Hydraulics Discussion PDF

Chapter (3)
Water Flow in
Pipes
Hydraulics Water Flow in Pipes
Bernoulli Equation
Recall fluid mechanics course, the Bernoulli equation is:
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 hP + hT + hL
g 2g g 2g
Here, we want to study how to calculate the total losses( hL ):
hL = Major Losses + Minor Losses
Major Losses
Occurs mainly due to the pipe friction and viscous dissipation in the flowing
water.
The major head loss is termed by(hf ).
There are several formulas have been developed to calculate

major losses:
1. Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
Is the most popular formula used to calculate major losses and it has the
following form:
L V2 Q Q 8 f L Q2
hf = f ( ) ( ) , V = = hf = 2 5
D 2g A D2 gD
4
L = length of pipe (m)
D = diameter of pipe (m)
V2
= velocity head (m)
2g
Q = flow rate (m3 /s)
f = friction factor
Friction Factor():
For laminar flow (Re<2000) the friction factor depends only on Re :
64
f= (smooth pipe)
Re
If the pipe is smooth (e= 0) and the flow is turbulent with (4000 <Re < 105)
The friction factor depends only on Re :
0.316
f = 0.25
Re
Page (2) Dr.Khalil Al-astal Eng. Ahmed Al-Agha Eng. Ruba Awad
For turbulent flow (Re > 4000) the friction factor can be founded by Moody
diagram.
To use Moody diagram you need the followings:
The Reynolds number: Re
e
The relative roughness:
D
Reynolds Number: Re
VD VD
Re = but = R e =

= dynamic viscosity (Pa. s) or kg/m. s
= kinemaic viscosty (m2 /)
V = mean velocity in the pipe
D = pipe diameter
Note:
Kinematic viscosity depends on the fluid temperature and can be calculated
from the following formula:
497 106
= T: is fluid temperature in Celsius
(T + 42.5)1.5

Relative Roughness:

e(mm) = Roughness height (internal roughness of the pipe)
and it depends mainly on the pipe material.
Table (3.1) in slides of Dr.Khalil shows the value of e for different pipe
materials.
The following figure exhibits Moody diagram:
Note:
Moody diagram is a graphical representation of Colebrook-White formula:
1 e/D 2.51
= 2 log ( + )
f 3.7 R e f
Empirical Formulas for Friction Head Losses

These formulas gives exact value for friction head losses and each formula
extensively used in a specific field, for example, Hazen-Williams formula is
used extensively in water supply systems and most softwares (like
WaterCAD) used it in analyzing and design of water networks. However,
Manning equation us extensively used in open channel, and in designing of
waste water networks.
See these formulas from the slides of Dr.Khalil.
Minor Losses
Occurs due to the change of the velocity of the flowing fluid in the
magnitude or in the direction.
So, the minor losses at:
Valves.
Tees.
Bends.
Contraction and Expansion.
The minor losses are termed by(hm ) and have a common form:
V2
hm = K L
2g
K L = minor losses coefficient and it depends on the type of fitting
Minor Losses Formulas
Minor Losses
V2 V2
Entrance of a pipe: hent = K entr 2g Exit of a pipe: hexit = K exit 2g
V1 2
Sudden Expansion: hse = K se
V2 2 2g
Sudden Contraction: hsc = K sc (V1 V2 )2
2g
or hse =
2g
(V21 V22 ) ( )
Gradual Enlargement: hge = K ge Gradual Contraction: =
2g
V2 V2
Bends in pipes: hbend = K bend 2g Pipe Fittings: hv = K v 2g
The value of (K) for each fitting can be estimated from tables exist in slides
of Dr.Khalil.
You must save the following values of K:
For sharp edge entrance: K = 0.5
For all types of exists: K = 1.
Problems
1.
In the shown figure below, the smaller tank is 50m in diameter. Find the
flow rate, Q. Assume laminar flow and neglect minor losses.
Take = 1.2 103 kg/m. s = 788 kg/m3
Solution 1
64
For laminar f =
Re
V D 788 2 103 V
Re = =
1.2 103
R e = 1313.33 V (substitute in f) 2
64 64 0.0487
f= = = (1)
R e 1313.33 V V
Now by applying Bernoullis

equation from the free surface of
upper to lower reservoir
(Points 1 and 2).
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g
P1 = P2 = V1 = V2 = 0.0
Assume the datum at point (2)
0 + 0 + (0.4 + 0.6) = 0 + 0 + 0 + hL hL = 1m
hL = 1m = hf in the pipe that transport fluid from reservoir 1 to 2

L V2
hf = f ( ) ( ) L = (0.4 + 0.8) = 1.2m , D = 0.002m
D 2g
1.2 V2
1 = f( )( ) 2 Substitute from (1)in (2)
0.002 19.62
0.0487 1.2 V2
1= ( )( ) V = 0.671 m/s
V 0.002 19.62

Q = A V = 0.0022 0.671 = 2.1 106 m3 /s.
4
2.
A uniform pipeline, 5000m long, 200mm in diameter and roughness size of
0.03mm, conveys water at 20 ( = 1.003 106 m2 /s) between two
reservoirs as shown in the figure. The difference in water level between the
reservoirs is 50m. Include all minor losses in your calculations, determine
the discharge.
Note: the valve produces a head loss of (10 V 2 /2) and the entrance to and
exit from the pipe are sharp.
1
Solution
Applying Bernoullis equation between the two reservoirs
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g
P1 = P2 = V1 = V2 = 0.0
Assume the datum at lower reservoir (point 2)
0 + 0 + 50 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hL hL = 50m
hL = hf + hm = 50
Major Losses:
L V2 5000 V2
hf = f ( ) ( ) = hf = f ( )( ) = 1274.21 f V 2
D 2g 0.2 19.62
Minor losses:
For Entrance:
V2
hent = K entr (For sharp edge entrance, the value ofK entr = 0.5)
2g
V2
hent = 0.5 = 0.0255 V 2
19.62
For Exit:
V2
hexit = K exit (For exit: K exit = 1)
2g
V2
hexit =1 = 0.051 V 2
19.62
For Valve:
V2
hvalve = 10 = 0.51V 2
2g
hm = (0.0255 + 0.051 + 0.51)V 2 = 0.5865 V 2
50
hL = 1274.21 f V 2 + 0.5865 V 2 = 50 V 2 = > (1)
1274.21 f + 0.5865
e 0.03
= = 0.00015
D 200
In all problems like this (flow rate or velocity is unknown), the best initial
value for f can be found as following:
e
Draw a horizontal line (from left to right) starts from the value of till
D
intercept with the vertical axis of the Moody chart and the initial f value is
the intercept as shown in the following figure:
So as shown in the above figure, the initial value of f = 0.0128

