new Irish Republic was
The Irish Civil War was the consequence of the creation
recognised internationally only by the Russian Soviet Re- of the Irish Free State. Anti-treaty forces, led by amon
public.[25] The Irish Republics Aireacht (Ministry) sent a
de Valera, objected to the fact that acceptance of the
delegation under Ceann Comhairle (Head of Council, or treaty abolished the Irish Republic of 1919 to which they
Speaker, of the Dal) Sen T. O'Kelly to the Paris Peace
had sworn loyalty, arguing in the face of public support
Conference of 1919, but it was not admitted. for the settlement that the people have no right to do
After the War of Independence and truce called in July wrong.[27] They objected most to the fact that the state
1921, representatives of the British government and the would remain part of the British Empire and that mem-
Irish treaty delegates, led by Arthur Grith, Robert bers of the Free State Parliament would have to swear
Barton and Michael Collins, negotiated the Anglo-Irish what the Anti-treaty side saw as an oath of delity to the
Treaty in London from 11 October to 6 December 1921. British King. Pro-treaty forces, led by Michael Collins,
The Irish delegates set up headquarters at Hans Place in argued that the treaty gave not the ultimate freedom
Knightsbridge and it was here in private discussions that that all nations aspire to and develop, but the freedom
the decision was taken on 5 December to recommend the to achieve it.[28]
treaty to Dil ireann. The Second Dil ireann narrowly At the start of the war, the Irish Republican Army (IRA)
ratied the Treaty. split into two opposing camps: a pro-treaty IRA and
In accordance with the treaty, on 6 December 1922 an anti-treaty IRA. The pro-treaty IRA disbanded and
the entire island of Ireland became a self-governing joined the new National Army. However, because the
dominion called the Irish Free State (Saorstt ireann). anti-treaty IRA lacked an eective command structure
4 2
amon de Valera (18821975)
and because of the pro-treaty forces defensive tactics
throughout the war, Michael Collins and his pro-treaty
forces were able to build up an army with many tens of
thousands of World War I veterans from the 1922 dis-
banded Irish regiments of the British Army, capable of
overwhelming the anti-treatyists. British supplies of ar-
tillery, aircraft, machine-guns and ammunition boosted
pro-treaty forces, and the threat of a return of Crown
forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the
necessity of enforcing the treaty. The lack of public sup-
port for the anti-treaty forces (often called the Irregulars)
and the determination of the government to overcome the
Irregulars contributed signicantly to their defeat.
2.4 1937 Constitution
Following a national referendum, on 29 December 1937
the new Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hireann)
came into force. This replaced the Constitution of the
Irish Free State and called the state Ireland, or ire in
Irish.[29] Articles 2 and 3 of the constitution asserted a
nominal territorial claim over the whole island, consid-
ering the partition of Ireland under the 1922 Anglo-Irish
Treaty illegitimate. The former Irish Free State govern-
ment had taken steps to abolish the Oce of Governor-
General some months before the new Constitution came
into force.[30] Although the constitution established the
oce of President of Ireland, the question over whether
Ireland was a republic remained open. Diplomats were
accredited to the king, but the president exercised the in-
ternal functions of a head of state.[31] For instance, the
President gave assent to new laws with his own author-
ity, without reference to King George VI. George VI was
HISTORY
only an organ, that was provided for by statute law.
Ireland remained neutral during World War II, a period
it described as the Emergency. Irelands link with the
Commonwealth was terminated with the passage of the
Republic of Ireland Act 1948, which came into force on
18 April 1949 and declared that the state was a republic.
At the time, a declaration of a republic terminated Com-
monwealth membership. This rule was changed 10 days
after Ireland declared itself a republic, with the London
Declaration of 28 April 1949. Ireland did not reapply
when the rules were altered to permit republics to join.
Later, the Crown of Ireland Act was repealed in Ireland
by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes)
Act, 1962.
2.5 Recent history
In 1973 Ireland joined the European Economic Community
along with the United Kingdom and Denmark. The country
signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.
Ireland became a member of the United Nations in De-
cember 1955, after having been denied membership be-
cause of its neutral stance during the Second World War
and not supporting the Allied cause.[32] At the time, join-
ing the UN involved a commitment to using force to deter
aggression by one state against another if the UN thought
it was necessary.[33]
Interest towards membership of the European Eco-
nomic Community (EEC) developed in Ireland during
the 1950s, with consideration also given to membership
of the European Free Trade Area. As the United King-
dom intended on EEC membership, Ireland applied for
membership in July 1961 due to the substantial eco-
nomic linkages with the United Kingdom. However,
the founding EEC members remained skeptical regard-
ing Irelands economic capacity, neutrality, and unattrac-
tive protectionist policy.[34] Many Irish economists and
politicians realised that economic policy reform was nec-
essary. The prospect of EEC membership became doubt-
ful in 1963 when French President General Charles de
Gaulle stated that France opposed Britains accession,
which ceased negotiations with all other candidate coun-
tries. However, in 1969 his successor, Georges Pompi-
dou, was not opposed to British and Irish membership.
 5

Negotiations began and in 1972 the Treaty of Accession (70,273 km2 or 27,133 sq mi) of the island of Ireland
was signed. A referendum held in 1972 conrmed Ire- (84,421 km2 or 32,595 sq mi), with Northern Ireland
lands entry, and it nally joined the EEC in 1973.[35] constituting the remainder. The island is bounded to the
The economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast
Fianna Fil governments budget, the abolition of the car by the North Channel. To the east, the Irish Sea connects
tax, excessive borrowing, and global economic instabil- to the Atlantic Ocean via St Georges Channel and the
ity including the 1979 oil crisis.[36] There were signi- Celtic Sea to the southwest.
cant policy changes from 1989 onwards, with economic The western landscape mostly consists of rugged clis,
reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, an increase in compe- hills and mountains. The central lowlands are extensively
tition, and a ban on borrowing to fund current spend- covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, as well
ing. This policy began in 19891992 by the Fianna as signicant areas of bogland and several lakes. The
Fil/Progressive Democrat government, and continued by highest point is Carrauntoohil (1,038 m or 3,406 ft), lo-
the subsequent Fianna Fil/Labour government and Fine cated in the Macgillycuddys Reeks mountain range in the
Gael/Labour/Democratic Left government. Ireland be- southwest. The River Shannon, which traverses the cen-
came one of the worlds fastest growing economies by the tral lowlands, is the longest river in Ireland at 386 kilo-
late 1990s in what was known as the Celtic Tiger period, metres or 240 miles in length. The west coast is more
which lasted until the global Financial crisis of 200708. rugged than the east, with numerous islands, peninsulas,
However, since 2014, Ireland has experienced strong eco- headlands and bays.
nomic growth.
In the Northern Ireland question, the British and Irish
governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the
violent conict involving many paramilitaries and the
British Army in Northern Ireland known as "The Trou-
bles". A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, known
as the Good Friday Agreement, was approved in 1998 in
referendums north and south of the border. As part of the
peace settlement, the territorial claim to Northern Ireland
in Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland was re-
moved by referendum. In its white paper on Brexit the
United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment
to the Good Friday Agreement. With regard to North-
ern Irelands status, it said that the UK Governments
clearly-stated preference is to retain Northern Irelands Deciduous woodland in County Kerry with the ground covered
current constitutional position: as part of the UK, but in ramsons (wild garlic)
with strong links to Ireland.[37]
Before the arrival of the rst settlers in Ireland about
9,000 years ago, the land was largely covered by forests
3 Geography of oak, ash, elm, hazel, yew, and other native trees.[38]
The growth of blanket bog and the extensive clearing
Main article: Geography of Ireland of woodland to facilitate farming are believed to be the
The state extends over an area of about ve-sixths main causes of deforestation during the following cen-
turies. Today, about 12% of Ireland is forested, of
which a signicant majority is composed of mainly non-
native coniferous plantations for commercial use.[39] Ideal
soil conditions, high rainfall and a mild climate give
Ireland the highest growth rates for forests in Europe.
Hedgerows, which are traditionally used to dene land
boundaries, are an important substitute for woodland
habitat, providing refuge for native wild ora and a wide
range of insect, bird and mammal species.[40]
Agriculture accounts for about 64% of the total land
area.[41] This has resulted in limited land to preserve nat-
ural habitats, in particular for larger wild mammals with
greater territorial requirements.[42] The long history of
agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural
methods, such as pesticide and fertiliser use, has placed
The Clis of Moher on the Atlantic coast pressure on biodiversity.[43]
6 4 POLITICS

