1 1

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 4
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 15
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 16
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 - 18
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 19
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7 28


7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8 29
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

9 30

10 31
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.4 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
 1

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-
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2 1.

Kutner, Marc () Astronomy: A Physical

Perspective Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-
521-52927-1 An introductory astronomy textbook.
1.4 Kolb, Edward; Michael Turner () The
Early Universe Addison-Wesley ISBN 0-201-
11604-9 |coauthors= , -
1.4.1 () This is the classic reference for
cosmologists.
() Brief History of Time:
From the Big Bang to Black Holes Bantam Books, Liddle, Andrew () An Introduction to
Inc ISBN 0-553-38016-8; : Modern Cosmology John Wiley ISBN 0-470-
- 84835-9 An introduction to cosmology without
General Relativity
() Universe in a Nutshell
Bantam Books, Inc ISBN 0-553-80202-X Liddle, Andrew; David Lyth ()
Cosmological Ination and Large-Scale Structure
Simon Singh () Big bang: the origins of the Cambridge ISBN 0-521-57593-2 |coauthors=
universe Fourth Estate ISBN 0-00-716221-9 , ()
An introduction to cosmology with a thorough
() The First Three discussion of ination.
Minutes Basic Books ISBN 0-465-02437-8; -
: - . Mukhanov, Viatcheslav () Physical
Foundations of Cosmology Cambridge University
() The Fabric of the Cosmos Press ISBN 0-521-56398-4
Penguin Books Ltd ISBN 0-14-101111-4
Padmanabhan, T. () Structure formation in
() The Inationary Universe: the universe Cambridge University Press ISBN
The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins 0-521-42486-0 Describes the formation of large-
Random House ISBN 0-224-04448-6 scale structures in detail.

() Hyperspace Anchor Books Peacock, John () Cosmological Physics

ISBN 0-385-47705-8 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-42270-1
An introduction with more background on general
() - relativity and quantum eld theory than most.

Peebles, P. J. E. () Principles of Physical
() Cosmology Princeton University Press ISBN 0-
691-01933-9 Peebles book has a strong historical
focus.
Peebles, P. J. E. () The Large-Scale
1.4.2 Structure of the Universe Princeton University
Press ISBN 0-691-08240-5 The classic work on
Cheng, Ta-Pei () Relativity, Gravitation large scale structure, in particular the discussion of
and Cosmology: a Basic Introduction Oxford correlation functions.
and New York: Oxford University Press ISBN
0-19-852957-0 Cosmology is introduced in the Rees, Martin () New Perspectives in
framework of general relativitybut without the Astrophysical Cosmology Cambridge University
full tensor apparatus, which is presented in the Press ISBN 0-521-64544-1
last part of the book. Particularly suitable for
Weinberg, Steven () Gravitation and
an introductory GR course with an emphasis on
Cosmology John Wiley ISBN 0-471-92567-5
cosmology.
An older book, but still a standard reference for a
Dodelson, Scott () Modern Cosmology lot of the mathematical formalism.
Academic Press ISBN 0-12-219141-2 Released
slightly before the WMAP results, this is the most
modern introductory textbook. 1.5
Harrison, Edward () Cosmology: the
science of the universe Cambridge University 1.5.1
Press ISBN 0-521-66148-X A relatively
unmathematical textbook.
1.5. 3

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12 2.

2.7 2.8

2.9
[1] . ,
, ().

[2] () Un Univers homogne de masse

constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la
vitesse radiale des nbuleuses extragalactiques Annals
of the Scientic Society of Brussels : -
: , : A homogeneous universe of constant mass
and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity
- of extragalactic nebulae Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society : . "-
-
" : G. Lematre,
- Nature () suppl.:
-
- [3] () A relation between distance and
, radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. :
-
[4] . : Mariner of the Nebulae

[5] ... () The
-
cosmological constant and dark energy Reviews of
Modern Physics 75: 559606

[6] . , '"A New Model for the Expanding universe,

:
, 108
(1948), 372.
- [7] The book in question can be downloaded here
- ;
[8] E. A. Milne () Relativity, Gravitation and World
Structure Oxford University Press
-
- [9] R. C. Tolman () Relativity, Thermodynamics,
; - and Cosmology Oxford: Clarendon Press LCCN 340-
, - 32023 Reissued (1987) New York: Dover ISBN 0-486-
65383-8.
-
- [10] Zwicky, F. 1929. On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines
through Interstellar Space. PNAS 15:773-779. Abstract
; (ADS) Full article (PDF)

[11] http://www.aip.org/pnu/2005/split/728-1.html
,
; [12] S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. Ellis, The large-scale
structure of space-time (Cambridge, 1973).

