Jos F. Oate1
Resumen
Abstract
Literature review about mutagenicity and genotoxicity in surface and drinking water will be
made in the following article. The sections of this paper are the descriptions of the
observations of some studies regarding water pollution, concentration methods,
mutagenicity in surface water, mutagenicity in drinking water and the use of bio-tests.
Most of works related to water mutagenicity are develop using Ames test with the strains
TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation. In the results exposed in different
papers, it is determined that mutagenicity exists in surface and drinking water, showing
that some rivers around the world are contaminated by industrial wastes, urban wastes,
agrochemicals and leachate that are able to get into drinking water. Many studies evaluate
the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of water in vitro using different kind of cells and in vivo
using different kind of organisms to check the genotoxic responses. Chemical, mutagenic
and genotoxic analysis can be included as additional parameters in monitor programs for
water quality. This review provides theoretical foundations of sensible and reproducible
tools for the mutagenic evaluation of aquatic environments.
Key words: Mutagenicity, surface water, drinking water, Ames test, Pollution.
1
Grupo Interdisciplianrio de Estudios Moleculares (GIEM). Universidad de Antioquia.
Medelln, Colombia. E-mail: joselo_1583@yahoo.com
INTRODUCCIN
En el (2004) Ohe et al., realiz una revisin de 178 publicaciones en aguas superficiales,
donde concluy que el ensayo de mutagenicidad de Ames es el ms utilizado para este
tipo de estudios (Fig. 1).
Figura 1. Porcentajes de distintos bioensayos usados para estudios de mutagenicidad y genotoxicidad de aguas
superficiales, en una revisin de 178 publicaciones (Ohe et al., 2004).
A continuacin se describen algunos puntos necesarios a tener en cuenta, para llevar a
cabo la evaluacin mutagnica de aguas contaminadas con qumicos genotxicos.
Aguas negras: Los afluentes pueden ser contaminados con mutacarcingenos tales como
hidrocaburos policclicos aromticos (HPA) que se encuentran en cenizas, holln, tiznes de
humos y otros subproductos de la combustin (Yang et al., 2003), nitrosaminas que se
encuentran en alimentos ahumados y descompuestos (Grubbs et al., 1983) y aminas
heterocclicas (AH), que se generan de alimentos proteicos quemados como carnes fritas
y asadas (Sugimura et al., 2004). Los desechos domiciliarios constituyen el principal
contenido de las aguas negras.
Desechos industriales: Son frecuentemente vertidos a quebradas y ros que luego son
usados para surtir las plantas de tratamiento (Morisawa et al., 2003, Komulainen, 2004).
El benceno es ampliamente usado como materia prima en la sntesis de plsticos, hules,
resinas, nylon, anilina, detergentes, medicamentos, colorantes e insecticidas, por lo tanto
est contenido en muchos residuos industriales (Claxton et al., 1998, Whysner et al.,
2004) y est asociado con un incremento en la incidencia de leucemias y mielodisplacia e
induce aneuploidas en clulas madre hematopoyticas (Travis et al., 1994). Los
compuestos, como los ptalatos han mostrado ser mutagnicos (Shea, 2003), entre ellos
estn: dibutil ptalato (DBP) y diidobutil ptalato (DiBP), son usados para mejorar el
procesamiento qumico de materiales plsticos, de lacas, de cauchos, cosmticos,
juguetes de nios y lubricantes. Algunos ptalatos son formados por la reaccin de
naftaleno (residuo industrial) con dioxido de titanio, que es un colorante (Garcia-Martinez
et al., 2005).
Cloracin: La formacin de mutacarcingenos durante el proceso de desinfeccin del
agua, se debe a que el cloro es altamente reactivo, lo que favorece su interaccin con
numerosos compuestos orgnicos e inorgnicos (Melndez et al., 2001, Yuan et al.,
2005). La formacin de mutacarcingenos por accin del cloro depende del pH, la
temperatura, consumo de cloro, cantidad de carbn orgnico total (TOC) y de la presencia
de compuestos inorgnicos como el bromo, que contribuye a la produccin de
organoclorados bromados, altamente mutagnicos (Nobukawa and Sanukida, 2001).
