What is Down syndrome?

Down syndrome is a set of physical and mental traits caused by

a gene problem that happens before birth. Children who have Down
syndrome tend to have certain features, such as a flat face and a
short neck. They also have some degree of intellectual disability.
This varies from person to person. But in most cases it is mild to
moderate.

causes
Down syndrome is caused by a problem with a
baby's chromosomes. Normally, a person has 46 chromosomes. But
most people with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes. In rare
cases, other chromosome problems cause Down syndrome. Having
extra or abnormal chromosomes changes the way the brain and
body develop.

symptoms
Distinctive facial features, such as a flat face, small ears,
slanting eyes, and a small mouth.

A short neck and short arms and legs.

Low muscle tone and loose joints. Muscle tone usually improves
by late childhood.

Below-average intelligence.

Prevention
1)Ultrasound screening
2)The antenatal tests chromosomes.

Cure
Although there is no cure for Downs syndrome, children born with the condition can lead productive lives. Just like other
children, babies with Downs syndrome will learn basic skills -- such as sitting, walking, talking, toilet training and bathing,
but they will do so at a delayed pace. Early intervention with physiotherapy, commenced shortly after birth, can help
strengthen muscles for these basic motor skills.. Children with Downs syndrome should receive regular sight and hearing
 tests, be evaluated for thyroid problems and receive the usualchildhood immunisations.

Later in life, the Down's Syndrome Association says adults with Down's syndrome are now leaving home, living
independently (with support), have jobs, are inrelationships and getting the most out of life.

What Is Sickle Cell Disease?

The term sickle cell disease (SCD) describes a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. People with SCD have
abnormal hemoglobin, called hemoglobin S or sickle hemoglobin, in their red blood cells.

Causes
When the hemoglobin S gene is inherited from only one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene is inherited from the
other, a person will have sickle cell trait. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy.

Only rarely do people with sickle cell trait have complications similar to those seen in people with SCD. But people
with sickle cell trait are carriers of a defective hemoglobin S gene. So, they can pass it on when they have a child.

If the childs other parent also has sickle cell trait or another abnormal hemoglobin gene (like thalassemia,
hemoglobin C, hemoglobin D, hemoglobin E), that child has a chance of having SCD.

Symptom
Painful swelling of the hands and feet, known as dactylitis

Fatigue or fussiness from anemia

A yellowish color of the skin, known as jaundice, or whites of the eyes, known as icteris, that occurs when a
large number of red cells hemolyze

Preventions
Examining the person

Giving medicines and immunizations

Performing tests

Educating families about the disease and what to watch out for

Cure
It relies on transplanted cells from a healthy, tissue-matched, full sibling. Patients receive
immunosuppressive drugs just before the transplant, along with a very low dose of total body irradiation, a
treatment much less harsh and with fewer potentially serious side effects than chemotherapy. Next, the
sibling donor cells are transfused into the patient. Stem cells from the donor produce healthy new blood
cells in the patient, eventually in sufficient quantity to eliminate symptoms of sickle. In many cases, sickle
cells can no longer be detected.
Anaemia
A condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and
weariness.

Causes
Anemia caused by blood loss

Anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production

Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells

Sympton
feel tired,
become easily fatigued,
appear pale,
have a feeling of a heart racing,
feel short of breath, and/or
have worsening heart problems.

Preventions
Eat a balanced healthy diet rich in iron.
Reduce tea and coffee intake as they make it harder for your body to absorb iron.
Increase vitamin C intake as it may help iron absorption.

Treatment
To treat your anemia, your doctor may suggest eating more meatespecially red meat (such as beef or liver),
as well as chicken, turkey, pork, fish, and shellfish
What Is Emphysema?
Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath due to over-
inflation of the alveoli (air sacs in the lung). In people with emphysema, the lung tissue involved in exchange of
gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or destroyed

Causes
Cigarette smoking

1-antitrypsin deficiency

Symptoms
Two symptoms are the main markers of emphysema and present early on:

Shortness of breath

Cough.

Prevention
The most effective way to prevent emphysema is to avoid smoking cigarettes. ... Maintaining a healthy
lifestyle (e.g., exercising regularly, eating properly), avoiding exposure to air pollution and second-hand
smoke, and receiving prompt medical treatment for respiratory infections also can help
prevent emphysema.

Cure
Quitting smoking is one of the best things you can do to help manage your symptoms
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is a common infection causing inflammation and irritation to the main airways of the lungs.

Causes
lung infections
Industrial pollution
cigarette
high concentrations of sulphur dioxide and other pollutants in the atmosphere.

Symptoms
1)coughing up yellow-grey mucus,
2) sore throat,
3)wheezing
4)blocked nose.

Preventions
quit smoking
avoid other lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke, dust, fumes,
vapors, and air pollution.
Wash your hands
Cure
Take an over-the-counter pain medicine
Try medicines that soothe your throat
Determine whether you have a bacterial infection.
Determine whether you have chronic bronchitis.