Ikgm Fix
Ikgm Fix
1. Mengapa beberapa prinsip etika dinyatakan pada kode etik profesional namun
beberapa tidak dicantumkan? Amati salah satu kode etik yang relevan dengan
kesehatan lingkungan. Apakah anda akan menambahkan sesuatu? Atau
mengurangi sesuatu? Mengapa?
2. Apakah harus ada sanksi bagi profesional yang melanggar kode etik dari
organisasi? Bagaimana sanksi tersebut seharusnya diatur?
Jawab: Tentu saja harus diberikan sanksi, baik sanksi yang diberi oleh
organisasi atau lembaga yang menaungi profesional tersebut dengan
kebijakannya sesuai berat ringannya pelanggaran yang sudah dilakukan.
Sanksi tersebut sebelumnya pasti sudah diatur oleh lembaga yang menaungi
profesional tersebut maka sanksi tersebut dapat diberikan sesuai aturan yang
berlaku atau dapat dari persetujuan para anggota yang sudah dirapatkan
sebelumnya sebaiknya berkaitan dengan pekerjaannya seperti berhenti praktik
sementara, turun jabatan, dan lain-lain.
Jawab:
a. Dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam manusia harus memperhatikan cara-
cara pengambilan sumber daya alam tersebut dan harus mengerti batasan
pengambilan sumber daya alam tersebut.
b. Manusia yang menjaga kebersihan lingkungan akan memberikan dampak
positif bagi dirinya sendiri.
Jawab: Rumah sakit tersebut harus mengerti apa saja resiko yang bisa rumah
sakit itu timbulkan, setelah itu rumah sakit harus segera mencari solusi untuk
mengatasi resiko tersebut. Rumah sakit harus mempertimbangkan
kemampuannya dalam melakukan solusi dari resiko tersebut, jika tidak
mampu harus segera mencari bantuan dari pihak-pihak yang dapat memberi
bantuan.
Jawab: Harus selalu seimbang dalam menentukan dampak yang akan terjadi
pada lingkungan dan kesehatan. Sehingga, apabila terjadi keseimbangan
antara lingkungan dan manusia maka tidak ada kerusakan pada lingkungan
dan manusia akan tetap sehat.
10. Apa tanggung jawab dari kesehatan lingkungan untuk mendukung kesehatan
dibidang politik, sosial, dan ekonomi?
Jawab: Tanggung jawab dan kesadaran dari diri sendiri sangat dibutuhkan
dalam menjaga kelestarian lingkungan karena lingkungan yang bagus dapat
berdampak pada kegiatan sosial, politik, dan ekonomi.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. Code of
Ethics.[http://www.aaohn.org/practice/ethics.cfm].2004.
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Code of Ethical
Conduct. [http//www.acoem.org/code/default.asp]. Aug. 1993.
Beauchamp, T. L., and Childress,J. F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. (5th ed.) New
York:Oxford University Press, 2001.
Beierle, T. C. The Benefits and Costs of Disclosing Information About Risks: What
Do We Know About the Right-to-Know? Risk Analysis, 2004, 24(2), 335-346.
Beritic, T. Workers at High Risk: The Right to Know. Lancet, 1993, 341, 933-934.
Brown, D. E. Human Universals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.
Clement, G. Care, Autonomy, and Justice: Feminism and the Ethic of Care. Boulder,
Colo.: Westview Press, 1996.
Darwin, C. Darwin on Humus and the Earthworm; the Formation of Vegetable
Mould through the Action of Worms with Observations on their Habits.
London: Faber and Faber, 1996. (Originally published, 1881.)
Earth Charter Initiative. The Earth Charter.
[http//www.earthcharter.org/files/charter/charter.pdf]. Mar.2000.
Elliott, H. A General Statement of the Tragedy of the Commons.
[http//www.dieoff.com/page121.htm]. Feb. 26, 1997.
Environment Leaders of the Eight. Declaration of the Environment Leaders of the
Eight on Childrens Environmental Health.
[http//www.g8.utoronto.ca/environment/1997miami/children.html]. 1997.
Evans, R. G., and Stoddart, G. L. Models for Population Health: Consuming
Research, Producing Policy? American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93,
371-379.
Farmer, P. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the
Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Glacken, C. J. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought
from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1973.
Hardin, G. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 1968, 162, 1243-1248.
Jardine, C., and others. Risk Management Framework for Human Health and
Environmental Risk. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B:
Critical Reviews, 2003, 6(6), 569-720.
Kant, I. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1998.(Originally published 1785).
Kolpin, D. W., and others. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic
Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: A National
Reconnaissance. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36, 1202-1211.
