Journal of Coastal and Tropical Seas Volume 3 No.

1 of 2013

CORAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ASSOCIATED BIOTA IN CORAL REEFS IN

THE VILLAGE MINANGA DISTRICT OF MALALAYANG II AND VILLAGE MOKUPA
TOMBARIRI SUB DISTRICT.
(Coral Structure Community and Its Association Organism In Coral Reef at Minanga Village
of Malalayang II and Mokupa Village of Tombariri District Waters).
Jeremias R. Tuhumena1 *, Janny D. Kusen1, Carolus P. Paruntu1
1 Marine Studies Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi
University, Manado * e-mail: jere_tuhumena@yahoo.com

Main purpose of this study were to know the community structure of coral and its associate
organism as well as coral cover percentage. Data of coral cover percentage had been gathered by
using LIT (Line Intercept Transect), whereas a quadrant had been used for associate organism. The
study sites were at two locations, Minanga Village of Malalayang II District and Mokupa Village of
Tombariri District waters. The result shown that coral cover percentage at two locations were very
low. The diversity of marine organism in Minanga Village and Mokupa Village have the moderate
diversity. Similarity of Ascidiacea and Algae organism communities were equal whereas Sponge,
Echinoderm, Mollusc and Fish were unequal. Frequency of Mollusc and Crustacean have been
shown as highest value, but Algae was the lowest value. Density of Ascidiacea, Sponge and mollusc
organism have been shown highest value, whereas Echinoderm, Crustacean and Algae shown the
lowest value at Minanga Village whereas at Mokupa Village Mollusc organism have been shown the
highest density, while the Ascidiacea, Sponge, Algae and Polichaetes have the lowest value.

Keywords : Coral reef, Associations organism, Structure communities.

PRELIMINARY
Coral reefs are underwater structures composed of precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3),
produced by coral fauna commonly found in tropical waters (Razak and Simatupang, 2005).
According to Veron (1986), coral reefs enter the phylum Cnidaria, Anthozoa class, the order
Scleractinia and has 15 families. There are also physical and ecological factors that are limiting the life
of coral reefs ie temperature, salinity, light, sedimentation, wave and depth. Ecological factors are
competition, predation and grazing (Nybakken, 1988). In the reef area living organisms associated are
Algae, Crustaceans, Molluscs, Ekinodermata and Fish (Nontji, 2002). According to Romimohtarto and
Juwana (2007), coral reefs are a fertile and rich food ecosystem. Its elaborate physical structure,
branched, berguagua and hobbies make this ecosystem a very attractive habitat for many types of
marine life both in flora and fauna. The coral community structure and the associated biota on coral
reef areas in Minanga and Mokupa villages have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to
describe the structure of coral fauna communities and associated biota through analysis of density
and relative density, relative frequency and frequency, coral cover percentage, community similarity
and diversity.

RESEARCH METHODS
A. Location and Time of Study
The research was conducted in Minanga Village, Malalayang District II and Mokupa Village, Tombariri
Subdistrict, North Sulawesi Province. This study was conducted for 6 months, starting in February -
July 2013.

Figure 1. Map of research sites in Minanga Village, Malalayang District II and Mokupa Village,
Tombariri Subdistrict (Source: Diinsert from LPI map 2417-05 BAKOSURTANAL 1995). Information :
B. Work procedures
Data collection for coral cover using LIT is to measure the coral cover that is passed or tangent to the
meter, after that look left and right in the radius of 2 m to see the type of fish available. For data
collection of biota association using quadrant (1x1 meter) which put as many as 5 pieces on transect
line as long as 25 meter. Then look at the biota in the quadrant, while for the sample Molluscs are
taken and identified in the Marine Biology Laboratory.
Village.