50
Substitute in Eq. (1) V 2 = = 2.96
1274.21 0.0128 + 0.5865
V = 1.72 m/s
VD 1.72 0.2 5
e
Re = = = 3.4 10 and = 0.00015 Moody
1.003 106 D
f = 0.016 Substitute in Eq. (1) V = 1.54 R e = 3.1 105
Moody f 0.016
So, the velocity is V = 1.54 m/s

Q = A V = 0.22 1.54 = 0.0483 m3 /s .
4
3.
The pipe shown in the figure below contains water flowing at a flow rate of
0.0065 m3/s. The difference in elevation between points A and B is 11m.
For the pressure measurement shown,
a) What is the direction of the flow?
b) What is the total head loss between points A and B?
c) What is the diameter of the pipe?
Given data:
= 106 m2 /s , e = 0.015mm , Pipe length = 50m , 1atm = 105 Pa.
Solution
a) Direction of flow??
To know the direction of flow, we calculate the total head at each point, and
then the fluid will moves from the higher head to lower head.
Assume the datum is at point A:
Total head at point A:
PA vA2 2.5 105 vA2 vA2
+ + zA = + + 0 = 25.484 +
g 2g 9810 2g 2g
Total head at point BA:

PB vB2 2 105 vB2 vB2
+ + zB = + + 11 = 31.39 +
g 2g 9810 2g 2g
But, VA = VB (Since there is the same diameter and flow at A and B)
So, the total head at B is larger than total head at A>> the water is flowing
from B (upper) to A (lower) .
b) Head loss between A and B??

Apply Bernoullis equation between B and A (from B to A)
PB vB2 PA vA2
+ + zB = + + zA + hL
g 2g g 2g
v2B v2A
31.39 + = 25.484 + + hL , But VA = VB hL = 5.9 m.
2g 2g
c) Diameter of the pipe??

hL = hf + hm = 5.9m (no minor losses) hL = hf = 5.9m
L V2
hf = f ( ) ( )
D 2g
50 V2
5.9 = f ( ) ( )
D 19.62
Q 0.0065 0.00827 2
6.85 105
V= = = V =
A D2 D2 D4
4
50 6.85 105 0.000174
5.9 = f ( ) ( ) 5.9 = f
D 19.62 D4 D5
1 1 1
D5 = 2.96 105 f D = (2.96 105 )5 f 5 D = 0.124 f 5
0.00827
2 D 0.00827
Re = D =
106 106 D
Now, assume the initial value for f is 0.02 (random guess)
1 0.00827
D = 0.124 0.025 = 0.0567 m R e = 6 = 1.46 105
10 0.0567
e 0.015
= = 0.00026 Moody f 0.019
D 56.7
1 0.00827
D = 0.124 0.0195 = 0.056 m R e = 6 = 1.47 105
10 0.056
e 0.015
= = 0.00027 Moody f 0.019
D 56
So, the diameter of the pipe is 0.056 m = 56 mm .
4.
In the shown figure , the connecting pipe is commercial steel 6 cm in
diameter having a roughness height of 0.045mm. Determine the direction of
flow, and then calculate the flow rate. The fluid is water ( = 1 10-3
kg/m.s).Neglect Minor losses.
Solution
Assume the datum is at point 1:

Total head at point A:
P1 v12 200 103
+ + z1 = + 0 + 0 = 20.387 m
g 2g 9810
Total head at point 2:
P2 v22
+ + z2 = 0 + 0 + 15 = 15 m
g 2g
So, the total head at 1 is larger than total head at 2>> the water is flowing
from 1 to 2 .
Applying Bernoullis equation between 1 and 2:

P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g
20.387 = 15 + hL hL = 5.38 m
hL = hf + hm = 5.38 m
hm = 0 (given) hf = 5.38 m
L V2 50 V2
5.38 = f ( ) ( ) = hf = f ( )( ) = 42.47 f V 2
D 2g 0.06 19.62
0.126
V2 = Eq. (1)
f
V D 1000 V 0.06
Re = = = 60,000V Eq. (2)
1 103
e 0.045
= = 0.00075
D 60
Assume fully turbulent flow f = 0.018 Sub. in (1)
V = 2.64 m/s Sub. in (2) R e = 1.58 105

Moody
f = 0.02 V = 2.51 R e = 1.5 105

Moody
f 0.02 V = 2.51 m/s

Q = A V = 0.062 2.51 = 0.0071 m3 /s .
4
5.
Two reservoirs having a constant difference in water level of 66 m are
connected by a pipe having a diameter of 225 mm and a length of 4km. The
pipe is tapped at point C which is located 1.6km from the upper reservoir,
and water drawn off at the rate of 0.0425 m3/s. Determine the flow rate at
which water enters the lower reservoir. Use a friction coefficient of f = 0.036
for all pipes. Use the following K values for the minor losses:
Kent = 0.5, Kexit = 1, Kv = 5
Solution
Applying Bernoullis equation between points A and E:
PA vA2 PE vE2
+ + zA = + + zE + hL
g 2g g 2g
PA = PE = VA = VE = 0.0
Assume the datum at point E
0 + 0 + 66 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hL hL = 66m
hL = hf + hm = 66
Major Losses:
Since the pipe is tapped, we will divide the pipe into two parts with the same
diameter ; (1) 1.6 km length from B to C, and (2) 2.4 km length from C to D.
L V2
hf = f ( ) ( )
D 2g
For part (1)
1600 V1 2
hf,1 = 0.036 ( )( ) = 13.05 V1 2
0.225 19.62
For part (2)
2400 V2 2
hf,2 = 0.036 ( )( ) = 19.6 V2 2
0.225 19.62
hf = 13.05 V1 2 + 19.6 V2 2
Minor losses:
For Entrance: (due to part 1)
V1 2
hent = K entr (K entr = 0.5)
2g
V1 2
hent = 0.5 = 0.0255 V1 2
19.62
For Exit: (due to part 2)
V2 2
hexit = K exit ( K exit = 1)
2g
V2 2
hexit = 1 = 0.051 V2 2
19.62
For Valve: (valve exists in part 2)
V2 2
hvalve = 5 = 0.255V2 2
2g
hm = 0.0255 V1 2 + 0.051 V2 2 +0.255V2 2 = 0.0255 V1 2 + 0.306V2 2
hL = (13.05 V1 2 + 19.6 V2 2 ) + (0.0255 V1 2 + 0.306V2 2 ) = 66