[13] A. V. Ivanchik, et al. The ne-structure constant: a new

observational limit on its cosmological variation and some
theoretical consequences, Astronomy and Astrophysics
343 (1999) 439.
 2.10. 13

[14] J. Goodman Physics Review D, 52 (1995) 1821. .org, From the Big Bang to the End of the
universe. The Mysteries of Deep Space Timeline
[15] Caltech Submillimeter Observatory has a program
underway for measuring detail observations of the CMB Welcome to the History of the universe,
to look for Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Eect correlations.

[16] , "A Relation between Distance and Radial
Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae" () - , "The Hot Big Bang
, Model". Includes a discussion of the problems with
, , . - ( , - the Big Bang.
)
Smithsonian Institution, "UNIVERSE! - The Big
[17] D. N. Spergel, et al. First-year Wilkinson Microwave Bang and what came before".
Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Determination
of cosmological parameters, Astrophysical Journal
D'Agnese, Joseph, "The last Big Bang man left
Supplement Series, 148 (2003) 175.
standing, physicist Ralph Alpher devised Big Bang
[18] N.W. Boggess, et al. The COBE Mission: Its Design and Theory of universe". Discover, July 1999.
Performance Two Years after the launch, Astrophysical
Journal, 397 (1992), 420. Felder, Gary, "The Expanding universe".
[19] Kolb, Edward; Michael Turner () The Early
LaRocco, Chris and Blair Rothstein, THE BIG
Universe Addison-Wesley ISBN 0-201-11604-9
BANG: It sure was BIG!!".
|coauthors= , ()

[20] Steigman, Gary, Primordial Nucleosynthesis: Successes
And Challenges :Arxiv.
[21] E. Bertschinger () Cosmological perturbation
theory and structure formation Edmund Bertschinger
() Simulations of structure formation in
the universe Annual Review of Astronomy and
Astrophysics 36: 599654
[22] A. D. Sakharov, Violation of CP invariance, C
asymmetry and baryon asymmetry of the universe,
Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 5, 32 (1967), translated
in JETP Lett. 5, 24 (1967).
Mather, John C., and John Boslough 1996, The
very rst light: the true inside story of the scientic
journey back to the dawn of the universe. ISBN
0-465-01575-1 p. 300
Shestople, Paul, "Big Bang Primer.
Singh, Simon, Big Bang: The most important
scientic discovery of all time and why you need to
know about it, Fourth Estate (2004). A historical
review of the Big Bang.

[23] See Antimatter and the Big Bang - A research paper

about the big bangs antimatter problem. This paper won
the grand prize in the Answers in Genesis War of the
Worldviews Research Paper Challenge 2006.
[24] A. A. Navabi and N. Riazi, Is the Age Problem
Resolved?" Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 24
(2003), 3.
[25] A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark
matter Arxiv
[26] Dark Matter Observed SLAC Today
2.10
2.10.1
work on 'big bang' cosmology Physics Today Aug
, : . 1988 2434. A review article.
Wright, Edward L., Brief History of the universe.
Feuerbacher, Bjrn and Ryan Scranton
(2006). "Evidence for the Big Bang", FAQ
at talkorigins.org.
Proof of Big Bang Seen by Space Probe, Scientists
Say National Geographic News
The Sabanci University School of Languages
Podcasts: Origin of Elements by Alpay Taralp.
Scientic American Magazine (March 2005 Issue)
Misconceptions about the Big Bang
Scientic American Magazine (May 2006 Issue)
The First Few Microseconds
R. A. Alpher and R. Herman, Reections on early

Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientic Cosmology The Big Bang and Cosmic Microwave Background
- and More Evidence for the Big Bang, episodes of
the Astronomy Cast podcast dealing with the Big
Bang.
14 2.

2.10.2
Leeming, David Adams, and Margaret Adams
Leeming, A Dictionary of Creation Myths. Oxford
University Press (1995), ISBN 0-19-510275-4.

Pius XII (1952), Modern Science and the

Existence of God, The Catholic Mind 49:182
192.
Ahmad, Mirza Tahir, Revelation, Rationality,
Knowledge & Truth Islam International
Publications Ltd (1987), ISBN 1-85372-640-
0. The Quran and Cosmology

2.10.3
arxiv.org.

astrophysics
general relativity and quantum cosmology

high energy phenomenology

high energy theory
 3

3.1

15
 4

(Ultimate fate of the Universe) An in depth look at what the future holds for the
- universe.