Glendalough valley in County Wicklow

3.1 Climate

Main article: Climate of Ireland

The Atlantic Ocean and the warming inuence of the

Gulf Stream aect weather patterns in Ireland.[44] Tem-
peratures dier regionally, with central and eastern areas
tending to be more extreme. However, due to a temperate President Michael D. Higgins
oceanic climate, temperatures are seldom lower than 5
C (23 F) in winter or higher than 26 C (79 F) in
summer.[45] The highest temperature recorded in Ireland national parliament composed of the President of Ireland
was 33.3 C (91.9 F) on 26 June 1887 at Kilkenny Cas- and the two Houses of the Oireachtas: Seanad ireann
tle in Kilkenny, while the lowest temperature recorded (Senate) and Dil ireann (House of Representatives).[49]
was 19.1 C (2.4 F) at Markree Castle in Sligo.[46] ras an Uachtarin is the ocial residence of the Presi-
Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less dent of Ireland, while the houses of the Oireachtas meet
so during the early months of summer. Southwestern ar- at Leinster House in Dublin.
eas experience the most rainfall as a result of south west- The President serves as head of state, and is elected for a
erly winds, while Dublin receives the least. Sunshine du- seven-year term and may be re-elected once. The Presi-
ration is highest in the southeast of the country.[44] The dent is primarily a gurehead, but is entrusted with cer-
far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Eu- tain constitutional powers with the advice of the Council
rope, with great potential for wind energy generation.[47] of State. The oce has absolute discretion in some ar-
Ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of eas, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a
sunshine each year, most areas averaging between 3.25 judgment on its constitutionality.[50] Michael D. Higgins
and 3.75 hours a day. The sunniest months are May and became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November
June, which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over 2011.[51]
most of the country. The extreme southeast gets most
sunshine, averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer. The Taoiseach (Prime Minister) serves as the head of
December is the dullest month, with an average daily sun- government and is appointed by the President upon the
shine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 nomination of the Dil. Most Taoisigh have served as the
hours in the extreme southeast. The sunniest summer in leader of the political party that gains the most seats in na-
the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887, according to tional elections. It has become customary for coalitions
measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin; 1980 to form a government, as there has not been a single-party
was the dullest.[48] government since 1989.[52] Enda Kenny assumed the of-
ce of Taoiseach on 9 March 2011.
The Seanad is composed of sixty members, with eleven
nominated by the Taoiseach, six elected by two uni-
4 Politics versities, and 43 elected by public representatives from
panels of candidates established on a vocational basis.
Main article: Politics of the Republic of Ireland The Dil has 158 members (Teachta Dla) elected to
Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary represent multi-seat constituencies under the system of
system of government. The Oireachtas is the bicameral proportional representation and by means of the single
4.1 Local government
Taoiseach Enda Kenny
transferable vote.
The Government is constitutionally limited to fteen
members. No more than two members can be selected
from the Seanad, and the Taoiseach, Tnaiste (Deputy
Prime Minister) and Minister for Finance must be mem-
bers of the Dil. The Dil must be dissolved within
ve years after its rst meeting following the previous
election,[53] and a general election for members of the
Dil must take place no later than thirty days after the dis-
solution. According to the Constitution of Ireland, parlia-
mentary elections must be held at least every seven years,
though a lower limit may be set by statute law. The cur-
rent government is a Fine Gael led minority government
led by Enda Kenny as Taoiseach and Frances Fitzgerald
as Tnaiste. It is supported by a number of Independents
including Shane Ross and former Senator Katherine Zap-
pone. The minority government is held in place by a
condence and supply deal with Fianna Fil. Opposition
parties in the current Dil are Fianna Fil, Sinn Fin, the
Socialist Party, the PBPA and Anti-Austerity Alliance,
the Labour Party, Social Democrats, the WUAG, the
Green Party as well as a number of Independents.
Ireland has been a member state of the European
Union since 1973, but has chosen to remain outside the
Schengen Area. Citizens of the United Kingdom can
freely enter the country without a passport due to the
Common Travel Area, which is a passport-free zone com-
7
Government Buildings
prising the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the Isle of
Man and the Channel Islands. However, some identica-
tion is required at airports and seaports.
4.1 Local government
Main article: Local government in the Republic of
Ireland
The Local Government Act 1898[54] is the founding doc-
ument of the present system of local government, while
the Twentieth Amendment to the constitution of 1999
provided for its constitutional recognition. The twenty-
six traditional counties of Ireland are not always cotermi-
nous with administrative divisions although they are gen-
erally used as a geographical frame of reference by the
population of Ireland. The Local Government Reform
Act 2014 provides for a system of thirty-one local au-
thorities - twenty-six county councils, two city and county
councils and three city councils.[54] Below this (with the
exception of the Dublin Region and the three city coun-
cils) are municipal districts, replacing a previous system
of town councils.
Local authorities are responsible for matters such as plan-
ning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries. Dil con-
stituencies are required to follow county boundaries as
much as possible. Counties with greater populations have
multiple constituencies, some of more than one county,
but generally do not cross county boundaries. The coun-
ties are grouped into eight regions, each with a Regional
Authority composed of members delegated by the vari-
ous county and city councils in the region. The regions do
not have any direct administrative role as such, but they
serve for planning, coordination and statistical purposes.
8 4 POLITICS

4.2 Law sioner, who is appointed by the Government. Most uni-

formed members do not routinely carry rearms. Stan-
Main articles: Law of Ireland, Courts of Ireland, and Law dard policing is traditionally carried out by uniformed of-
enforcement in the Republic of Ireland cers equipped only with a baton and pepper spray.[57]
Ireland has a common law legal system with a writ- The Military Police is the corps of the Irish Army re-
sponsible for the provision of policing service person-
nel and providing a military police presence to forces
while on exercise and deployment. In wartime, additional
tasks include the provision of a trac control organisa-
tion to allow rapid movement of military formations to
their mission areas. Other wartime roles include control
of prisoners of war and refugees.[58]
Irelands citizenship laws relate to the island of Ireland,
including islands and seas, thereby extending them to
Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom.
Therefore, anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets
the requirements for being an Irish citizen, such as birth
The Four Courts, completed in 1802, is the location of the on the island of Ireland to an Irish or British citizen par-
Supreme Court, the High Court and the Dublin Circuit Court. ent or a parent who is entitled to live in Northern Ireland
or the Republic without restriction on their residency,[59]
ten constitution that provides for a parliamentary democ- may exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship, such as
racy. The court system consists of the Supreme Court, an Irish passport.[60]
the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Circuit Court
and the District Court, all of which apply the law of Ire-
land. Trials for serious oences must usually be held be- 4.3 Foreign relations
fore a jury. The High Court and the Supreme Court have
authority, by means of judicial review, to determine the Main article: Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland
compatibility of laws and activities of other institutions See also: IrelandNATO relations
of the state with the constitution and the law. Except
in exceptional circumstances, court hearings must occur
Foreign relations are substantially inuenced by mem-
in public. The Criminal Courts of Justice is the prin-
[55][56] bership of the European Union, although bilateral rela-
cipal building for the criminal courts. It includes
tions with the United Kingdom and United States are also
the Dublin Metropolitan District Court, Court of Crim-
important.[61] It held the Presidency of the Council of
inal Appeal, Dublin Circuit Criminal Court and Central
the European Union on six occasions, most recently from
Criminal Court.[55]
January to June 2013.[62]