66 = 13.0755 V1 2 + 19.906 V2 2 Eq. (1)
Continuity Equation:

0.2252 V1 = 0.0425 + 0.2252 V2
4 4
V1 = 1.068 + V2 (substitute in Eq. (1))
66 = 13.0755 (1.068 + V2 )2 + 19.906 V2 2 V2 = 0.89 m/s

Q 2 = 0.2252 V2 = 0.2252 0.89 = 0.0354 m3 /s.
4 4
Chapter (4)
Pipelines and Pipe
Networks
Hydraulics Pipelines and Pipe Networks
Flow through series pipes

Is the same in case of single pipe (Ch.3), but here the total losses occur by
more than 1 pipe in series. (See examples 3.9 and 4.1 in text book).
Flow through Parallel pipes

Here, the main pipe divides into two or more branches and again join
together downstream to form single pipe.
The discharge will be divided on the pipes:
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 +
But, the head loss in each branch is the same, because the pressure at the
beginning and the end of each branch is the same (all pipes branching from
the same point and then collecting to another one point).
hL = hf,1 = hf,2 = hf,3 =
Pipelines with Negative Pressure (Siphon Phenomena)

When the pipe line is raised above the hydraulic grade line, the pressure
(gauge pressure) at the highest point of the siphon will be negative.
The highest point of the siphon is called Summit (S).
If the negative gauge pressure at the summit exceeds a specified value, the
water will starts liberated and the flow of water will be obstructed.
The allowed negative pressure on summit is -10.3m (theoretically), but in
practice this value is -7.6 m.
If the pressure at S is less than or equal (at max.) -7.6, we can say the water
will flow through the pipe, otherwise (Ps >-7.6) the water will not flow and
the pump is needed to provide an additional head.
Note
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
101.3103
The value of Patm = 101.3 kPa = = 10.3m
9810
Pabs = 10.3 + Pgauge
So always we want to keep Pabs positive (Pgauge = 10.3m as max, theo. )
To maintain the flow without pump.
Problems:
1.
Three pipes A,B and C are interconnected as shown. The pipe are as follows:
Find: Pipe D (m) L (m) f
1) The rate at which water will flows in A 0.15 600 0.02
each pipe. B 0.1 480 0.032
2) The pressure at point M. C 0.2 1200 0.024
Hint: Neglect minor losses.
Solution
Applying Bernoullis equation between the points 1 and 2.
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g
P1 = V1 = P2 = 0.0 , V1 = VC =? ? , hL =? ?
VC2
0 + 0 + 200 = 0 + + 50 + hL
19.62
0.0509 VC2 + hL = 150m Eq. (1)
L V2
hf = f ( ) ( )
D 2g
hf,A = hf,B (Parallel Pipes) (take pipe A)
hL = hf,A + hf,C
600 VA 2
hf,A = 0.02 ( )( ) = 4.07VA 2
0.15 2g
1200 VC 2
hf,C = 0.024 ( ) ( ) = 7.34VC 2
0.2 2g
hL = 4.07VA 2 + 7.34VC 2 (substitute in Eq. (1))
0.0509 VC2 + 4.07VA 2 + 7.34VC 2 = 150m
7.39VC 2 + 4.07VA 2 = 150m Eq. (2)
How we can find other relation between VA and VC ? ?
Continuity Equation
QA + QB = QC

0.152 VA + 0.12 VB = 0.22 VC
4 4 4
0.025VA + 0.01VB = 0.04VC Eq. (3)
But, hf,A = hf,B
hf,A = 4.07VA 2 (calculated above)
480 VB 2
hf,B = 0.032 ( )( ) = 7.82VB 2
0.1 2g
4.07VA 2 = 7.82VB 2 VB 2 = 0.52 VA 2
VB = 0.72 VA (substitute in Eq. (3))
0.025VA + 0.01(0.72 VA ) = 0.04VC VC = 0.805 VA (Subs. in Eq. 2)
7.39(0.805 VA )2 + 4.07VA 2 = 150m VA = 4.11 m/s
VB = 0.72 4.11 = 2.13 m/s
VC = 0.805 4.11 = 3.3 m/s

Q A = 0.152 4.11 = 0.0726 m3 /s.
4

Q B = 0.12 2.13 = 0.0167 m3 /s.
4

Q C = 0.22 3.3 = 0.103 m3 /s.
4
Pressure at M: Bernoullis equation between the points M and 2.
2
PM VM P2 V22
+ + zM = + + z2 + hL(M2) VM = V2
g 2g g 2g
hL(M2) = hf,C = 7.34 3.32 = 79.93m
PM
+ 120 = 0 + 50 + 79.93 PM = 97413.3 Pa. .
9810
2.
Three pipes A,B and C are interconnected as shown. The pipe are as follows:
Find: Pipe D (m) L (m) f
1) The rate at which water will flows in A 0.15 600 0.02
each pipe. B 0.1 480 0.032
2) The pressure at point M. C 0.2 1200 0.024
Solve the problem in the following two cases:
a) The valve (V) is closed.
b) The valve (V) is opened with K= 5
Solution
Case (a): Valve is closed
When the valve is closed, no water will flowing in pipe B because the valve
prevents water to pass through the pipe. Thus the water will flowing
throughout pipe A and pipe C (in series) and the system will be as follows:
Now, you can solve the problem as any problem (Pipes in series).
And if you are given the losses of the enlargement take it, if not, neglect it.
Case (b): Valve is Open
Here the solution procedures will be exactly the same as problem (1) >>
water will flow through pipe A and B and C, and pipes A and B are parallel
to each other .
But the only difference with problem (1) is:
Total head loss in pipe A = Total head loss in pipe B
Total head loss in pipe A = hf,A
Total head loss in pipe B = hf,B + hm,valve
VB2 VB2
hm,valve = K Valve =5
2g 2g
Now, we can complete the problem, as problem 1.
3.
The flow rate between tank A and tank B shown in the figure below is to be
increased by 30% (i.e., from Q to 1.30Q) by the addition of a second pipe in
parallel (indicated by the dotted lines) running from node C to tank B. If the
elevation of the free surface in tank A is 7.5m above that in tank B,
determine the diameter, D, of this new pipe. Neglect minor losses and
assume that the friction factor for each pipe is 0.02
1 2
Solution
Before addition of pipe:

Apply Bernoullis equation between reservoirs A and B.
PA VA2 PB VB2
+ + zA = + + zB + hL(AB)
g 2g g 2g
0 + 0 + 7.5 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hL(AB) hL(AB) = 7.5 m
180 + 150 V 2
hL(AB) = 7.5 m = 0.02 V = 1.828 m/s
0.15 2g

Q before = A V = 0.152 1.828 = 0.0323 m3 /s
4
After addition of pipe:
Q after,1 = 1.3 Q before = 1.3 0.0323 = 0.0412 m3 /s
0.0412
V1 = = 2.33 m/s
0.15 2
4
Apply Bernoullis equation between reservoirs A and B.
0 + 0 + 7.5 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hL(AB) hL(AB) = 7.5 m
hL(AB) = hf1 + hf2

180 2.332 150 V2 2
7.5 = 0.02 + 0.02 V2 = 0.918 m/s
0.15 2g 0.15 2g

Q 2 = A2 V2 = 0.152 0.918 = 0.0162 m3 /s
4
Q 3 = Q1 Q 2 = 0.0412 0.0162 = 0.025 m3 /s
hf2 = hf3
150 0.9182 150 V3 2
0.02 = 0.02 D3 = 0.178V3 2
0.15 2g D3 2g
2
Q 3 = A3 V3 0.025 = D3 2 V3 0.025 = (0.178V3 2 ) V3
4 4
2
V3 = 0.99 m/s D3 = 0.178 0.99 = 0.174 m = 174 mm.
4.
A 500 mm diameter siphon pipeline discharges water from a large reservoir.
Determine:
a. The maximum possible elevation of its summit, B, for a discharge of 2.15
m3/s without the pressure becoming less than 20 kN/m2 absolute.
b. The corresponding elevation of its discharge end (ZC).
Neglect all losses.
Solution
20 103
Pabs,B = = 2.038 m
9810
Patm = 10.3m
Pgauge,B = 2.038 10.3 = 8.26m
Q 2.15
Q = AV V = = = 10.95 m/s
A 0.52
4
Applying Bernoullis equation between the
points A and B.
PA VA2 PB VB2
+ + zA = + + zB + hL
g 2g g 2g
(Datum at A) , hL = 0 (given)
10.952
0 + 0 + 0 = 8.26 + + zB + 0 zB = 2.15 m .
19.62
Calculation of ZC:
Applying Bernoullis equation between the points A and C.
PA VA2 PC VC2
+ + zA = + + zC + hL
g 2g g 2g
(Datum at A) , hL = 0 (given)
10.952
0+0+0=0+ + (zC ) zC = 6.11 m .
19.62
5.
In the shown figure, if the length of the pipe between reservoir A and point
B is 180 m and the absolute pressure at point B is 7.3 mwc. Calculate the
minor loss coefficient (K) of the valve at point C.
Given data:
The entrance is sharp edged.
Total length of pipe (L= 730 m), Pipe diameter (d = 150mm), friction factor
(f = 0.02).
Solution
Pabs,S = 7.3m , Patm = 10.3m Pgauge,S = 7.3 10.3 = 3m
Apply Bernoullis equation between the points A and D.
Datum at (D):
PA VA2 PD VD2
+ + zA = + + zD + hL(1D)
g 2g g 2g
V2
0 + 0 + 16 = 0 + + 0 + hL(1D)
2g
V2
16 = + hL(1D) Eq. (1)
2g
hL(1D) = hf + hm
730 V 2
hf = 0.02 ( )( )
0.15 2g
V2 V2
hm = 0.5 + K v
2g 2g
hL(1D) = 4.86V 2 + 0.0509K v V 2 Sub. in (1)
V2
16 = + 4.86V 2 + 0.0509K v V 2 But V =? ?
2g
Apply Bernoullis equation between the points A and B.

Datum at (B):
PA VA2 PB VB2
+ + zA = + + zB + hL(1B)
g 2g g 2g
V2 180 V 2
0 + 0 + 0.8 = 3 + + 0 + 0.02 V = 1.727 m/s
2g 0.15 2g
1.7272
16 = + 4.86 1.7272 + 0.0509K v 1.7272 K v = 8.9.
2g
6.
The difference in surface levels in two reservoirs connected by a siphon is
7.5m. The diameter of the siphon is 300 mm and its length 750 m. The
friction coefficient is 0.025. If air is liberated from solution when the
absolute pressure is less than 1.2 m of water, what will be the maximum
length of the inlet leg (the portion of the pipe from the upper reservoir to the
highest point of the siphon) in order the siphon is still run if the highest point
is 5.4 m above the surface level of the upper reservoir? What will be the
discharge.
Solution
The graph is not given so you should understand the problem, and then
drawing the system as follows:

Pabs,S = 1.2m , Patm = 10.3m Pgauge,S = 1.2 10.3 = 9.1m
Applying Bernoullis equation between the points 1 and S.