- - Malm T.M., Spiral Rotation Model.
-

- 4.3


4.3.1

Adams, Fred; Gregory Laughlin () The

4.1 Five Ages of the Universe: Inside the Physics of
Eternity Simon & Schuster Australia ISBN 0-684-
86576-9 |coauthors= ,
()

John D. Barrow and Frank Tipler, 1986. The
Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford Uni.
Press. ISBN 0-19-282147-4

Chaisson, Eric () Cosmic Evolution: The

Rise of Complexity in Nature Harvard University
Press ISBN 0-674-00342-X

Davies, Paul () The last Three Minutes:

Conjectures About the Ultimate Fate of the
Universe Basic Books ISBN 0-465-03851-4

Dyson, Freeman () Innite in all directions

(the 1985 Giord Lectures) Harper Perennial

Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F., 1993.

4.2 The
Regrigerator and the Universe. Harvard Univ.
Press. Esp. chpt. 15.
Caldwell, R. R., Kamionski, M., and Weinberg, N.
N., Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday. Guth, Alan () Inationary Universe: Quest
for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins Addison-
A Brief History of the End of Everything, a BBC 4 Wesley ISBN 0-201-32840-2
Radio series.
Harrison, Edward () Masks of the Universe:
Hjalmarsdotter, Linnea, 2005, Cosmological
Changing Ideas on the Nature of the Cosmos
parameters.
Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-77351-2
Cosmology at Caltech.
Hawking, Stephen () A Brief History of
Baez, John, 2004, The End of the Universe. Time Bantam ISBN 0-553-38016-8

16
4.3. 17

Layzer, David () Cosmogenesis: The

Growth of Order in the Universe Oxford University
Press ISBN 0-19-506908-0

Linde, Andrei () Particle Physics and

Inationary Cosmology Taylor & Francis ISBN 3-
7186-0490-6
Malm T.M., Spiral Rotation Model 1999, Realis
Pub.
Malm T.M., Modied Set Model 2001, Realis Pub.

Penrose, Roger () The Road to Reality

Alfred A. Knopf

Prigogine, Ilya; Isabelle Stengers () Order

out of Chaos: Mans New Dialogue with Nature
Random House ISBN 0-394-54204-5 |coauthors=
, ()

Prigogine, Ilya () Is Future Given? World

Scientic Publishing ISBN 981-238-508-8

Smolin, Lee () The Life of the Cosmos

Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-512664-5

Smolin, Lee () Three Roads to Quantum

Gravity: A New Understanding of Space, Time and
the Universe Phoenix ISBN 0-7538-1261-4
Tipler, Frank () The Physics of Immortality
Doubleday ISBN 0-385-46799-0

4.3.2
Anderson, Poul, Tau Zero

Asimov, Isaac, The Last Question

Barrow, John, Impossibility

Baxter, Stephen, Vacuum Diagrams, Deep Future,

Manifold: Time, Exultant, and others

L. E. Modesitt, Jr. Gravity Dreams

 5

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24 6.

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[31] ,
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[32]


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6.4.2 -
,
:
-
, -


[33]

-
6.5
,
- - [1] Trimble, Virginia () Existence and nature of dark
matter in the universe Annual Review of Astronomy
and Astrophysics 25: 425472
, -
- [2] Hinshaw, Gary F. ( , ) What is the
universe made of?" Universe 101 NASA website -
--

[3] Copi, Craig J.; Schramm, David N.; Turner, Michael

S. ( ) Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis

and the Baryon Density of the Universe Science
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:10.1126/science.7809624
- , - 7809624 :1995Sci...267..192C
[4] Bergstrom, Lars ( ) Non-baryonic
- dark matter: observational evidence and
, - detection methods Reports on Progress in
- Physics 63: 793841 :hep-
ph/0002126 :10.1088/0034-4885/63/5/2r3
, - :2000RPPh...63..793B