Ireland has been a member state of the European Union since

The Criminal Courts of Justice is the principal building for crim- 1973.
inal courts.
Ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy,
Garda Sochna na hireann (Guardians of the Peace of thus the country is not a member of NATO and has a
Ireland), more commonly referred to as the Garda, is longstanding policy of military neutrality. This policy has
the states civilian police force. The force is responsible helped the Irish Defence Forces to be successful in their
for all aspects of civil policing, both in terms of territory contributions to peace-keeping missions with the United
and infrastructure. It is headed by the Garda Commis- Nations since 1960, during the Congo Crisis and subse-
 9

quently in Cyprus, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegov- operates eight patrol ships, and smaller numbers of in-
ina.[63] atable boats and training vessels, and has armed board-
Despite Irish neutrality during World War II, Ireland had ing parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit
more than 50,000 participants in the war through en- of frogmen. The military includes the Reserve Defence
listment in the British armed forces. During the Cold Forces (Army Reserve and Naval Service Reserve) for
War, Irish military policy, while ostensibly neutral, was part-time reservists. Irelands special forces include the
biased towards NATO.[64] During the Cuban Missile Army Ranger Wing, which trains and operates with in-
Crisis, Sen Lemass authorised the search of Cuban ternational special operations units. The President is the
formal Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, but
and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and
passed the information to the CIA. Irelands air facil- in practice answers to the Government via the Minister
[65]
for Defence.
ities were used by the United States military for the de-
livery of military personnel involved in the 2003 invasion
of Iraq through Shannon Airport. The airport had previ-
ously been used for the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, 5 Economy
as well as the First Gulf War.[66]
Since 1999, Ireland has been a member of NATOs Main article: Economy of the Republic of Ireland
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and NATOs Euro-
Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), which is aimed at
creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe
and the former Soviet Union.[67][68]

4.4 Military
Main article: Defence Forces (Ireland)
The Defence Forces are made up of the Army, Naval Ser-

Ireland is part of the EU (dark blue & light blue) and Eurozone
(dark blue).
Irish Army Mowag Piranha AFV at 2006 Easter Military Parade
in Dublin

vice, Air Corps and Reserve Defence Force. It is small 5.1 Development
but well equipped, with almost 10,000 full-time mili-
tary personnel and over 2,000 in reserve.[69][70] Ireland The Irish economy has transformed since the 1980s from
is a neutral country,[71] and has triple-lock rules gov- being predominantly agricultural to a modern knowledge
erning the participation of Irish troops in conict zones, economy focused on high technology industries and ser-
whereby approval must be given by the UN, the Dil vices. Ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along
and Government.[72] Daily deployments of the Defence with eleven other EU member states.[43] The country is
Forces cover aid to civil power operations, protection and heavily reliant on Foreign Direct Investment and has at-
patrol of Irish territorial waters and EEZ by the Irish tracted several multinational corporations due to a highly
Naval Service, and UN, EU and PfP peace-keeping mis- educated workforce and a low corporation tax rate.[74]
sions. By 1996, over 40,000 Irish service personnel had Companies such as Intel invested in Ireland during the
served in international UN peacekeeping missions.[73] late 1980s, later followed by Microsoft and Google. Ire-
The Irish Air Corps is the air component of the Defence land is ranked as the ninth most economically free econ-
Forces and operates sixteen xed wing aircraft and eight omy in the world, according to the Index of Economic
helicopters. The Irish Naval Service is Irelands navy, and Freedom. In terms of GDP per capita, Ireland is one of
10 5 ECONOMY

the wealthiest countries in the OECD and EU. However,

the country ranks below the OECD average in terms of
GNP per capita. GDP is signicantly greater than GNP
due to the large number of multinational corporations
based in Ireland.[74]
Beginning in the early 1990s, the country experienced
unprecedented economic growth fuelled by a dramatic
rise in consumer spending, construction and investment,
which became known as the Celtic Tiger period. The
pace of growth slowed during 2007 and led to the burst
of a major property bubble which had developed over
time.[75] The dramatic fall in property prices highlighted
the over-exposure of the economy to construction and The International Financial Services Centre in Dublin, with the
contributed to the Irish banking crisis. Ireland ocially Famine memorial
entered a recession in 2008 following consecutive months
of economic contraction.[76] GNP contracted by 11.3%
in 2009 alone, the largest annual decline in GNP since zinc concentrates, and the twelfth largest producer of lead
1950.[77] concentrates. The country also has signicant deposits
of gypsum, limestone, and smaller quantities of copper,
The country ocially exited recession in 2010, assisted silver, gold, barite, and dolomite.[43] Tourism in Ireland
by a strong growth in exports.[78] However, due to a sig- contributes about 4% of GDP and is a signicant source
nicant rise in the cost of public borrowing due to gov- of employment.
ernment guarantees of private banking debt, the Irish
government accepted an 85 billion programme of assis- Other goods exports include agri-food, cattle, beef, dairy
tance from the EU, International Monetary Fund (IMF) products, and aluminum. Irelands major imports in-
and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Sweden clude data processing equipment, chemicals, petroleum
and Denmark.[79] Following three years of contraction, and petroleum products, textiles, and clothing. Financial
the economy grew by 0.7% in 2011 and 0.9% in 2012.[80] services provided by multinational corporations based at
The unemployment rate was 14.7% in 2012, including the Irish Financial Services Centre also contribute to Irish
18.5% among recent immigrants.[81] In March 2016 the exports.The dierence between exports (89.4 billion)
unemployment rate was reported by the Central Statistics and imports (45.5 billion) resulted an annual trade sur-
Oce (Ireland) to be 8.6%, down from a peak unem- plus of 43.9 billion in 2010, which is the highest trade
ployment rate of 15.1% in February 2012.[82] In addition surplus[87]
relative to GDP achieved by any EU member
to unemployment, net emigration from Ireland between state.
2008 and 2013 totalled 120,100,[83] or some 2.6% of the The EU is by far the countrys largest trading partner,
total population according to the Census of Ireland 2011. accounting for 57.9% of exports and 60.7% of imports.
One-third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and The United Kingdom is the most important trading part-
24.[83] ner within the EU, accounting for 15.4% of exports and
In 2013, Ireland was named the best country for busi- 32.1% of imports. Outside the EU, the United States ac-
ness by Forbes.[84] Ireland exited its EU-IMF bailout counted [87]
for 23.2% of exports and 14.1% of imports in
programme on 15 December 2013. [85]
Having imple- 2010.
mented budget cuts, reforms and sold assets, Ireland was
again able to access debt markets. Since then, Ireland has
been able to sell long term bonds at record rates.[86] 5.3 Energy

5.2 Trade

Although multinational corporations dominate Irelands

export sector, exports from other sources also contribute
signicantly to the national income. The activities of
multinational companies based in Ireland have made it
one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents,
medical devices and software-related goods and services
in the world. Irelands exports also relate to the activ-
ities of large Irish companies (such as Ryanair, Kerry
Group and Smurt Kappa Group) and exports of min-
eral resources: Ireland is the seventh largest producer of A wind farm in County Wexford
 11