Datum at (1):
P1 V12 PS VS2
+ + z1 = + + zS + hL(1S)
g 2g g 2g
VS2
0 + 0 + 0 = 9.1 + + 5.4 + hL(1S) Eq. (1)
2g
X V2
hL(1S) = hf(1S) = 0.025 ( ) ( ) But V =? ?
0.3 19.62
Applying Bernoullis equation between the points 1 and 2.
Datum at (2):
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL(12)
g 2g g 2g
0 + 0 + 7.5 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hL(12) hL(12) = 7.5m
750 V2
hL(12) = 7.5m = hf(12) = 0.025 ( )( ) V = 1.534m
0.3 19.62
X 1.5342
hf(1S) = 0.025 ( ) ( ) = 0.01X (Substitute in Eq. (1))
0.3 19.62
VS2
0 + 0 + 0 = 9.1 + + 5.4 + 0.01X (VS = V = 1.534)
2g
1.5342
0 + 0 + 0 = 9.1 + + 5.4 + 0.01X X = 358m.
2g
7.
For the three-reservoir system shown. If the flow in pipe 1(from reservoir A
to junction J)is 0.4m3/s and the friction factor for all pipes is 0.02, calculate:
The flow in the other pipes (pipe 2, 3 and 4).
The elevation of reservoir B (ZB).
Neglect minor losses.
Solution
If we put a piezometer at point J, the will rise at height of Zp, which can be
calculated by applying Bernoullis equation between A and J:
PA VA2 PJ VJ2
+ + zA = + + z + hL(AJ)
g 2g g 2g
0 + 0 + 100 = ZP + hL(AJ)
8fLQ2 8 0.02 400 0.42
hL(AJ) = 2 5 = = 10.32m
gD 2 g 0.45
100 10.32 = ZP = 89.68 m
Note that ZP = 89.68 > ZC = 80, So the flow direction is from J to C, and
to calculate this flow we apply Bernoullis equation between J and C:
ZP ZC = hL(JC)
8 0.02 300 Q 4 2
89.68 80 = Q 4 = 0.2177 m3 /s.
2 g 0.35
Now, by applying continuity equation at Junction J:
Q @J = 0.0 0.4 = 0.2177 + ( Q 2 + Q 3 ) Q 2 + Q 3 = 0.1823 m3 /s
Since pipe 2 and 3 are in parallel, the head loss in these two pipes is the
same:
8fL2 Q 2 2 8fL3 Q 3 2
hL,2 = hL,3 2 = 2
gD2 5 gD3 5
8 0.02 200 Q 2 2 8 0.02 180 Q 3 2
= Q 3 = 0.513Q 2
2 g 0.25 2 g 0.155
But, Q 2 + Q 3 = 0.1823 Q 2 + 0.513Q 2 = 0.1823 Q 2 = 0.12 m3 /s.
Q 3 = 0.513 0.12 = 0.0618 m3 /s.
Now we want to calculate the elevation ZB:
Apply Bernoullis equation between J and B:
ZP ZB = hL(JB) (take pipe 2)
8 0.02 200 0.122
89.68 ZB = ZB = 74.8 m.
2 g 0.25
8.
In the shown figure, determine the total length of pipe 3 (L3) and the head
delivered by the pump (hp). Neglect minor losses and take f = 0.032 for all
pipes.
Solution
8fL1 Q1 2 8 0.032 950 Q1 2
hL,1 = 40 = Q1 = 0.542 m3 /s
2 gD1 5 2 9.81 0.455
8fL2 Q 2 2 8 0.032 450 Q 2 2

hL,2 = 40 = Q 2 = 0.352 m3 /s
2 gD2 5 2
9.81 0.45 5
Q @J = 0.0 Q 3 = 0.542 0.352 = 0.19 m3 /s
(direction shown in the figure)
To find the total head at point J (ZP): apply Bernoulli equation between J and
A:
ZP = 30 + hL(JA) ZP = 30 + 8 = 38m
To find the length of pipe 3 (L3): apply Bernoulli between J and B:
8 0.032 L3 0.192
ZP = 25.5 + hL(JB) 38 25.5 =
2 9.81 0.35
L3 = 318.22 m.
To find the pump head (hP): apply Bernoulli between C and J:
18 = ZP + hL,1 hP hP = 38 + 40 18 = 60m .
9.
The network ABCD is supplied by water from reservoir E as shown in the
figure. All pipes have a friction factor f = 0.02.
Calculate:
1. The flow rate in each pipe of the system using the Hardy Cross method.
Consider the following:
Assume for the first iteration that:
QCB = 0.15 m3/s from C to B and QBA = 0.05 m3/s from B to A.
Do only one iteration (stop after you correct Q)
2. The pressure head at node A.
Given Also:
Nodes Node/Point A B C D Reservoir E

elevation Elevation(m) 20 25 20 30 50
Pipe AB BC CD DA BD CE
Pipes
Length (m) 400 400 400 400 600 200
dimension Diameter (m) 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.40
Solution
Firstly, from the given flows, we calculate the initial flow in each pipe and
the direction of flow through these pipes using continuity equation at each
note.
Always we assume
the direction of the
loop in clock wise
direction
We calculate the corrected flow in each pipe, from the following tables:
hf
Loop Pipe L D Q initial hf Q initial Q new
AB 400 0.3 -0.05 -0.68 13.6 -0.025 -0.075
BD 600 0.3 +0.05 +1.02 20.4

I
DA 400 0.3 +0.1 +2.72 27.2 -0.025 +0.075

+3.06 61.2
8fLQ2
hf calculated for each pipe from the following relation: 2 5
gD
hf 3.06
= = = 0.025 m3 /s
hf 2 61.2
2
Q initial
Q new = Q initial +
Note that, we dont correct pipe BD because is associated with the two
loops, so we calculate the flow in the associated pipe after calculating the
correction in each loop.
hf
Loop Pipe L D Q initial hf Q initial Q new
BC 400 0.3 -0.15 -6.12 40.8 +0.005 -0.145
BD 600 0.3 -0.05 -1.02 20.4

II
CD 400 0.3 +0.15 +6.12 40.8 +0.005 +0.155

-1.02 102
hf (1.02)
= = = +0.005 m3 /s
hf 2 102
2
Q initial
Now, to calculate Q new for pipe BD, we calculate the associated value for
correction:
Q new,BD = Q initial,loop(1) + (loop(1) loop(2) )
Q new,BD = +0.05 + (0.025 0.005) = +0.02m3 /s
Or:
Q new,BD = 0.05 + (0.005 (0.025)) = 0.02 m3 /s
Now, we put the corrected flow rate on each pipe of the network:
Note: If the sign of the

corrected flow rate is the same
sign of initial flow rate, the
direction of flow will remain
unchanged, however if the
sign is changed, the flow
direction must reversed.
To calculate the pressure head at point A, we must starts from point which
have a known head, so we start from the reservoir.
Important Note:
The total head at any node in the network is calculated as following:
P
htotal = hpressure + helevation ht = + Z

By considering a piezometer at each node, such that the water rise on it
P
distance: + Z and the velocity is zero.

