The 4 Is of a scientist:

Imagine, Investigate, Invent, Inform

Heat is the energy of molecular motion and temperature is a measure of heat energy.
A virus survives by creating unwanted cells so it can in a way convince the healthy cells
to do what they are doing.
Antibiotics will eventually stop working and bacterias will start killing again.
50% of antibiotics that doctors give us are unnecessary.

The Atom:
Democritus was the first person to figure out how small we could get. Dalton figured out
that atoms couldnt be divided any smaller and you cant create them. Thomson figured
out that negative particles make up an atom and that there are an equal amount of
positive particles. Rutherford figured out that the portions were in the middle of an atom
and electrons were on the outside. Bohr figured out that negatives orbit around the
protons.
Rutherfords Gold Foil experiment used an alpha particle gun which shot heavy
positively charged helium nuclei at a thin, gold foil target. The gold foil target contained
space in between and had very small and dense positively charged nuclei. Some of the
positive charged helium nuclei would go straight or mildly deflected through the gold foil,
but there were times where it would hit the positively charged nuclei which would make
them repel from each other and make it bounce back.
Rutherfords gold foil experiment told us that an atom was much more than just empty
space and scattered electrons, and an atom must have a positively charged center that
contains most of its mass
Electrons are the negative charges on the outside of an atom. Protons are the positive
charges close to the middle of the atom. Neutrons are neutral charges that balance out
the atom so it stay stable.
For an atom to be neutral means that the atom has the same amount of protons and
electrons. For and atom to be a positive ion it has to have more protons than electrons.
For and atom to be a negative ion it has to have more electrons than protons
An isotope is when an atom has the same amount of protons and electrons but a
different number of neutrons. The isotopes create decimal numbers in the atomic mass
because it is the average of all the atoms isotopes.
To calculate the Atomic mass number you use the sum of the masses of the isotopes
each multiplied by the natural abundance.
In the Quantum model there are multiple shells that hold the electrons and in the other
models it just looks like there is one shell the electrons orbit around. Depending on what
energy level the electrons go out to can tell you how big the atom is because they need
extra electron compared to the smaller atoms.
The Octet Rule is still valid because when you look at the s and p orbitals there is
always 8 electrons the entire way up no matter how big the atom is.
The Periodic Table:
Each element in the periodic table had a specific location because of its atomic structure.
There is also different rows called the periods and groups. Periods signifies the highest
energy level in the element occupies. Elements in the same groups have the identical
valence electrons and they behave in a similar fashion chemically.
The vertical rows are called familys because they are similar elements that like to bond
with each other.
The atomic number tells us the number of protons and electrons in the element
You can find out how many protons are in an element by looking at the atomic number
and whatever number it is is how many protons it has.
Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost shell of the atom. The periodic
table is arranged by valence electrons in the vertical rows from 1-8 not including the
ones in the middle of the table.
There are 84 metals on the periodic table and 17 non-metals
Covalent & Ionic Bonding (and a little Metallic Bonding):
Covalent Bonding - Sharing electrons, non-metal + non-metal
Ionic Bonding - Donating or accepting electrons, metal + non-metal
The octet rule is important in bonding because each element that is bonding wants to get
to 8 valence electrons so the bond with things that will get them there.
Electronegativity is useful to determine the type of bond you will have because when you
get the difference between the 2 elements you will get the answer to find out which bond
you will have.
A polar covalent bond is when one of the atoms is pulling on the other one but not hard
enough to make it its own so they share the electron.
Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent because they have a stronger pull of electrons
and its more compacted. It also take a while to melt them.
For it to have a double or triple bond means that it is going to be stronger than a single
covalent bonds.
The difference between intra and inter- molecular force is that intra molecular forces
keep bonds together and inter molecular forces keep molecules close to each other.
A hydrogen bond is an attraction between polar molecules which makes the hydrogen
attracted to bigger atoms. A hydrogen bond occurs because a hydrogen atom with a
polar covalent bond to oxygen it has a partially positive charge and is attracted to similar
molecules with a partially negative charge. A result of hydrogen bonding is water.