Main article: Energy in Ireland

ESB, Ervia and Airtricity are the three main electricity

and gas suppliers in Ireland. There are 19.82 billion cu-
bic metres of proven reserves of gas.[43][88] Natural gas
extraction previously occurred at the Kinsale Head until
its exhaustion. The Corrib gas eld was due to come on
stream in 2013/14. In 2012, the Barryroe eld was con-
rmed to have up to 1.6 billion barrels of oil in reserve,
with between 160 and 600 million recoverable.[89] That
could provide for Irelands entire energy needs for up to
13 years, when it is developed in 2015/16. There have
been signicant eorts to increase the use of renewable
and sustainable forms of energy in Ireland, particularly in
wind power, with 3,000 MegaWatts[90] of wind farms be- InterCity Mark IV train at Heuston station
ing constructed, some for the purpose of export.[91] The
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) have es-
tion and Connolly station, linking to the countrys cities
timated that 6.5 percent of Irelands 2011 energy require-
and main towns. The Enterprise service, which runs
ments were produced by renewable sources.[92] The SEAI
jointly with Northern Ireland Railways, connects Dublin
have also reported an increase in energy eciency in Ire-
and Belfast. The whole of Irelands mainline network op-
land with a 28% reduction in carbon emissions per house
erates on track with a gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm), which
from the peak year (2005) to 2013.[93]
is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling
stock designs. Dublin has a steadily improving public
transport network including the DART, Luas, Dublin
5.4 Transport
Bus, and dublinbikes.
Main articles: Transport in Ireland, Rail transport in Ire- Motorways, national primary roads and national sec-
land, and Roads in Ireland ondary roads are managed by the National Roads Author-
The countrys three main international airports at Dublin, ity, while regional roads and local roads are managed by
the local authorities in each of their respective areas. The
road network is primarily focused on the capital, but mo-
torways have been extended to other cities as part of the
Transport 21 capital investment programme, as a result
motorways have been completed between Dublin and a
number of other major Irish cities including Cork, Lim-
erick, Waterford and Galway.[99]
Dublin has been the focus of major projects such as
the East-Link and West-Link toll-bridges, as well as the
Dublin Port Tunnel. The Jack Lynch Tunnel, under the
River Lee in Cork, and the Limerick Tunnel, under the
Terminal 1 and 2 at Dublin Airport
River Shannon, were two major projects outside Dublin.
Several by-pass projects are underway in other urban ar-
eas.
Shannon and Cork serve many European and interconti-
nental routes with scheduled and chartered ights. The
London and Dublin route is the second busiest interna-
tional air route in Europe, with 3.6 million people ying 6 Demographics
between the two cities in 2013[94] down from the 4.4 mil-
lion who ew in 2003.[95][96] Aer Lingus is the ag car- Main article: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
rier of Ireland, although Ryanair is the countrys largest See also: Irish population analysis
airline. Ryanair is Europes largest low-cost carrier,[97] Genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers mi-
the second largest in terms of passenger numbers, and grated from Iberia following the most recent ice age.[100]
the worlds largest in terms of international passenger After the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age, migrants
numbers.[98] introduced a Celtic language and culture. Migrants from
Railway services are provided by Iarnrd ireann (Irish the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of
Rail), which operates all internal intercity, commuter and most Irish people.[101][102] Gaelic tradition expanded and
freight railway services in the country. Dublin is the cen- became the dominant form over time. Irish people are
tre of the network with two main stations, Heuston sta- a combination of Gaelic, Norse, Anglo-Norman, French,
12 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

Population of Ireland since 1951.

and British ancestry.

The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an
increase of 8.2% since 2006.[103] As of 2011, Ireland had
the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per
1,000 of population).[104] In 2014, 36.3% of births were
to unmarried women.[105] Annual population growth rates
exceeded 2% during the 2002-2006 intercensal period,
which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and
immigration.[106] This rate declined somewhat during the The percentage who said they spoke Irish daily outside the edu-
subsequent 2006-2011 intercensal period, with an aver- cation system in the 2011 census.
age annual percentage change of 1.6%.
At the time of 2011 census, the number of non-Irish
nationals was recorded at 544,357, comprising 12% of
the total population. This is nearly 2.5 times the num-
ber of non-Irish nationals recorded in the 2002 census
(224,261), when the question of nationality was asked forvices in Irish and most government publications are not
the rst time. The ve largest non-national cohorts were available in both languages, even though citizens have the
Polish (122,585), UK (112,259), Lithuanian (36,683), right to deal with the state in Irish. Irish language me-
Latvian (20,593) and Nigerian (17,642) respectively.[107]dia include the TV channel TG4, the radio station RT
See also: List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland Raidi na Gaeltachta and online newspaper Tuairisc.ie.
by population In the Irish Defence Forces, all foot and arms drill com-
mands are given in the Irish language.
As a result of immigration, Polish is the most widely spo-
ken language in Ireland after English, with Irish as the
6.1 Functional urban areas[118] third most spoken.[120] Several other Central European
languages (namely Czech, Hungarian and Slovak), as well
6.2 Languages as Baltic languages (Lithuanian and Latvian) are also spo-
ken on a day-to-day basis. Other languages spoken in Ire-
Main articles: Languages of Ireland, Irish language, land include Shelta, spoken by Irish Travellers, and a di-
Hiberno-English, and Mid Ulster English alect of Scots is spoken by some Ulster Scots people in
The Constitution describes Irish as the national lan- Donegal.[121] Most secondary school students choose to
guage, but English is the dominant language. In the learn one or two foreign languages. Languages available
2006 census, 39% of the population regarded themselves for the Junior Certicate and the Leaving Certicate in-
as competent in Irish. Irish is spoken as a community clude French, German, Italian and Spanish; Leaving Cer-
language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in ticate students can also study Arabic, Japanese and Rus-
the west and south of the country, collectively known as sian. Some secondary schools also oer Ancient Greek,
the Gaeltacht. Except in Gaeltacht regions, road signs Hebrew and Latin. The study of Irish is compulsory for
are usually bilingual.[119] Most public notices and print Leaving Certicate students, but some may qualify for an
media are in English only. While the state is ocially exemption in some circumstances, such as learning di-
bilingual, citizens can often struggle to access state ser- culties or entering the country after age 11.[122]
6.4 Education 13

6.3 Healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only
the 21st most accessible system in Europe.
Main article: Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland
Although the Irish healthcare system comes under con-
6.4 Education