Starts from reservoir at E:
Apply Bernoulli between E and C:
PC 8fLQ2
50 + 0 + 0 = + 0 + 20 + 2 5
gD
PC 8 0.02 200 0.32
= 50 20 = 27.1m
2 9.81 0.45
Apply Bernoulli between C and B:
PB 8fLQ2
20 + 27.1 + 0 = + 0 + 25 + 2 5
gD
PB 8 0.02 400 0.1452
= 20 + 27.1 25 = 16.38m
2 9.81 0.35
Apply Bernoulli between B and A:
PA 8fLQ2
25 + 16.38 + 0 = + 0 + 20 + 2 5
gD
PA 8 0.02 400 0.0752
= 25 + 16.38 20 = 19.84m .
2 9.81 0.35
10.
For all pipe segments, the initial estimate of the flow in each pipe (m3/s) is
shown in the figure below.
a) Show on the sketch all sources and sinks (in and out flows) of water from
the pipe network. Use an arrow to indicate direction (in or out of system)
and give the magnitude of the flow.
b) Use Hardy-Cross method to correct the flow rate through each pipe. Do
only one iteration (stop after you correct Q), assume = 0.02 for all pipes
and neglect minor losses.
c) If the pressure head at A = 90m, determine the pressure head at E.
Solution
a) By applying continuity equation at each junction, the in and out flow from
the system are shown in the following figure:

b) We calculate the corrected flow in each pipe, from the following tables:
hf
Loop Pipe L D Qinitial hf Qnew
Qinitial
AB 250 0.5 +0.5 +3.305 6.61 +0.1028 +0.6028
BD 180 0.2 -0.2 -37.18 185.9
I
DC 200 0.6 -0.8 -2.72 3.4 +0.1028 -0.6972
CA 350 0.6 -0.8 -4.76 5.95 +0.1028 -0.6972
-41.35 201
hf (41.35)
= = = +0.1028 m3 /s
hf 2 201
2
Q initial
hf
Loop Pipe L D Qinitial hf Qnew
Qinitial
BE 400 0.2 +0.2 +82.62 413.1 -0.088 +0.112
BD 180 0.2 +0.2 +37.18 186

II
DE 380 0.4 -0.4 -9.81 24.52 -0.088 -0.488
+110 623.525
hf (+110)
= = = 0.088 m3 /s
hf 2 623.525
2
Q initial

Q new,BD = 0.2 + (0.1028 (0.088)) = 0.0092 m3 /s
Or:
Q new,BD = +0.2 + (0.088 0.1028) = +0.0092 m3 /s.
The corrected flows are shown in the following figure:
c)
P
@ point A: = 90m and Z = 20m ht,A = 90 + 20 = 110m

Apply Bernoulli between A and B:
PB 8fLQ2
110 = + 25 + 2 5
gD
PB 8 0.02 250 0.6032
= 110 25 = 80.2 m
2 9.81 0.55
Apply Bernoulli between B and E:
PE 8fLQ2
80.2 + 25 = + 30 + 2 5
gD
PE 8 0.02 400 0.1122
= 105.2 30 = 49.29m .
2 9.81 0.25
Chapter (5)
Pumps
Hydraulics Pumps
1.
The figure below shows a portion of a pump and pipe system. The 30-m long pipeline
connecting the reservoir to the pump is 1m in diameter with friction factor f = 0.02. For
the pump, the required net positive suction head (NPSHR ) is 2 m.
If the flow velocity V is 2.5 m/s check the system for cavitation. Take the atmospheric
pressure = 100 kPa and the vapor pressure = 2.4 kPa.
Solution
Patm Pvapor
(NPSH)A = hs hfs hms +

hs = (10 5) = 5m
(ve sign because the supply tank is below the pump).
L V2 30 2.52
hfs = f ( ) ( ) = 0.02 ( ) ( ) = 0.191 m
D 2g 1 2 9.81
V2 2.52
hms = (0.5 + 2 2 + 3) = 7.5 = 2.39 m
2g 2 9.81
100 2.4
(NPSH)A = 5 0.191 2.39 + = 2.36 m
9.81 9.81
(NPSH)A = 2.36 > (NPSH)R = 2 System is adequate for cavitation.
Hydraulics Pumps
2.
A pump is required to supply water to an elevated tank through a 0.2m
diameter pipe which is 300m long and has a friction factor f equal to 0.025.
Minor losses causes an additional head loss of 4V2/2g where V is the
velocity in the pipe in m/s. The static head between the pump wet well and
the elevated tank is 40 m. The relationship between head, H, and flow, Q,
for the pump is given by the following equation:
H= 50 - 600Q2
Where Q in m3/s and H in meters.
a) under these conditions determine the flow in the pipeline
b) if the maximum efficiency of the pump is achieved when the flow is 70
/s then how could the system be redesigned so that the pump would operate
at this efficiency.
Solution
Pump Curve Equation is: H= 50 - 600Q2 and since Q in m3/s we calculate
the head at the following values of Q as shown in the following table:
Q (m3/s) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

H (m) 50 48.5 44 36.5 26 12.5
Now, we want to find the system head equation:

To find the relation between the required head and flow for the system, the
best way is to apply Bernoulli equation on the given system and then
find the relation between pump head and flow rate (general case), or by
applying the following equation (special case):
H = HStatic + hL
When the pump is used to transfer water from one reservoir to the other.
H = HStatic + hL
HStatic = 40 m (given)
hL = hf + hm
Hydraulics Pumps
8fLQ2
hL = 2 5 + h m
gD
v2 Q2 2

hm = 4 = 4 2
, but A = D = 0.22 = 0.0314
2g 2gA 4 4
2
hm =206. 7Q
8 0.025 300Q2
hL = 2 5
+ 206.7Q2 = 2143.26Q2
9.81 0.2
So, the following equation is for system curve:
H = 40 + 2143.26Q2
Now, we calculate the head at the same values of Q (in pump curve) as
shown in the following table:
Q (m3/s) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
H (m) 40.0 45.4 61.4 88.2 125.7 174.0
Now, we draw the pump curve and the system curve, and the point of
intersection between the two curves is the operating point:
As shown in figure above, the pump flow rate is 0.06 m3/s (60 /s) and the
pump head is 49m.
Hydraulics Pumps
The required B, means if we get maximum efficiency if the operating point

gives flow rate of (70 /s) = 0.07 m3/s, what should you modify in the
system to meet this efficiency??
From the above graph, the corresponding head at Q = 0.07 is 47.5m.
Now, we know the system curve equation:
H = 40 + hL
At maximum efficiency, H = 47.5 m and Q = 0.07
47.5 = 40 + hL hL = 7.5m
Now the only, factor that we can change is the diameter of the pipe, or
changing material of the pipe (change f value), but assume the same
material, so change the diameter of the pipe as following:
8 0.025 300 0.072 0.072
hL = 7.5 = +4 2
2 9.81 D5
2 9.81 ( D2 )
4
D = 0.214m (to get maximum efficiency).
3.
For the shown figure below, (a) what is the operation point for the system
that shown in the figure below, the pump characteristics curve is given
below (Assume f = 0.014), (b) If the efficiency of the system is 80%, what is
the power required?, (c) What is the operation point in case of two identical
pumps in parallel?
Pipe is 20cm in diameter
Hydraulics Pumps
Solution
a)
The pump curve is given as shown above, now we want to find the system
curve. So firstly we find the system curve equation:
By applying Bernoulli equation between the two reservoir, the equation will
be:
H = HStatic + hL
HStatic = 3.5 + 15 10 = 8.5 m
hL = hf + hm
8fLQ2
hL = 2 5 + h m
gD
v2 Q2
hm = (0.4 + 0.9 + 1) = 2.3 ,
2g 2gA2