C. Data analysis
Density of Coral Biota
The densities of coral biota species were analyzed using the density formula (Odum 1994):

Number of individual species Density of species = Area of sample (m2)

Species Density A Relative Density (%) = x 100 Total species density

Frequency of Coral Reef Type

Frequency of coral biota and coral fauna species was analyzed using formula according to Bengen
(2000):
Where: Fi: Frequency Pi Type: Number of plots found by type i P: Number of all plots
Where: RFi = Relative Frequency Fi = Frequency type i F = Frequency of all types

Percentage of Coral Cover (% cover)

The percentage of coral coral cover is obtained from the coral life form measurements using the
formula (Gomez and Yap 1988): Li L (%) = x 100 N Where: L = Percentage of coral cover (%)
Li = Length of lifeform (intercept colony) type i category
N = Transect length (25 m)

Community Similarity
To know the similarity of coral biota community and coral fauna between research stations then used
the equation coefficient formula or Sorensen Index (Odum 1994) as follows:
IS (%) =
Where, IS = Sorensen Index C = Number of the same species found on both stations A = Number of
species in station A B = Number of species in station B With decision criteria: two stations are not
different if IS> 50.
Diversity Index The index of species diversity is a measure of community wealth seen from the
number of species in an area, along with the number of individuals in each species. The species
diversity index was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener formula in Ludwig and Reynolds (1988).

Where: H ': Indices of species diversity ni: Number of individuals in species i N: Total number of
individuals Description: H' <1: Low diversity and low community circumstances 1 <H '<3: Medium
diversity and moderate community circumstances H' > 3: High diversity and high community
circumstances.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Relative Density and Relative Density

The calculation results of the density index and the relative density of association biota in Minanga
and Mokupa villages ranged from 0.01 - 3 ind / m2 and the relative density values ranged from 0.72
to 14.3%. This is thought to be due to the substrate of the type of biota present in two different
research sites. According to Abrar and Menuputty (2008) that, the presence and distribution of
Ascidian are in areas dominated by hard substrates and coral fractures. Sponges are in a hard area
that is like in the area of coral reefs (Hadi, 2010). Ekinodermata have a place to live on the coral reef
area because there is plenty of food. Xanthidae sp has a place to live on rocky areas and crevices of
living and dead coral (Edmonson, 1962). Spirobranchus gigantheus is found in salty areas and not in
other habitats (Pamungkas, 2011). According to Romimohtarto and Juwana (2007), green algae exist
primarily in the upper litteral zones, especially in the lower part of the tidal mintakat. Molluscs are
more commonly known as sea snails commonly encountered in different types of environments and
adapt to their environmental forms (Nonjti, 2002). Coral reefs are generally affected by good coral
reef conditions and food tissues high enough so that the diversity of fish is very high.
B. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Association Biota
The results of the relative frequency and frequency index calculations of association biota in Minanga
Village and Mokupa Village ranged from 0.2 to 1.3 and
Relative density values range from 3.2 - 20%. This is thought to be due to the substrate and activity of
humans in the waters. According to Abrar and Manuputty (2008) that, Ascidian is generally located
on the coral reefs are still alive or dead. Sponges in the waters are in areas that have a hard substrate
such as in the area of coral reefs (Hadi, 2010). Types of Ekinoderms such as sea urchins, starfish and
other species have a place to live on coral reefs and coral gulls (Nontji, 2002). Algae live on the ocean
floor from tidal zones to deep sunlight and live attached to hard bases like coral reefs (Nontji, 2002).
Mollusks live in areas dominated by reef debris, dead corals and rocks (Allen and Steene, 1994).
C. Percentage of Coral Cover
The results of the percentage of coral cover in Minanga Village ranged from 1.12 to 39.64%. This is
thought to be caused by predator fauna and human activities in Minanga Village. According Kaleka
(2004) that, coral reefs in the North Sulawesi Peninsula did not escape the same problem. Increased
Acanthaster Planci coral eating fossil, the entry of waste / eutrophication and the pressure of
excessive human activity. In Mokupa Village has a percentage value of coral cover that ranges from
0.4-67.4%. This is thought to be due to human activity and salinity. According to Dahuri, et al. (2008)

That, coral reef damage caused by humans among others is the mining of coral with or without the
use of explosives, pengurukan around the coral reefs, tourism and others. According to
Romimohtarto and Juwana (2007) that, coral reefs flourish in salinity water still above 30-35 PSU.