Main article: Education in the Republic of Ireland

Ireland has three levels of education: primary, secondary

and higher education. The education systems are largely
under the direction of the Government via the Minister
for Education and Skills. Recognised primary and sec-
ondary schools must adhere to the curriculum established
by the relevant authorities. Education is compulsory be-
tween the ages of six and fteen years, and all children up
to the age of eighteen must complete the rst three years
of secondary, including one sitting of the Junior Certi-
RCSI Disease and Research Centre at Beaumont Hospital in cate examination.[128]
Dublin city.
There are approximately 3,300 primary schools in
stant criticism from politicians and the public, Ireland Ireland.[129] The vast majority (92%) are under the pa-
has one of the most developed systems of healthcare in tronage of the Catholic Church. Schools run by religious
the world and healthcare professionals who are highly organisations, but receiving public money and recogni-
trained. Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both pub- tion, cannot discriminate against pupils based upon reli-
lic and private healthcare providers.[123] gion or lack thereof. A sanctioned system of preference
does exist, where students of a particular religion may be
The Minister for Health has responsibility for setting
accepted before those who do not share the ethos of the
overall health service policy. Every resident of Ireland
school, in a case where a schools quota has already been
is entitled to receive health care through the public health
reached.
care system, which is managed by the Health Service Ex-
ecutive and funded by general taxation. A person may
be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care
received; this depends on income, age, illness or disabil-
ity. All maternity services are provided free of charge
and children up to the age of 6 months. Emergency care
is provided to patients who present to a hospital Emer-
gency Department. However, visitors to Emergency De-
partments in non-emergency situations who are not re-
ferred by their GP may incur a fee of 100. In some cir-
cumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.[124]
Anyone holding a European Health Insurance Card is en-
titled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in
Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals. Out-
patient services are also provided for free. However, the
majority of patients on median incomes or above are re- University College Cork was founded in 1845 and is a constituent
quired to pay subsidised hospital charges. Private health university of the National University of Ireland.
insurance is available to the population for those who
want to avail of it. The Leaving Certicate, which is taken after two years
The average life expectancy in Ireland in 2012 is 81 years of study, is the nal examination in the secondary school
(OECD average life expectancy in 2012 was 80 years), system. Those intending to pursue higher education nor-
with 78.2 years for men and 83.6 years for women.[125] It mally take this examination, with access to third-level
has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 courses generally depending on results obtained from the
inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7)[126] and best six subjects taken, on a competitive basis.[130] Third-
a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 live births). level education awards are conferred by at least 38 Higher
The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 Euro- Education Institutions - this includes the constituent or
pean countries in 2012 according to the European Health linked colleges of seven universities, plus other desig-
Consumer Index produced by Health Consumer Power- nated institutions of the Higher Education and Training
house.[127] The same report ranked The Irish healthcare Awards Council.
14
The Programme for International Student Assessment,
coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Ireland as hav-
ing the fourth highest reading score, ninth highest science
score and thirteenth highest mathematics score, among
OECD countries, in its 2012 assessment[131] In 2012,
Irish students aged 15 years had the second highest levels
of reading literacy in the EU.[132] Ireland also has 0.747
of the Worlds top 500 Universities per capita, which
ranks the country in 8th place in the world.[133] Primary,
secondary and higher (University/College) level educa-
tion are all free in Ireland for all EU citizens.[134] There
are charges to cover student services and examinations.
In addition, 37 percent of Ireland population has a uni-
versity or college degree, which is among the highest per-
centages in the world.[135][136]
6.5 Religion
Main article: Religion in the Republic of Ireland
Religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in Ire-
land. Christianity is the predominant religion, with
the Roman Catholic Church as the largest church. In
2011, 84.2% of the population identied themselves
as Roman Catholic, 4.6% as Protestant or of another
Christian religion, 1.1% as Muslim, and 6.2% as hav-
ing no religion.[137] According to a Georgetown Uni-
versity study, before 2000 the country had one of the
highest rates of regular Mass attendance in the Western
world.[138] While daily attendance was 13% in 2006,
there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81% in
1990 to 48% in 2006, although the decline was reported
as stabilising.[139] In 2011, it was reported that weekly
Mass attendance in Dublin was just 18%, with it being
even lower among younger generations.[140]
Saint Finbarres Cathedral is a cathedral of the Church of Ireland
in Cork city.
The Church of Ireland is the second largest Christian de-
nomination. Membership declined throughout the twen-
tieth century, but experienced an increase early in the
21st century, as have other small Christian denomi-
nations. Signicant Protestant denominations are the
7 CULTURE
Presbyterian Church and Methodist Church. Immigra-
tion has contributed to a growth in Hindu and Muslim
populations. In percentage terms, Orthodox Christian-
ity and Islam were the fastest growing religions, with in-
creases of 100% and 70% respectively.[141]
Irelands patron saints are Saint Patrick, Saint Bridget and
Saint Columba. Saint Patrick is the only one commonly
recognised as the patron saint. Saint Patricks Day is cel-
ebrated on 17 March in Ireland and abroad as the Irish
national day, with parades and other celebrations.
Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, a Church of Ireland cathedral.
As with other predominantly Catholic European states,
Ireland underwent a period of legal secularisation in the
late twentieth century. In 1972, the article of the Con-
stitution naming specic religious groups was deleted by
the Fifth Amendment in a referendum. Article 44 re-
mains in the Constitution: The State acknowledges that
the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It
shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and
honour religion. The article also establishes freedom of
religion, prohibits endowment of any religion, prohibits
the state from religious discrimination, and requires the
state to treat religious and non-religious schools in a non-
prejudicial manner.
Religious studies was introduced as an optional Junior
Certicate subject in 2001. Although many schools are
run by religious organisations, a secularist trend is occur-
ring among younger generations.[142]
7 Culture
Main article: Culture of Ireland
Irelands culture was for centuries predominantly Gaelic,
and it remains one of the six principal Celtic nations. Fol-
lowing the Anglo-Norman invasion in the 12th century,
and gradual British conquest and colonisation beginning
in the 16th century, Ireland became inuenced by English
and Scottish culture. Subsequently, Irish culture, though
distinct in many aspects, shares characteristics with the
Anglosphere, Catholic Europe, and other Celtic regions.
The Irish diaspora, one of the worlds largest and most
7.1 Literature
dispersed, has contributed to the globalisation of Irish
culture, producing many prominent gures in art, music,
and science.
7.1 Literature
Main article: Irish literature
Ireland has made a signicant contribution to world lit-
Jonathan Swift (16671745)
erature in both the English and Irish languages. Mod-
ern Irish ction began with the publishing of the 1726
novel Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift. Other writers
of importance during the 18th century and their most no-
table works include Laurence Sterne with the publication
of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
and Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakeeld. Numer-
ous Irish novelists emerged during the 19th century, in-
cluding Maria Edgeworth, John Banim, Gerald Grin,
Charles Kickham, William Carleton, George Moore, and
Somerville and Ross. Bram Stoker is best known as the
author of the 1897 novel Dracula.
James Joyce (18821941) published his most famous
work Ulysses in 1922, which is an interpretation of the
Odyssey set in Dublin. Edith Somerville continued writ-
ing after the death of her partner Martin Ross in 1915.
Dublins Annie M. P. Smithson was one of several au-
thors catering for fans of romantic ction in the 1920s
and 1930s. After the Second World War, popular novels
were published by, among others, Brian O'Nolan, who
published as Flann O'Brien, Elizabeth Bowen, and Kate
O'Brien. During the nal decades of the 20th century,
Edna O'Brien, John McGahern, Maeve Binchy, Joseph
O'Connor, Roddy Doyle, Colm Tibn, and John Banville
came to the fore as novelists.
15
W. B. Yeats (18651939)
Patricia Lynch (18981972) was a prolic childrens au-
thor, while Eoin Colfer has been particularly successful
in this genre in recent years. In the genre of the short
story, which is a form favoured by many Irish writers, the
most prominent gures include Sen Faolin, Frank
O'Connor and William Trevor. Well known Irish poets
include Patrick Kavanagh, Thomas McCarthy, Dermot
Bolger, and Nobel Prize in Literature laureates William
Butler Yeats and Seamus Heaney (born in Northern Ire-
land but resided in Dublin). Prominent writers in the
Irish language are Pdraic Conaire, Mirtn Cadhain,
Samus Grianna, and Nuala N Dhomhnaill.
The history of Irish theatre begins with the expansion of
the English administration in Dublin during the early 17th
century, and since then, Ireland has signicantly con-
tributed to English drama. In its early history, theatri-
cal productions in Ireland tended to serve political pur-
poses, but as more theatres opened and the popular audi-
ence grew, a more diverse range of entertainments were
staged. Many Dublin-based theatres developed links with
their London equivalents, and British productions fre-
quently found their way to the Irish stage. However, most
Irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves. In
the 18th century, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley
Sheridan were two of the most successful playwrights on
the London stage at that time. At the beginning of the
20th century, theatre companies dedicated to the staging
of Irish plays and the development of writers, directors
and performers began to emerge, which allowed many
16 7 CULTURE

Irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their
reputations in Ireland rather than in Britain or the United
States. Following in the tradition of acclaimed practi-
tioners, principally Oscar Wilde and Literature Nobel
Prize laureates George Bernard Shaw (1925), and Samuel
Beckett (1969), playwrights such as Sen O'Casey, Brian
Friel, Sebastian Barry, Brendan Behan, Conor McPher-
son, and Billy Roche have gained popular success.[143]
Other Irish playwrights of the 20th century include Denis
Johnston, Thomas Kilroy, Tom Murphy, Hugh Leonard,
Frank McGuinness, and John B. Keane.
7.2 Music and dance
Main articles: Irish music and Irish dance
into cil and set dancing. Irish set dances are quadrilles,
danced by 4 couples arranged in a square, while cil
dances are danced by varied formations of couples of 2
to 16 people. There are also many stylistic dierences
between these two forms. Irish social dance is a living
tradition, and variations in particular dances are found
across the country. In some places dances are deliber-
ately modied and new dances are choreographed. Per-
formance dance is traditionally referred to as stepdance.
Irish stepdance, popularised by the show Riverdance, is
notable for its rapid leg movements, with the body and
arms being kept largely stationary. The solo stepdance is
generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid up-
per body, straight arms, and quick, precise movements of
the feet. The solo dances can either be in soft shoe or
hard shoe.

Irish traditional music has remained vibrant, despite glob-

alising cultural forces, and retains many traditional as- 7.3 Architecture
pects. It has inuenced various music genres, such as
American country and roots music, and to some extent Main article: Architecture of Ireland
[150]
modern rock. It has occasionally been blended with styles Ireland has a wealth of structures, surviving in vari-
such as rock and roll and punk rock. Ireland has also pro-
duced many internationally known artists in other genres,
such as rock, pop, jazz, and blues.