Lambert, T. W., and others. Ethical Perspectives for the Public and Environmental
Health: Fostering Autonomy and the Right to Know. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 2003, 111, 133-137.
Lane, S. D, Rubeinstein. R. A, Cibula, D, and Webster, N Towards a Public Health
Approach to Bioethics Analis of the New York Academy of Science, 2000, 925,
25-36.
Loveclock, J. E. Gais. A new look at life on earth. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1979
Martens, P., and Mc Michael, A.J, (eds). Environmental Change, Climate and
Health: Issues and Research Methods. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2002.
Mars, K, and Engels, F. Theses on Feuerbach. In F. Kamenka (ed), The Portable
Karl Marx. New York: Penguin Books, 1983. (Originally published 1845).
Maslow, A. H.Motivation and Personality (2nded). New York: HarperCollins, 1970.
McGally, M., and Cassel, C. K. Medical Responsibility and Global Environmental
Change. Annels of Internal Medicine, 1990, 113, 467, 473.
Michaels, D, and others. Workshops Are not Enough : Making Right-to-know
Training Lead to Workplace Change. American Journal of Industrial
Medicine, 1992. 225, 637-649.
Mill, J. S, Utilatirum. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. (Originally
published 1863)
Mill, J. S, On Liberty. New Heaven, Conn : Yale University Press, 2003. ( Originally
published 1869)
National Environmental Health Association: Code of Ethics for Members.
[http://www.neha.org/member]. 2004.
Nightingale Institute for Health and the Environment. Environmentally Responsible
Health Care: Nurses can make a difference. Burlington, Vt : Nightingale
Institute for Health and the Environment, 2002.
Plato. Republic Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992. (Written c. 360 BCE.)
Porter, D. Health, Cazilization, and the state: A History of Public Health from Ancient
to Modern Times. New York: Rowdedge, 1999.
Potter, V.R. Bioethics: Bridge to the Future. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pretice Hall,
1971.
Quammen, D. The Flight of the Igwana: A Sidding View of Science and Nature. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.
Raffensperger, C., and Tickner. J (eds). Protecting Public Health and Environmental :
Implementing Precautionary Principle. Washington, D.C :Osland Press, 1999.
Rederfining Progress. Ecological Footprint Analysis
{http:www/redefiningprogress.org/foorprint }. 2004.
Reich, W.T The Word Bioethics : The Struggle Over Its Earliest Meanings.
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 1995, 5(1), 19-34
Ronsen, G. A History of Public Health (Expanded ed). Baltimore, Mdd : Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1993. [Originally published 1958.)
Ruddick, S. Maternal Thinking Towards a Politics of Prace. Boston: Beacon Press,
1989.
Sattler, B. Rights and Realitics: A Critical Review of the Accesibility of Information
on Hazardous Chemicals Occupational Medicine, 1992, 7(2), 189-196
Science and Environment Health Network. The Wingspread Statement on the
Precautionary Principle. [http://www.sehm.org/state.html.ffw]. Jan 1998
Science and Environment Health Network. Ecological Medicine: A Call for Inquiry
and Action. [http://www.sehn.org] Feb. 2002.
Shrader-Frechette, K. Ethics and the Environment. World Health Forum, 1991, 12,
311-321.
Tenner, E. Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended
Consequences. New York: Knopf, 1996.
Tong, R. Feminist Approaches to Biothics: Theoritical Reflections and Practical
Applications. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development
[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-Lannex1.htm]. 1992.
United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme,
World Bank, and World Resources Institute. World Resources 2000-2001:
People and Ecosystems, the Fraying Web of Life. Amsterdam: Ebsevices
Science, 2000.
United Nations Environment Programme, Ozone Secretariat. Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer: As Esther Adjusted and/or Amended
in London 1990, Copenhagen 1992, Vienna 1995, Montreal 1997, Beijing
1999. [http://www.unep.org/ozone/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf]. 2000.
Wackernagel, M., and others. Tracking the Ecological Overshoot of the Human
Economy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, 2002, 99(14), 9266-9271.
Weed, D.L., and McKeown, R. E. Science and Social Responsibility in Public
Health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003, 111, 1804-1808.
White, L., Jr. The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis. Science, 1967, 155,
1203-1207.
Wilkinson, R. Unhealthy Societies: The Affections of Inequality. New York:
Routledge, 1996.
Wilson, E. O. Biophilis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.
World Bank. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1993.
World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future, New
York. Oxford University Press, 1987.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. European Outer an
Environment and Health. [http://www.euro.who.int]. 1989.