Estos productos de desinfeccin pueden estar presentes en el agua como mezclas
complejas. Entre los mutgenos ms potentes formados por la reaccin del cloro con los
cidos hmicos y flvicos del material orgnico, estn los Trihalometanos (THMs) tales
como el MX (3-Cloro-4-diclorometil)-5-hidroxi-2-(5H)-furanona), el MA (3-4-(dicloro)-5-
hidroxi-2-(5H) furanona) (Meier et al., 1987), el E-MX que es un ismero de forma abierta
del MX, el bromohidroxifuranona (BrMX) e hidrocaburos clorinados (Badawi et al., 2000).
Viene en aumento el reporte del uso del mtodo analtico que usan resinas de polmeros
porosos como retenedor de los compuestos orgnicos de muestras de ro, aguas
saladas, aguas negras y de medios biolgicos acuosos (Daignault et al., 1988, Kool et al.,
1989, Zuleta et al., 2004, Zubair Alam et al., 2010). El mtodo ms usado es la resina
XAD, esta es un polmero de estireno-divenilbenzeno de baja polaridad que posee
caractersticas macroreticulares esenciales para su alta capacidad de adsorcin de
qumicos polares y apolares potencialmente efectivos en pruebas txicas y genotxicas
(Zaika et al., 1968, Slooff et al., 1983).
Tratamiento Control
Los microncleos (MN) son fragmentos de cromatina que se observan como ncleos
pequeos debido al resultado de quiebres cromosmicos o a errores en las protenas
envueltas en la segregacin cromosmica. La formacin de MN originados de fragmentos
cromosmicos o perdidas cromosmicas, necesitan una divisin mittica o meitica
(Mateuca and Lombaert, 2006). El ensayo de microncleos ha sido considerado como uno
de los ms populares y promisorios biomarcadores por ms de 30 aos (Fenech et al.,
2003). Ferraro et al (2004), evalu el potencial mutagnico de tributiltina (TBT) y plomo
inorgnico (Pb II) en Hoplias malabariscus usando ensayo cometa, ensayo de MN y
alteraciones cromosmicas (AC). Ellos observaron que el plomo era mutagnico en todos
los biomarcadores pero la TBT, era mutagnica en MN y AC pero no en el ensayo cometa.
Otros investigadores encuentran respuestas negativas del ensayo de MN en presencia de
un ensayo cometa con resultados positivos (Huang et al., 2007). Una alta concordancia
entre los efectos genotxicos detectados por cometa y MN han sido reportados por
distintos autores (Russo et al., 2004, Pellacani et al., 2006), aunque la alta sensibilidad de
cometa haya sido cuestionada (Kim and Hyun, 2006).
Hay que tomar en cuenta que la informacin complementaria otorgada por diversos
ensayos, ha sido sugerida por varios autores debido a sus distintas habilidades para
detectar diferentes caractersticas de genotoxicidad y clastogenicidad (Lopez-Poleza,
2004., Mouchet et al., 2006, Vanzella et al., 2007).
CONCLUSIONES
Diversos ensayos pueden ser necesarios para evaluar efectivamente el riesgo relativo en
humanos y en el ambiente. La respuesta de las cepas de Salmonella que son sensibles a
diferentes clases de qumicos pueden ayudar en la identificacin de genotxicos
presentes en las aguas. Para determinar eficientemente la presencia de mutgenos en el
agua, adems del anlisis qumico convencional, ensayos de genotoxicidad podran ser
incluidos como parmetros adicionales en los programas de monitoreo de calidad de
aguas, ya que de acuerdo a esta revisin, ellos pueden ser herramientas para proveer
una sensible actividad mutagnica en ambientes acuticos.
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