Poulnabrone dolmen in County Clare was built during the

Neolithic period.
The Frames
ous states of preservation, from the Neolithic period, such
There are a number of classical music ensembles around
as Br na Binne, Poulnabrone dolmen, Castlestrange
the country, such as the RT Performing Groups.[144] Ire- stone, Turoe stone, and Drombeg stone circle.[151] As the
land also has three opera organisations. Opera Ireland
Romans never conquered Ireland, architecture of Greco-
produces large-scale operas in Dublin, the Opera Theatre Roman origin is extremely rare. The country instead
Company tours its chamber-style operas throughout the had an extended period of Iron Age architecture.[152] The
country, and the annual Wexford Opera Festival, which Irish round tower originated during the Early Medieval
promotes lesser-known operas, takes place during Octo- period.
ber and November.
Christianity introduced simple monastic houses, such
Ireland has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest as Clonmacnoise, Skellig Michael and Scattery Is-
since 1965.[145] Its rst win was in 1970, when Dana won land. A stylistic similarity has been remarked between
with All Kinds of Everything.[146] It has subsequently won
these double monasteries and those of the Copts of
the competition six more times,[147][148] the highest num-
Egypt.[153] Gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied ringforts
ber of wins by any competing country. The phenomenon or cranngs.[154] Church reforms during the 12th cen-
Riverdance originated as an interval performance during tury via the Cistercians stimulated continental inuence,
the 1994 contest.[149] with the Romanesque styled Mellifont, Boyle and Tintern
Irish dance can broadly be divided into social dance and abbeys.[155] Gaelic settlement had been limited to the
performance dance. Irish social dance can be divided Monastic proto-towns, such as Kells, where the cur-
7.3 Architecture
The ruins of Monasterboice in County Louth are of early Chris-
tian settlement.
rent street pattern preserves the original circular settle-
ment outline to some extent.[156] Signicant urban set-
tlements only developed following the period of Viking
invasions.[154] The major Hiberno-Norse Longphorts
were located on the coast, but with minor inland uvial
settlements, such as the eponymous Longford.
Castles were built by the Anglo-Normans during the
late 12th century, such as Dublin Castle and Kilkenny
Castle,[157] and the concept of the planned walled trad-
ing town was introduced, which gained legal status and
several rights by grant of a Charter under Feudalism.
These charters specically governed the design of these
towns.[158] Two signicant waves of planned town for-
mation followed, the rst being the 16th and 17th cen-
tury plantation towns, which were used as a mechanism
for the Tudor English kings to suppress local insurgency,
followed by 18th century landlord towns.[159] Surviv-
ing Norman founded planned towns include Drogheda
and Youghal; plantation towns include Portlaoise and
Portarlington; well-preserved 18th century planned towns
include Westport and Ballinasloe. These episodes of
planned settlement account for the majority of present-
day towns throughout the country.
Dublin Custom House is a neoclassical building from the late 18th
century.
17
Gothic cathedrals, such as St Patricks, were also intro-
duced by the Normans.[160] Franciscans were dominant in
directing the abbeys by the Late Middle Ages, while ele-
gant tower houses, such as Bunratty Castle, were built by
the Gaelic and Norman aristocracy.[161] Many religious
buildings were ruined with the Dissolution of the Monas-
teries.[162] Following the Restoration, palladianism and
rococo, particularly country houses, swept through Ire-
land under the initiative of Edward Lovett Pearce, with
the Houses of Parliament being the most signicant.[163]
With the erection of buildings such as The Custom
House, Four Courts, General Post Oce and Kings Inns,
the neoclassical and Georgian styles ourished, especially
in Dublin.[163] Georgian townhouses produced streets
of singular distinction, particularly in Dublin, Limerick
and Cork. Following Catholic Emancipation, cathedrals
and churches inuenced by the French Gothic Revival
emerged, such as St Colmans and St Finbarres.[163] Ire-
land has long been associated with thatched roof cottages,
though these are nowadays considered quaint.[164]
The Elysian tower in Cork is the tallest storeyed building in the
Republic of Ireland.
Beginning with the American designed art deco church
at Turners Cross in 1927, Irish architecture followed the
international trend towards modern and sleek building
styles since the 20th century.[165] Recent developments
include the regeneration of Ballymun and an urban ex-
tension of Dublin at Adamstown.[166] Since the establish-
ment of the Dublin Docklands Development Authority in
1997, the Dublin Docklands area underwent large-scale
redevelopment, which included the construction of the
Convention Centre Dublin and Grand Canal Theatre.[167]
18 7 CULTURE

Completed in 2008, the Elysian tower in Cork is the

tallest storeyed building in the Republic of Ireland (the
Obel Tower in Belfast, Northern Ireland being the tallest
in Ireland), at a height of 71 metres (233 feet), surpass-
ing Cork County Hall. The Royal Institute of the Archi-
tects of Ireland regulates the practice of architecture in
the state.[168]

7.4 Media
Main article: Media of the Republic of Ireland

Raidi Teilifs ireann (RT) is Irelands public ser-

vice broadcaster, funded by a television licence fee and
advertising.[169] RT operates two national television
channels, RT One and RT Two. The other indepen-
dent national television channels are TV3, 3e, UTV Ire-
land and TG4, the latter of which is a public service
broadcaster for speakers of the Irish language. All these
channels are available on Saorview, the national free-
to-air digital terrestrial television service.[170] Additional
channels included in the service are RT News Now,
RTjr, and RT One +1. Subscription-based television
providers operating in Ireland include Virgin Media and A pint of Guinness
Sky.
Supported by the Irish Film Board, the Irish lm industry
coddle, stew, and bacon and cabbage. Ireland is famous
grew signicantly since the 1990s, with the promotion of
for the full Irish breakfast, which involves a fried or grilled
indigenous lms as well as the attraction of international
[171] meal generally consisting of bacon, egg, sausage, pud-
productions like Braveheart and Saving Private Ryan.
ding, and fried tomato. Apart from the signicant inu-
A large number of regional and local radio stations are ence by European and international dishes, there has been
available countrywide. A survey showed that a consistent a recent emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on tra-
85% of adults listen to a mixture of national, regional ditional ingredients handled in new ways. This cuisine is
and local stations on a daily basis.[172] RT Radio oper- based on fresh vegetables, sh, oysters, mussels and other
ates four national stations, Radio 1, 2fm, Lyric fm, and shellsh, and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that
RnaG. It also operates four national DAB radio stations. are now being produced across the country. Shellsh have
There are two independent national stations: Today FM increased in popularity, especially due to the high quality
and Newstalk. shellsh available from the countrys coastline. The most
Ireland has a traditionally competitive print media, which popular sh include salmon and cod. Traditional breads
is divided into daily national newspapers and weekly re- include soda bread and wheaten bread. Barmbrack is a
gional newspapers, as well as national Sunday editions. yeasted bread with added sultanas and raisins.
The strength of the British press is a unique feature Popular everyday beverages among the Irish include tea
of the Irish print media scene, with the availability of and coee. Alcoholic drinks associated with Ireland in-
a wide selection of British published newspapers and clude Poitn and the world-famous Guinness, which is a
magazines.[171] dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guin-
Eurostat reported that 82% of Irish households had Inter- ness at St. Jamess Gate in Dublin. Irish whiskey is
net access in 2013 compared to the EU average of 79% also popular throughout the country, and comes in vari-
but only 67% had broadband access. [173] ous forms, including single malt, single grain and blended
whiskey.[174]

7.5 Cuisine
7.6 Sports
Main article: Irish cuisine
Further information: List of Irish dishes Main article: Sport in Ireland
Irish cuisine was traditionally based on meat and dairy Gaelic football and hurling are the traditional sports of
products, supplemented with vegetables and seafood. Ex- Ireland as well as most popular spectator sports.[175] They
amples of popular Irish cuisine include boxty, colcannon, are administered by the Gaelic Athletics Association on
7.7 Society 19