D. Biota Diversity Index of Associations

The biota diversity index value in Minanga Village ranged from 2.71 - 2.94 and Mokupa Village,
ranging from 2.3 to 2.8. This is thought to be caused by substrates, currents and human activities.
This is supported by statements from Abrar and Manuputty (2008) that, Ascidian diversity will grow
on hard substrates and coral fractures overgrown by Algae. According to Romimohtarto and Juwana
(2008) that, the distribution of Sponges is supported by the active moving larvae or by the young
fauna that the current flows before the Sponges are attached. Ekinodermata biota can spread in the
environment that is preferred because it is influenced by the substrate and feed such as Algae and
Seagrass and found in many shallow waters with a depth of 0-6 meters (Rachmawati, 2012).
Research conducted by Dauer and Conner (1980) on the shores of Old Tampa, Florida, states the
number and biomass of Polikaeta has increased in areas that have increased nutrients from
household wastes by 4 times from Polikaeta located in non-nutrient-increasing sites.
According to Nybakken (1988) that, the existence of macro Alga is determined by the availability of
sunlight. Algae macros are generally located in the intertidal or subtidal areas up to a depth of 200
meters. Many Molluscs from the Gastropoda Class found at any station in Banten are suspected due
to their high adaptability of both hard and soft substrate (Dibyowati, 2009). According Najamuddin
(2012) that, coral fish communities found diverse in the coral reefs are far from the settlement
because it generally has a good condition.
E. Coefficient of Equality of Community Biota Association Value
The value of coefficient of community equality in research location has different value. The Ascidian
Biota at the same two locations are Algae and Ascidian. This is presumably because the substrate of
the biota is suitable for these biota. This statement is supported by statements from Abrar and
Manuputty (2008) that, Ascidian will grow much on hard substrates and coral fractures overgrown by
Alga. Added by Nontji (2002) that, Algae that can live on the seabed are widely available along the
coast from tidal zones to the deepest sunlight can penetrate. While the biota is not the same
between two research sites namely Sponges, Ekinodermata, Mollusks and Fish. This is thought to be
due to substance, predator fauna and human activity. According to Hadi (2010) that, sponge predator
in the waters of sea waters such as the type of hawksbill, Starfish and from the type of Molluscs
Nudibranchia. The Ekinodermata biota has a living place in coral reefs, because there are many
foods, in which the infectious sea star is an individual living in the gaps of the reef, whereas spiny sea
stars generally live to damage the coral reef system. Molluscs that are found in many types of
environments and shapes have adapted to the environment (Nontji, 2002). According to Najamuddin
et al. (2012) that the existence of fish is influenced by the condition of coral reefs, where in protected
areas and open areas there are usually coral reefs that have different morphological structures.

CONCLUSION
The conclusions can be drawn from the results of research conducted are:
1. Density Biota Ascidian associations, sponges and mollusks in the village of Minanga high, while
ekinodermata, crustaceans and algae low. While the density of biota association in Mokupa village is
high, that is molluscs, while low ones are Ascidian, sponge, ekinodermata, alga and polikaeta,

2. Frequency of presence of Biota association in Minanga Village has average value that is 0,51 and
relative frequency value that is 10, 34%. The attendance frequency of the association Biota in
Mokupa village has a value of 0.43 and its relative frequency value is 10.34

3. The coral cover in Minanga Village is very low and in Mokupa Village has low coral cover,

4. Community similarity index of Ascidian and algae species in Minanga and Mokupa villages is the
same, whereas the similarity of spongy community, ecinoderms, fish and molluscs is different, 5.
Index Values Biodiversity diversity associated with coral reefs in Minanga Village and Mokupa Village
are.

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