[5] Bertone, Gianfranco; Hooper, Dan; Silk,
Joseph ( ) Particle dark matter:
evidence, candidates and constraints Physics
Reports 405: 279390 :hep-
( - ph/0404175 :10.1016/j.physrep.2004.08.031
:2005PhR...405..279B
) ,
- [6] Michael D. Lemonick, "Dark-Matter Mystery: Why Are
, 400 Stars Moving as if Theres Nothing There?",
, ,
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[7] Jacob D. Bekenstein, "Alternatives to dark matter: [20] Taylor, A. N., Dye, S., Broadhurst, T. J.,
Modied gravity as an alternative to dark matter", arXiv: Benitez, N. and van Kampen, E. (jul )
1001.3876v1 [astro-ph.CO] Gravitational Lens Magnication and the Mass
of Abell 1689 The Astrophysical Journal
[8] L. Volders Neutral hydrogen in M 33 and M 101 501 (2): 539+ :astro-
Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands ph/9801158 :10.1086/305827
14 (492): 323334 :1998ApJ...501..539T |month= -
, ()
[9] V. Rubin, W. K. Ford, Jr () Rotation of
the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic [21] Wu, X. and Chiueh, T. and Fang, L. and Xue, Y.
Survey of Emission Regions Astrophysical (December ) A comparison of dierent
Journal 159: :10.1086/150317 cluster mass estimates: consistency or discrepancy?"
:1970ApJ...159..379R Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 301
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[10] A. Bosma, The distribution and kinematics of neutral :10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02055.x
hydrogen in spiral galaxies of various morphological :1998MNRAS.301..861W |month= -
types, PhD Thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 1978, , ()
available online at the Nasa Extragalactic Database
[22] Refregier, A. ( ) Weak gravitational
lensing by large-scale structure Annual
[11] V. Rubin, N. Thonnard, W. K. Ford, Jr, ()
Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (1):
Rotational Properties of 21 Sc Galaxies with a Large
645668 :astro-ph/0307212
Range of Luminosities and Radii from NGC 4605
:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.111302.102207
(R=4kpc) to UGC 2885 (R=122kpc)" Astrophysical
:2003ARA&A..41..645R
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:1980ApJ...238..471R [23] Massey, R.; Rhodes, J; Ellis, R; Scoville, N; Leauthaud,
A; Finoguenov, A; Capak, P; Bacon, D -
[12] Zwicky, F. () Die Rotverschiebung von ( , ) Dark matter maps
extragalaktischen Nebeln Helvetica Physica Acta reveal cosmic scaolding Nature 445 (7125):
6: 110127 :1933AcHPh...6..110Z\ 286290 :astro-ph/0701594
See also Zwicky, F. () On the Masses of :10.1038/nature05497 17206154
Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae Astrophysical :2007Natur.445..286M
Journal 86: :10.1086/143864
:1937ApJ....86..217Z [24] Chandra :: Photo Album :: Dark Matter Mystery
Deepens in Cosmic Train Wreck :: 16 August 07 http:
[13] Ken Freeman, Geo McNamara () In Search of //chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/a520/
Dark Matter Birkhuser : 0-387-
27616-5 [25] Markevitch, Maxim; Gonzalez, A. H.; Clowe,
Douglas; Vikhlinin, Alexey; Forman, William;
[14] Dark Matter: Its Nature, - Jones, Christine; Murray, Stephen; Tucker, William
( ) Direct Constraints on the Dark

Matter Self-Interaction Cross Section from the
[15] Faber, S.M. and Jackson, R.E. ( ) Merging Galaxy Cluster 1E 0657-56 Astrophysical
Velocity dispersions and mass-to-light ratios Journal 606: 819824 :astro-
for elliptical galaxies Astrophysical Journal ph/0309303 :10.1086/383178
204: 668683 :10.1086/154215 :2004ApJ...606..819M
:1976ApJ...204..668F [26] Serious Blow to Dark Matter Theories?" ESO Press
Release
[16] Mihalas and McRae (1968), Galactic Astronomy (W. H.
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approach to gravity General Relativity and Gravitation
[17] A. Dekel, F. Stoehr et al., "Lost & found dark matter in 43 (1): 93106 :10.1007/s10714-010-1073-6
elliptical galaxies", Nature437:707,2005 :2011GReGr..43...93E

[18] Vikhlinin, A. (apr ) [28] Brownstein, J.R.; Moat, J. W. () The

Chandra Sample of Nearby Relaxed Galaxy Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 evidence shows modied
Clusters: Mass, Gas Fraction, and Mass- gravity in the absence of dark matter Monthly
Temperature Relation The Astrophysical Journal Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 382
640 (2): 691709 :astro- (1): 2947 :astro-ph/0702146
ph/0507092 :10.1086/500288 :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x
:2006ApJ...640..691V |month= - :2007MNRAS.382...29B
, ()
[29] : ({{cite doi}}) -
[19] Abell 2029: Hot News for Cold Dark Matter Chandra doi
X-ray Observatory collaboration :10.1103/PhysRevD.79.084029,
6.5. 27