as a result of the international success of boxers such as

Bernard Dunne, Andy Lee and Katie Taylor.
Some of Irelands highest performers in athletics have
competed at the Olympic Games, such as Eamonn Cogh-
lan and Sonia O'Sullivan. The annual Dublin Marathon
and Dublin Womens Mini Marathon are two of the most
popular athletics events in the country.[183]
Rugby league is represented by the Ireland national rugby
league team and administered by Rugby League Ireland
(who are full member of the Rugby League European
Federation) on an all-Ireland basis. The team compete in
the European Cup (rugby league) and the Rugby League
World Cup. Ireland reached the quarter nals of the 2000
Croke Park stadium is the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Rugby League World Cup as well as reaching the semi -
Association. nals in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.[184] The Irish
Elite League is a domestic competition for rugby league
teams in Ireland.[185]
an all-Ireland basis. Other Gaelic games organised by the
association include Gaelic handball and rounders.[176] The prole of Australian rules football has increased in
Ireland due to the International rules series that take place
Soccer is the third most popular spectator sport and annually between Australia and Ireland. Baseball and
has the highest level of participation.[177] Although basketball are also emerging sports in Ireland, both of
the League of Ireland is the national league, the En- which have an international team representing the island
glish Premier League is the most popular among the of Ireland. Other sports which retain a strong following
public.[178] The Republic of Ireland national football in Ireland include cycling, greyhound racing, horse riding,
team plays at international level and is administered by motorsport, and softball.
the Football Association of Ireland.[179]
The Irish Rugby Football Union is the governing body
of rugby union, which is played at local and international 7.7 Society
levels on an all-Ireland basis, and has produced players
such as Brian O'Driscoll and Ronan O'Gara, who were See also: Abortion in the Republic of Ireland and LGBT
on the team that won the Grand Slam in 2009.[180] rights in the Republic of Ireland
The success of the Irish Cricket Team in the 2007 Cricket
World Cup has led to an increase in the popularity of Ireland ranks fth in the world in terms of gender equal-
cricket, which is also administered on an all-Ireland basis ity.[186] In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable
by Cricket Ireland.[181] country in Europe, and second most charitable in the
[187]
Netball is represented by the Ireland national netball world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland un-
team. til 1979, however, the receding inuence of the Catholic
Church has led to an increasingly secularised society.[188]
Golf is another popular sport in Ireland, with over 300 In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognised the right
courses countrywide.[182] The country has produced sev-
to life of the unborn, subject to qualications concern-
eral internationally successful golfers, such as Pdraig ing the equal right to life of the mother. The case of
Harrington and Paul McGinley.
Attorney General v. X subsequently prompted passage of
Horse Racing has a very large presence in Ireland, with the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, guarantee-
one of the most inuential breeding and racing opera- ing the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and
tions based in the country. Racing takes place at courses the right to learn about services that are illegal in Ireland
at The Curragh Racecourse in County Kildare and at but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937
Leopardstown Racecourse, racing taking place since the Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth
1860s, but racing taking place as early as the early 1700s. Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low com-
Popular race meetings also take place at Galway. Opera- pared to European Union averages (0.7 divorced people
tions include Coolmore Stud and Ballydoyle, the base of per 1,000 population in 2011) while the marriage rate in
Aidan O'Brien arguably one of the worlds most success- Ireland is slightly above the European Union average (4.6
ful horse trainers. Ireland has produced champion horses marriages per 1,000 population per year in 2012).
such as Galileo, Montjeu, and Sea the Stars. Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland,
Boxing is Irelands most successful sport at an Olympic while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orien-
level. Administered by the Irish Amateur Boxing Asso- tation, marital or familial status, religion, race or mem-
ciation on an all-Ireland basis, it has gained in popularity bership of the travelling community is illegal. The leg-
20 9 NOTES

islation which outlawed homosexual acts was repealed in and spirals. The shamrock, a type of clover, has been a
1993.[189][190] In 2010, the Dil and the Seanad passed national symbol of Ireland since the 17th century when it
the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations became customary to wear it as a symbol on St. Patricks
of Cohabitants Act, which recognised civil partnerships Day. These symbols are used by state institutions as well
between same-sex couples.[191] It permits same-sex cou- as private bodies in the Republic of Ireland.
ples to register their relationship before a registrar.[192] The ag of Ireland is a tricolour of green, white and
A Sunday Times poll carried out in March 2011 showed orange. The ag originates with the Young Ireland
that 73% of people believe that same-sex couples should movement of the mid-19th century but was not popu-
be allowed to marry, while 60% believe that same-sex
larised until its use during the Easter Rising of 1916.[200]
couples should be allowed to adopt children.[193] In April The colours represent the Gaelic tradition (green) and
2012, the Constitutional Convention voted overwhelm-
the followers of William of Orange in Ireland (orange),
ingly in favour of extending marriage rights to same- with white representing the aspiration for peace between
sex couples.[194] On 23 May 2015, Ireland became the
them.[201] It was adopted as the ag of the Irish Free State
rst country to legalise same-sex marriage by popular in 1922 and continues to be used as the sole ag and en-
vote.[195]
sign of the state. A naval jack, a green ag with a yellow
Ireland became the rst country in the world to introduce harp, is set out in Defence Forces Regulations and own
an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 from the mast head of ships in addition to the national ag
and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is in limited circumstances (e.g. when a ship is not under-
carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest way). It is based on the unocial green ensign of Ireland
rate of packaging recycling in the European Union. It was used in the 18th and 19th centuries and the traditional
the rst country in Europe to ban incandescent lightbulbs green ag of Ireland dating from the 16th century.[202]
in 2008 and the rst EU country to ban in-store tobacco Like the national ag, the national anthem, Amhrn na
advertising and product display in 2009.[196][197] In 2015 bhFiann (English: A Soldiers Song), has its roots in the
Ireland became the second country in the world to in- Easter Rising, when the song was sung by the rebels.
troduce plain cigarette packaging.[198] Despite the above Although originally published in English in 1912,[203]
measures to discourage tobacco use, smoking rates in Ire- the song was translated into Irish in 1923 and the Irish-
land remain above 20% of the adult population and above language version is more commonly sung today.[203] The
those in other developed countries.[199] song was ocially adopted as the anthem of the Irish Free
State in 1926 and continues as the national anthem of the
7.8 State symbols state.[204] The rst four bars of the chorus followed by the
last ve comprise the presidential salute.
Further information: Symbols of the Republic of Ireland The arms of Ireland originate as the arms of the monar-
The state shares many symbols with the island of Ireland. chs of Ireland and was recorded as the arms of the King
of Ireland in the 12th century. From the union of the
crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1603, they
have appeared quartered on the royal coat of arms of the
United Kingdom. Today, they are the personal arms of
the President of Ireland whilst he or she is in oce and
are own as the presidential standard. The harp symbol is
used extensively by the state to mark ocial documents,
Irish coinage and on the seal of the President of Ireland.

8 See also
Outline of the Republic of Ireland

List of Ireland-related topics

List of Irish people

The seal of the President of Ireland, incorporating a harp 9 Notes

These include the colours green and blue, animals such [1] Prior to 2002, Ireland used the punt (Irish pound) as its
as the Irish wolfhound and stags, structures such as round circulated currency. The euro was introduced as an ac-
towers and celtic crosses, and designs such as Celtic knots counting currency in 1999.

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10.1 Bibliography
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International Use of Force. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-
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11 Further reading
Bunreacht na hireann (the 1937 constitution)
The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922
12 EXTERNAL LINKS
J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), Gill &
Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland (Gill &
Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 0-7171-2276-X)
FSL Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine
Alan J. Ward, The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Re-
sponsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782
1992 (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-
2528-3)
Michael J. Geary, An Inconvenient Wait: Irelands
Quest for Membership of the EEC, 195773 (Insti-
tute of Public Administration, 2009) (ISBN 978-1-
904541-83-7)
12 External links
Government
Irish State Ocial governmental portal
ras an Uachtarin Ocial presidential site
Taoiseach Ocial prime ministerial site
General information
Ireland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence
Agency.
Ireland information from the United States Depart-
ment of State
Portals to the World at the Wayback Machine
(archived 29 July 2010) from the United States
Library of Congress (Archived by the WayBackMa-
chine)
Ireland at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Ireland at DMOZ
Ireland prole from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Ireland
Geographic data related to Republic of Ireland at
OpenStreetMap
Key Development Forecasts for Ireland from
International Futures
Coordinates: 53N 8W / 53N 8W
 27