but A = D2 = 0.22 = 0.0314 hm =118.9Q2
4 4
8 0.014 (200+200 + 15)Q2

hL = 2 5
+ 118.9Q2 = 1619Q2
9.81 0.2
So, the following equation is for system curve:
H = 8.5 + 1619Q2
Hydraulics Pumps
But, in this equation Q is in m3/s and the horizontal axis in the given graph is
in m3/min., so each value on the graph must be divided by 60 (to transform
to m3/s) and then we draw the system curve on the same graph as following:
The value of pump flow (at the operation point) is 3 m3/min = 0.05 m3/s.
The value of pump head (at the operation point) is 12.55 m .
b)
QH 9810 0.05 12.55
= Pin = = 7694.7 watt.
Pin 0.8
c)
When we use two pumps in parallel, the system curve will never change, but
the pump curve will change (The values of head remains constant but the
values of Q multiplied by 2), so we draw the new pump curve by
multiplying each value of Q by 2 at each head as following:
Hydraulics Pumps
So the new value of Q is 4.1 m3/min = 0.0683 m3/s and the new value of H is
16m .
Chapter (6)
Open Channels
Hydraulics Open Channels
Formulas used to describe the flow in open channels

The most common formula is Manning equation:
1 2/3
V = R h S 0.5
n
n = manning coefficient
S = The slope of channel bed.
Wetted Area A
R h = Hydraulic Radius = =
Wetted Perimeter P
Most Economical Section of Channels

The most efficient section is satisfied when the flow in the channel is
maximum and thereby the minimum wetted perimeter.
I.e. for most economical section:
dP dP
= 0.0 = 0.0 such that,
dy dB
y is the depth of water in channel also known by (normal depth)
and B is the width of the channel.
Energy Principals in Open Channels

v2 Q2
Especific = y + Es = y + 2 (for any cross section)
2g 2A g
Special Case for rectangular channel:
Since the width of the channel B is constant, we can calculate the discharge
Q
per unit width; q = (m2 /s)
B
q2
Es = y + 2 (For rectangular channel)
2y g
Sub-critical, critical and supercritical flow:
V
FR (Fround Number) =
gDh
Area of flow
Dh = Hydraulic depth of channel =
Water surface depth (T)
FR < 1 Sub critical

FR = 1 Critical
FR > 1 Sper critical
Critical Depth (yc ):

Is the depth of flow of liquid at which at which the specific energy is
minimum (Emin ) and the flow corresponds to this point is called critical
flow (FR = 1).
So, we can classify the flow also as following:
If y > yc Sub critical flow(FR < 1)
If y = yc Critical flow(FR = 1)
If y < yc Super critical flow(FR > 1)
For rectangular channel:

V
FR =
g y
1/3
3
q2 q2
yc = yc = ( )
g g
The critical velocity is:
Vc = g yc
Emin = Ec = 1.5 yc
Non-Rectangular Shapes (All Shapes):

Q2 A3 vc 2 Dh
= (To calculate yc ) , =
g T 2g 2
A
Emin = Ec = yc + 0.5 ( )
T
Hydraulic Jump
y1 = upstrem depth and y2 = downstream depth

y1 and y2 are called .
<

y2 yc 3
= 0.5 [1 + 1 + 8 ( ) ] ( )
y1 y1
y1 yc 3
= 0.5 [1 + 1 + 8 ( ) ] ( )
y2 y2
Or in terms of Fround number:
y2 V1
= 0.5 [1 + 1 + 8 F12 ] F1 = ( )
y1 gy1
y1 V2
= 0.5 [1 + 1 + 8 F22 ] F2 = ( )
y2 gy2
(y2 y1 )3
( ) = E =
4y1 y2
Height of Hydraulic jump ( ) = y2 y1

Length of Hydraulic jump ( ) = 6hJ
1.
A trapezoidal channel is to be design to carry a discharge of 75m3/s at
maximum hydraulic efficiency. The side slopes of the channel are 1V:2H
(1 vertical and 2 horizontal) and the Mannings roughness n is 0.03.
If the maximum allowable velocity in the channel is 1.75m/s m what
should be the dimensions of the channel (bottom width and height)
What should be the longitudinal slope of the channel if the flow is
uniform?
Solution
a)
We draw the following graph (from the given data in the problem):
y 2 + (2y)2 = 5 y
Q 75
A= = = 42.86 m2
V 1.75
At maximum hydraulic efficiency (most economical section)
dP dP
= 0.0 Or = 0.0
dy dB
P = B + 2 5 y P = B + 4.47y Eq. (1)
1
A = 42.86 = By + 2 2y y 42.86 = By + 2y 2
2
42.86
B= 2y (Substitute in Eq. (1))
y
42.86 42.86
P= 2y + 4.47y P = + 2.47y
y y
dP 42.86
= 2 + 2.47 = 0.0 (for most economical)
dy y
42.86
= 2.47 y = 4.16 m.
y2
42.86
B= 2 4.16 = 1.98 m.
4.16
b)
According Manning equation:
1 2/3
V= R h S 0.5
n
V = 1.75 m/s ,
n = 0.03 (given)
A 42.86
Rh = = = 2.083 m
P 1.98 + 4.47 4.16
1
1.75 = 2.0832/3 S 0.5 S = 0.00104 m/m.
0.03
2.
In the figure shown, water flows uniformly at a steady rate of 0.4 m3/s in a very long
triangular flume (open channel) that has side slopes 1:1. The flume is on a slope of 0.006,
and n = 0.012;
(a) Find normal depth (yn).
(b) Determine wether the flow is subcritical or supercritical.
(c)Find the specific energy (Es) and the critical specific energy (Ec).
y 2 + y 2 = 2 y
Solution
a)
To find the normal depth, we use Manning equation:
1 2/3 A 2/3
V = R h S 0.5 Q = AV = R h S 0.5
n n
3
Q = 0.4 m /s , n = 0.012 , S = 0.006 (Givens)
1
A = area of triangle = (2y) y = y 2
2
2
A y
Rh = = = 0.353y
P 2 2 y
now, substitute by all above data in Mannings equation:
y2
0.4 = (0.353y)2/3 0.0060.5 y = 0.457 m .
0.012
b)
To determine the type of flow, there are two methods:
V
FR =
gDh
Q 0.4
V= = = 1.915 m/s
A 0.4572
A y2 0.4572
Dh = = = = 0.2285 m
T 2y 2 0.457
1.915
FR = = 1.28 > 1 .
9.81 0.2285
Or, we calculate the critical depth:
Q2 A3 0.42 (yc2 )3
= = yc = 0.504
g T 9.81 2yc
Since yc = 0.504 > y = 0.457 .
c)
v2 1.9152
ES = y + = 0.457 + = 0.644 m.
2g 2 9.81
1 A 1 0.5042
Ec = y + ( ) = 0.504 + ( ) = 0.63 m.
2 T 2 2 0.504
Ec = Emin must be less than ES .
3.
You are asked to design a rectangular channel that has the minimum wetted
perimeter and that conveys flow in critical condition. Find the relationship
between the critical depth and the channel width if the flow discharge is
constant. Your answer should look something like yc = mB , where m is
constant and B is the channel width.
Solution
P = B + 2yc Eq. (1)
We want other relation, between B and yc
3
q2 Q 3
Q2
yc = , (q = ) yc = 2
g B B g
2
Q2 Q
B = 3 B=
yc g yc 3/2 g
Q
B= yc 3/2 (Substitute in Eq. (1))
g
Q
P= yc 3/2 + 2yc
g
Remember: Critical velocity in
dP
= 0.0 (for most economical) rectangular open channel is: gyc
dyc
dP Q 5 Q 5
= 1.5 yc 2 + 2 = 0.0 2 = 1.5 yc 2
dyc g g
3
But, Q = AVc = Byc gyc = Bg yc 2
3 3 3
B g yc 2 5 5 B yc 2 3 B yc 2
2 = 1.5 yc 2 yc 2 = 1.5 yc yc 2 = 1.5
g 2 2
yc = 0.75 B.
We can solve this problem alternatively as following:

dP dB dB
P = B + 2yc = +2 = 2 Eq. (1)
dyc dyc dyc
dB
Now, we want to find other relation for
dyc
q2 Q2 Q2
yc 3 = = 2 B 2 yc 3 = (Now, Derive according to yc )
g B g g
dB
(B2 )(3yc 2 ) + (2B ) (yc 3 ) = 0.0
dyc
: :
* + *
dB dB
3B 2 yc 2 + 2Byc 3 = 0.0 (Substitute from Eq. (1)) ( = 2)
dyc dyc
3B 2 yc 2 + 2Byc 3 2 = 0.0
3B 2 yc 2 = 4Byc 3 yc = 0.75B.
4.
A rectangular channel carrying a supercritical stream is to be provided with
a hydraulic jump type of energy dissipater. It is required to have an energy
loss of 5m in the jump when the inlet Fround number is 8.5.(F1 = 8.5)
Determine the conjugate depths. (y1, y2).
Solution
y2 y2
= 0.5 [1 + 1 + 8 F12 ] = 0.5 [1 + 1 + 8 8.52 ]
y1 y1
y2 = 11.53y1 Eq. (1)
(y2 y1 )3
E = 5 = (Substitute from Eq. (1))
4y1 y2
(11.53y1 y1 )3
5= y1 = 0.1975 m.
4y1 11.53y1
y2 = 11.53 0.1975 = 2.27 m.

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Chapter (3)

There are several formulas have been developed to calculate

The following figure exhibits Moody diagram:

Empirical Formulas for Friction Head Losses

Now by applying Bernoullis

hL = 1m = hf in the pipe that transport fluid from reservoir 1 to 2

So as shown in the above figure, the initial value of f = 0.0128

So, the velocity is V = 1.54 m/s

Total head at point BA:

But, VA = VB (Since there is the same diameter and flow at A and B)

b) Head loss between A and B??

c) Diameter of the pipe??

Assume the datum is at point 1:

Applying Bernoullis equation between 1 and 2:

V = 2.64 m/s Sub. in (2) R e = 1.58 105

f = 0.02 V = 2.51 R e = 1.5 105

f 0.02 V = 2.51 m/s

hL = (13.05 V1 2 + 19.6 V2 2 ) + (0.0255 V1 2 + 0.306V2 2 ) = 66

66 = 13.0755 (1.068 + V2 )2 + 19.906 V2 2 V2 = 0.89 m/s

Flow through series pipes

Flow through Parallel pipes

Pipelines with Negative Pressure (Siphon Phenomena)

Before addition of pipe:

hL(AB) = hf1 + hf2

hL(1D) = 4.86V 2 + 0.0509K v V 2 Sub. in (1)

Apply Bernoullis equation between the points A and B.

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge

Applying Bernoullis equation between the points 1 and S.

8fL2 Q 2 2 8 0.032 450 Q 2 2

Q @J = 0.0 Q 3 = 0.542 0.352 = 0.19 m3 /s

(direction shown in the figure)

To find the length of pipe 3 (L3): apply Bernoulli between J and B:

To find the pump head (hP): apply Bernoulli between C and J:

Nodes Node/Point A B C D Reservoir E

AB 400 0.3 -0.05 -0.68 13.6 -0.025 -0.075

BD 600 0.3 +0.05 +1.02 20.4

BC 400 0.3 -0.15 -6.12 40.8 +0.005 -0.145

BD 600 0.3 -0.05 -1.02 20.4

Note: If the sign of the

BE 400 0.2 +0.2 +82.62 413.1 -0.088 +0.112

BD 180 0.2 +0.2 +37.18 186

Q new,BD = Q initial,loop(1) + (loop(1) loop(2) )

Q (m3/s) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Now, we want to find the system head equation:

The required B, means if we get maximum efficiency if the operating point

Pipe is 20cm in diameter

8 0.014 (200+200 + 15)Q2

Formulas used to describe the flow in open channels

Most Economical Section of Channels

Energy Principals in Open Channels

FR < 1 Sub critical

Critical Depth (yc ):

For rectangular channel:

Non-Rectangular Shapes (All Shapes):

y1 = upstrem depth and y2 = downstream depth

For rectangular channel:

Height of Hydraulic jump ( ) = y2 y1

We can solve this problem alternatively as following:

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