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.79.084029
{{ }}

[30] New Cosmic Theory Unites Dark Forces SPACE.com

-- --

[31] Hossenfelder, S. () A Bi-Metric Theory

with Exchange Symmetry Physical Review
D 78 (4): :gr-
qc/0603005 :10.1103/PhysRevD.78.044015
:2008PhRvD..78d4015H

[32] Ripalda, Jose M. () Time reversal

and negative energies in general relativity
: :gr-qc/9906012
:1999gr.qc.....6012R

[33] Reuter, M.; Weyer, H. () Running

Newton Constant, Improved Gravitational Actions,
and Galaxy Rotation Curves Physical Review
D 70 (12): :hep-
th/0410117 :10.1103/PhysRevD.70.124028
:2004PhRvD..70l4028R
 7

[1] (: Dark energy)

-

[2]
-
-
-

7.1

[1] Dark = Energy = , Dark energy =

[2] P. J. E. Peebles and Bharat Ratra () The

cosmological constant and dark energy Reviews of
Modern Physics 75: 559606

28
 8

(-
General Theory of Relativity GTR -
)
- -
-

,
-
- -

8.1

8.2

8.3

29
 9

,
-
-
-
:

(spatial scale) -
(homogeneous)
(isotropic)

30
 10

- 10.2

-

-
-


-


-



10.3
10.1 Prima facie questions in quantum gravity Chris J.
Isham

Quantum Gravity in Stanford Encyclopedia of
:
Philosophy
, , - The shape of things to come New Scientist, July 30
2005

AdS/CFT correspondence Quantum gravity articles

- Quantum Gravity pages by Lee Smolin (no
longer active, archived at http://web.archive.org/

web/20060428001322/http://www.qgravity.org/)

Causal Sets


Regge calculus
Acoustic metric

Causal dynamical triangulation
,

-

31
32 10.

10.4 , ,
10.4.1
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oldid=1549717 : Muhammad, WikitanvirBot I, MerlIwBot, Addbot NahidSultanBot
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Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, Synthebot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Faizul Latif Chowdhury, TobeBot, KamikazeBot, MastiBot, WikitanvirBot,
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Addbot, NahidSultanBot, : 5
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E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF?oldid=1528193 : Muhammad, WikitanvirBot I, MerlIwBot Addbot
- : https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%
95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2?oldid=1988278 : Muhammad, Yahia.barie, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot I, Cruxmaniadp,
MerlIwBot, RedBot, Addbot, NahidSultanBot, Kayser Ahmad, Parthosutradhor : 1
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: Bellayet, Muhammad, Escarbot, JAnDbot, Thijs!bot, TXiKiBoT, VolkovBot, BotMultichill, SieBot, DragonBot, Alexbot,
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Electroweak : 1

10.4.2
:1e0657_scale.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/1e0657_scale.jpg : Public domain -
: Chandra X-Ray Observatory: 1E 0657-56 : NASA/CXC/M. Weiss
:Artist s_impression_of_the_expected_dark_matter_distribution_around_the_Milky_Way.ogv : https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/0/03/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_expected_dark_matter_distribution_around_the_Milky_Way.ogv
: CC BY 4.0 : ESO : ESO/L. Calada
:CMB_Timeline75.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/CMB_Timeline75.jpg : Public
domain : http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/060915/index.html (direct link) : NASA/WMAP Science Team
:Cosmological_composition.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Cosmological_composition.jpg -
: Public domain : ? : ?
:Elevator_gravity.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Elevator_gravity.svg : CC BY-SA 3.0
:
Elevator_gravity2.png :
10.4. , , 33

derivative work: Pbroks13 (talk)

:End_of_universe.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/End_of_universe.jpg : Public domain
: ? : ?
:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg :
CC-BY-SA-3.0 : : Folder.gif. : Original: John Cross
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(UCO/Lick Observatory), the ACS Science Team and ESA
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:Universe_expansion.png : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Universe_expansion.png : Public
domain : en:Image:Universe expansion.png drawn by en:User:Fredrik : en:User:Fredrik
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:WMAP2.jpg : https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/WMAP2.jpg : Public domain :
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10.4.3
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