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
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Kentem, Timeineurope, PipepBot, Kotniski, The Thing That Should Not Be, 55jc, Meisterkoch, EoGuy, FieldMarine, RashersTierney,
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Cenarium, Jotterbot, Jandrews23jandrews23, Staighre, AleXd, Promethean, Hans Adler, Seamuswhite, Mickey gfss2007, Mikaey, Banime,
Muro Bot, Nem1yan, The Wicked Twisted Road, Ziolith, Tired time, Oliver1741, Thingg, Nymphaluna, Aitias, Cmccue56, Saman-
tha555, Versus22, IJA, Irvine22, SoxBot III, Dis and dat kid, Sunquanliangxiuhao, DumZiBoT, BrynAlyn, Pringles16, BarretB, Aixplo-
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TFOWR, SilvonenBot, NellieBly, Tameamseo, Good Olfactory, Charles77a, Gggh, Japanscot, Wikipire, Citatsce, Jack forbes (renamed),
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Roentgenium111, ConCompS, Some jerk on the Internet, DOI bot, Prattlement, Mspence835, Turkuun, Kingnicholas, Tobrien1237,
IRISHwiki15, Ukpride16~enwiki, Wikiwonder09, Elmondo21st, Njaelkies Lea, Fieldday-sunday, Kman543210, CanadianLinuxUser,
Leszek Jaczuk, Mac Dreamstate, Jim10701, Mnmazur, Okta87, CarsracBot, RTG, Daicaregos, Giving is good, as long as you're getting,
Lukeofdoom14, Punkrockpiper, Debresser, Robert.carpenter, AnnaFrance, Favonian, Gorgapal, LinkFA-Bot, Seamus72, Organic Cab-
bage, Fireaxe888, AgadaUrbanit, Numbo3-bot, Michael of Lucan, Tide rolls, Alan16, Lightbot, Pureditor, Zorrobot, Bart0278, HerculeBot,
Mr.Eggy499, Bseaustralia, Drog lad, Frehley, The Bushranger, Thetrueseto, Ben Ben, Garrettcodd, Kurtis, Luckas-bot, Iamheasyouarehe,
Yobot, JJARichardson, O Fenian, Ptbotgourou, Mooretwin, TaBOT-zerem, Hohenloh, Amirobot, Dcbeatz, Alakasam, Richie wright1980,
Wikiewan, Gavin Lisburn, Reenem, Filastin, KamikazeBot, Wikipudding, Mxshee, The Thunderer, Tempodivalse, StephenAHayden,
AnomieBOT, Glen Dillon, Adam mugliston, Dah 144 144, Rubinbot, 1exec1, Rockypedia, Jim1138, Hadrian89, Ipatrol, AdjustShift, Local
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zomack, Tempac, Monkeyspanky`, Historian19, Alawadhi3000, James500, Jamiemaloneyscoreg, DynamoDegsy, ArthurBot, Cliftonian,
LilHelpa, Myvalul, Brackenheim, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Linburats, Timir2, The Banner, Pierre67~enwiki, Alan02, Capricorn42, Vivaelcelta,
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bby72, MusicInTheHouse, DutchPleasure, Wghboy, Wgh001, Daryl4711, Aaboubieh, Csiew88, Mistakender, Mastercoolio, Cargoking,
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Cathar11, FoxBot, TobeBot, ArchiveCarrickfergus, Susangold, TintoDeSerrano, MFIreland, Smart25, YoursBadDay, LukeM212, Ted-
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Stoughton, City of Destruction, L Kensington, Rasbora100, Zuggernaut, Gsarwa, Quite vivid blur, Marthainky, Osvaldsson, Whackstour,
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13.2 Images 29

BotAV, Muskydusky, FeatherPluma, BigMatty93, MarkUTR, Petrb, Vertott, ClueBot NG, AndGaiPhD, Calagirly678, Mjgeary, LogX,
General Hindsight, Maitiu93, Rzak2113, Fred DeSoya, Movses-bot, Millermk, Joseei.JM, Pillow2011, TruPepitoM, Sapec, Porusvikmani,
Frietjes, Cntras, Hazhk, Keroja1, Economiesofscale, Poopcloset3, Pinkzap, Jreb01, Costesseyboy, Pensionero, Widr, Antiqueight, Za-
khalesh, Chacha15, Camtaylor94, Commandercoriander, Tomseattle, Saltairesir, Mtking, Helpful Pixie Bot, MsFionnuala, Legoless,
Sukbhirsinghsangha, VityaHoeilaart, Travy1991, Nightenbelle, Ambarishatluri, Calidum, Wbm1058, Plantdrew, Leojackson98, Plarem,
Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Murry1975, Hewhoamareismyself, Mackoy20, Justincomprehenible, Nirv999, EdwardMarchant, Joshua
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The Skywatcher and me, Andrewmcmahon96, ComhairleContaeThirnanOg, Midnight Green, Compfreak7, IrishRugbyFan, Wesley Wolf,
Mrkelly1234, Atoine85, Snow Blizzard, Themightypetr, Icurry555, Noone1228, Robbiel96, Mark gan11, Tw72, Rstrain21, Havantshire,
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Robin, Mrt3366, Cyberbot II, Hydraspark, ChrisGualtieri, Randomname2k12, Carroll212, JYBot, Dude1830, Emmet1967, Qexigator,
Atlantis100, Finnegas, Ejbluearmy, Alexanderhmann, OwenCauchi, Dexbot, Volvovolvovolvo, FoCuSandLeArN, Alburzador, Greentide,
Mogism, Wikicorkalex321, SiBr4, Stevenbfg, Pro gamer 9191, Jim5769, Lugia2453, XXN, Miles Creagh, Jamesx12345, Arumpostasest,
TeriEmbrey, Athomeinkobe, Elevatorrailfan, Dubs boy, Darkhornlar, Westmv, CsDix, Shapeshifter77, Nlewis87, WikiPaddy007, Rob984,
Frenchmalawi, Ransewiki, America1620, Baron Langford, Melonkelon, AlwynJPie, Inglok, NJRobbie, Phidelma, Locomotion is your
duty, VeteranHail, EvergreenFir, GaryTheGeographer, Pinkboy5454, DavidLeighEllis, ArmbrustBot, PerpetualPrudent, Haminoon, Jen-
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Drjaydrjay, TheBoulderite, Ps3boss, IrishSpook, KingFontana X, JimmyGift, Maxtanki, Isoap123, Polemicista, Alexwhite116, Patrick-
Guinness, Glen2014, Gerard kelly99, WatermillockCommon, ChamithN, WikiImprovment78, Crystallizedcarbon, Loraof, Itschipino,
Md 39, RT196, Ulsterscallman15200, AjiSim, Patmorgan235, Mll mitch, Gustavbosst8884, Aidanlovespie, Eimukas22, Donovanu, Sf-
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nocir, Theeditingsquad, HughMorris15, Robbieodz, Eat me, I'm an azuki, A,Ocram, StjJackson, TheFledglingPhoenix, NashMan-
shor98, Jgefd, Maczkopeti, Germany64, Ireland201510, Cristianjf, Riftik123, Ilikebreadfam, Parshdarsh57, Hddty., Red Icarus of Jakarta,
Simpsondog, Jakebcn, Laytar1, Allthefoxes, Retention7, InternetArchiveBot, Crostir Faolin, GaryFG8125, Kracykatkirl, JJMC89
bot, Mokona271, Jawn, Simonsyo, Little Will, Apairofpears, GreenC bot, U5117629, FinnishWarrior, ToodHall, HeathIsling, Emir of
Wikipedia, Bender the Bot, SlavonicStudies, DerTorx, Nonenonenonez and Anonymous: 2439

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30 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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File:Charles_Stewart_Parnell_-_Brady-Handy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Charles_
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Brady-Handy Photograph Collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpbh.03648. CALL NUMBER: LC-BH826- 460 <P&P>[P&P]
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File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_-_Dublin,_Ireland_-_August_10,_2008.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/5/50/Christ_Church_Cathedral_-_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_August_10%2C_2008.jpg License: CC BY 4.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Giorgio Galeotti
File:Cliffs_of_Moher_bei_bestem_Wetter_(2007).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Cliffs_of_
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File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg Li-
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Original artist: Setanta Saki
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geograph.org.uk Original artist: John M
File:CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/
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File:Croix_celtique_et_chapelle.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Croix_celtique_et_chapelle.jpg
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artist: No machine-readable author provided. Tolivero~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims).
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File:Dil_Chamber.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg License: CC BY-
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2003 Jtdirl) Original artist: originally uploaded to the English Wikipedia by w:User:Jtdirl
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File:Famine_sculpture_in_front_of_the_International_Financial_Services_Centre_Dublin_2006.jpg Source: https:
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File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
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BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: All ags are based on 1651 provincial arms Original artist: Caomhan27
13.2 Images 31

File:Galway_Harbour_2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Galway_Harbour_2007.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia by Ronhjones Original artist: Sulmac at en.wikipedia
File:Glendalough.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Glendalough.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib-
utors: Own work.
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(based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Rama assumed (based on copyright claims).
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