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1.3.3 Soil Description and Identification ‘Common descriptive terms and methods of identification of soils are as follows: Color: Color is not directly related to engineering properties of soils, but is related to the soil mineralogy and texture. Gray and bluish: unoxidized soils White and cream: calcareous soi Red and yellow: oxidized soil Black and dark brown: soil containing organic matter Moisture: Appearance due to water is described as wet, dry, and moist. Structure: Homogeneous: Color and texture feel the same throughout Nonhomogeneous: Color and texture vary. Shape: Angular, subangular, subrounded, rounded, flaky Weathering: Fresh, decomposed, weathered. Carbonate: Effervesces with acid. Add a small amount of hydrochloric acid and cheek if soil effervesces. If it does, it contains carbonate. Odor: Organic soils give off a strong odor that intensifies with hea odor with the addition of water. Feel: Use feel to distinguish between sand, Sand has a gritty feel. . Nonorganie soils have a subtle s, and clays. Silt has a rough feel similar to fine sandpaper. Clay feels smooth and greasy. It sticks to fingers and is powdery when dry Consistency: Very stiff: Finger pressure barely dents soil but cracks under significant pressure. Stiff: Finger pressure dents soil Firm: Soil can be molded using strong finger pressure. Soft: Easily molded by finger. is closed, Dilatancy: Place asmall amount of the soil in your palm and shake horizontally. Then strike it with the other hand. If the surface is slurry and water appears, the soil probably has a large amount of silt Packing: Coarse-grained soils are described as: Very loose: collapses with slight disturbance, open structure Very soft: Soil flows between fingers when fis Loose: collapses upon disturbance, open structure Medium dense: indents when pushed firmly Dense: barely deforms when pushed by feet or with stomping Very dense: impossible to depress with stomping The key points are: 1. There are many soil types that you need to distinguish. 2. Common descriptive terms have evolved to get a quick, qualitative estimate on the oils’ strength and deformation properties and variability.

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