,

Neuroanatomy 1st and 2nd cranial nerves part of CNS

Neurological localization determining 3rd to 12th CN part of PNS

what part of nervous system is affected

Paraplegia loss of function of lower ex.

Cranial nerve nuclei group of nerve cell
Paraparesis weakness bodies at CNS

Hemiparesis entire R/L part of the body is Ganglion group of neural cells at PNS
paralyzed
tentorium cerebeli - infolding/flap, Trigeminal nerve (sensory and motor
separates cerebellum and cerebrum function) Extensive and Largest, at surface
of PONS
- Roof of cerebrum
- Intact entirely at brain stem, at
- Divides supretentorium (basal upper part of spinal cord
ganglia, thalamus, cerebral
hemispheres) and infratentorium
(cranial fossa, cerebellum, Cranial nerves (mnemonics )
brainstem)

PNS all neural structures that leaves pia

mater I Oh olfactory se
se = sensory
- All motor cranial nerves that leaves
the brain stem II Oh optic se
mo = motor
Meninges of spinal cord
III Oh occulomotor mo
- Dura mater mi = mixed function
- Arachnoid IV - To trochlear mo
- Pia mater demarcation bet. V - Touch trigeminal mi
Central and peripheral NS, adherent
to CNS VI - And abducent mo
VII Feel facial mi
PNS disease VIII - A acoustic (vestibulocochlear) se
IX - Girls glossopharyngeal mi
- Compression of nerve roots/disk
X - Vagus mi
herniation
XI - Aah accessory mo
- Demyelination/antibody attack (eg. XII - Heaven hypoglossal mo
guillain-barr syndrome)

Neurofibromatosis 8th and 7th cranial

nerve, intracranially
Medulla oblongata involves all CN
- PNS disease
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- Ascending and descending tracts

Brain stem compact, size of a thumb White matter abundance of myelin

Neuromuscular junction ultramicroscopic - Collection of axons held by

structure neuroglial cells (holds neuron intact
together, shape of CNS and PNS)

- Divided to fulliculi (spinothalamic)

Grey matter divided into laminae, ascending
cerebrum
Lateral funiculus

Anterior funiculus
Rexed laminae 10 divisions
Posterior funiculus
- Grey matter of spinal cord

1 Dorsomarginal nucleus
Lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain
2 Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando and thermal
3 Nucleus proprius Anterior spinothalamic tract fine/light
touch
4 Reticular nuclei
Posterior spinothalamic tract deep
5 Nucleus dorsalis of Clarke
pressure and proprioception
6 Dorsal commissural nucleus
- cuneatus
7 Ventral commissural nucleus
- gracilis
8 Intermedio lateral nucleus

9 intermedio medial nucleus (anterior

horn cell, start from lower motor neurons) Motor fiber going down (descending)

10 medial motor neuron nucleus Lateral corticospinal tract all skeletal

muscle control, appendicular limbs

Anterior corticospinal tract contralateral

Brodmann area division of cerebrum skeletal muscle group

- Grey matter of cerebrum

Lateral and anterior CS tract primary

motor source
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Inverted homunculus upside down - posture and voluntary movements

pattern, sensory or motor of contralateral
side of the body - dont affect movement even if with
lesion
-primary motor cortex and primary sensory
cortex - movement disordes only (eg.
Parkinsons)
(basahin pa libro )
Peduncles - pathways of circuit comes and
Hindbrain pons, medulla ob, cerebellum goes to cerebellum

Midbrain mesencephalon

Forebrain cerebrum Thalamus motor via basal ganglia

- emotions, personality frontal lobe

Diencephalon = thalamus sensory relay - LOC intralaminar nuclei

(except olfaction)

- 2 dorsal thalami, core of cerebrum

*before eliciting a movement
- dorsal thalamus
1st basal ganglia planning stage
- interthalamic adhesion

Pons (brainstem) - cranial nerve nuclei,

cerebral circuit, most fibers of cerebellum

- reticular formation for consciousness

- ascending sensory

- descending motor

- multiple cranial nerve

involvement/paralysis *frontal lobe largest

- alterd LOC
Central Sulcus of Rolando divides frontal
and parietal lobe
Cerebellum Coordination movements
(voluntary) - Pre central ( primary motor)

*if + in paralysis dont test cerebellar - Post central (primary sensory)

function
*gyrus prominence

Basal ganglia grey matter collection

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Inferior frontal gyrus brocas area
speech motor (dormant hemisphere) 44 and
45
*prosody area counterpart, for intonation
PosteroSuperior temporal gyrus
wernickes area
- Reception, comprehension
Skull: Meningeal Covering/ CSF
Infracranial cavity divides to...
- Superior cranial fossa
- Middle cranial fossa
- Posterior cranial fossa
infratentorial (tentorium cerebeli)
roof of cerebellum
Infolding of meningeal layers composed of
venous sinuses
Vessel comitantes - *vein accompanying
another structure (vein to artery)
eg. Arterial pulse aids venous return
Venous sinuses venous drainage of CNS of
brain
Sella Turcica Location of Pituitary gland
Hypoglossal nerve lesion paralysis of
tongue muscles
Jugular foramen
- X Vagus
- XI Accessory
- IX Glossopharyngeal
*Si JUGs masyadong (V.A.G)ue
Glossopharnygeal posterior 2/3 of tongue
Gradenigo syndrome petrous apico
syndrome
- infection, affectation
- affects: portion of jugular foramen,
internal auditory meatus, facial
nerve involvement (same side)
Foster Kennedy syndrome
- affects: potic canal, nerve; olfactory
nerve
Triad of FKS:
- optic atrophy (ipsilateral)
- contralateral papilledema
- anosmia (loss of smell)
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Meninges - Large accumulation of CSF

- epidural

- dura mater Meningeoma Benign tumor involving

meninges
- subdural
- Slow growing tumor
- arachnoid, subarachnoid
Origin: arachnoid villi
Epidural space potential space

- not a real space

CSF absorbed by arachnoid villi
- bet. skull and dura mater
- Then to venous sinuses (venous
Subdural space bet dura mater and drainage of intracranial cavity)
arachnoid
- Back to general circulation
- venous blood

Subarachnoid space CSF

- found at entire surface of brain and

way down to spinal cord
- *2ndary to aneurysm
*Shapes of hemorrhage
Hydrocephalus can be in adults and
children
Adult- without compensation

- Lenticular = epidural
Hydroceph ex-vacuo atrophy of cerebrum
- Cresent = subdural = inc. in size of ventricles

- Eg. Alzheimers dx
Subdural Hemorrhage deadliest

- Freely goes into skull

- Venous blood

Epidural Hemorrhage Arterial (bright

red)

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage add mix of

CSF and blood

Cisterns spaces almost empty

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L2 L3/L3 L4 adult

L4 L5 pedia

*In pediatric clients Spinal cord is longer

CSF normal characteristic watery clear

*yellow = infection

Normal pressure 60-180 mmH20 (6-15

cmH20
4th ventricle is bet. cerebellum and
brainstem
Abnormal results

- *Viral = Normal glucose

Blood CSF barrier = Choroid plexus
- Bacterial, etc = dec. In glucose

Types of Hydroceph

1. Communicating (non-obstructive)

- absorption is the problem

- Accumulation of CSF in ALL

ventricular compartment

- Eg. TB meningitis

- Managed medically or via Lumbar

tap (serial LT)

2. Non communicating (obstructive)

- eg. Obstruction at Sylvian aqueduct,

will increase the size of 3rd ventricle

- managed surgically

Lumbar tap Never above L2 (tip of spinal

cord)