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4-158 Section 4

TABLE 4.5.8 Fouling Factors for Various Fluid Streams Used in Heat Exchangers

Water Type Fouling Factors (m2 K)/W


Seawater (43rC maximum outlet) 0.000275 to 0.00035
Brackish water (43rC maximum outlet) 0.00035 to 0.00053
Treated cooling tower water (49rC maximum outlet) 0.000175 to 0.00035
Articial spray pond (49rC maximum outlet) 0.000175 to 0.00035
Closed-loop treated water 0.000175
River water 0.00035 to 0.00053
Engine jacket water 0.000175
Distilled water or closed-cycle condensate 0.00009 to 0.000175
Treated boiler feedwater 0.00009
Boiler blowdown water 0.00035 to 0.00053

Liquids
No. 2 fuel oil 0.00035
No. 6 fuel oil 0.0009
Transformer oil 0.000175
Engine lube oil 0.000175
Refrigerants 0.000175
Hydraulic uid 0.000175
Industrial organic HT uids 0.000175 to 0.00035
Ammonia 0.000175
Ammonia (oil bearing) 0.00053
Methanol solutions 0.00035
Ethanol solutions 0.00035
Ethylene glycol solutions 0.00035
MEA and DEA solutions 0.00035
DEG and TEG solutions 0.00035
Stable side draw and bottom products 0.000175 to 0.00035
Caustic solutions 0.00035

Gas or Vapor
Steam (non-oil-bearint) 0.0009
Exhaust steam (oil-bearing) 0.00026 to 0.00035
Refrigerant (oil-bearing) 0.00035
Compressed air 0.000175
Ammonia 0.000175
Carbon dioxide 0.00035
Coal ue gas 0.00175
Natural gas ue gas 0.00090
Acid gas 0.00035 to 0.00053
Solvent vapor 0.000175
Stable overhead products 0.000175

Natural Gas and Petroleum Streams


Natural gas 0.000175 to 0.00035
Overhead products 0.000175 to 0.00035
Lean oil 0.00035
Rich oil 0.000175 to 0.00035
Natural gasoline and liqueed petroleum gases 0.000175 to 0.00035

Oil Renery Streams


Crude and vacuum unit gases and vapors
Atmospheric tower overhead vapors 0.00017
Light naphthas 0.00017
Vacuum overhead vapors 0.00035

1999 by CRC Press LLC


Heat and Mass Transfer 4-159

TABLE 4.5.8 (continued) Fouling Factors for Various Fluid Streams Used in Heat Exchangers

Oil Renery Streams


Crude and vacuum liquids
Gasoline 0.00035
Naphtha and light distillates 0.00035 to 0.00053
Kerosene 0.00035 to 0.00053
Light gas oil 0.00035 to 0.00053
Heavy gas oil 0.00053 to 0.0009
Heavy fuel oil 0.00053 to 0.00123
Vacuum tower bottoms 0.00176
Atmospheric tower bottoms 0.00123
Cracking and coking unit streams
Overhead vapors 0.00035
Light cycle oil 0.00035 to 0.00053
Heavy cycle oil 0.00053 to 0.0007
Light coker gas oil 0.00053 to 0.0007
Heavy coker gas oil 0.00070 to 0.0009
Bottoms slurry oil (1.5 m/sec minimum) 0.00053
Light liquid products 0.00035
Catalytic reforming, hydrocracking, and
hydrodesulfurization streams
Reformer charge 0.00026
Reformer efuent 0.00026
Hydrocharger charge and efuenta 0.00035
Recycle gas 0.000175
Liquid product over 50rC (API)b 0.000175
Liquid product 30 to 50rC (API)b 0.00035
Light ends processing streams
Overhead vapors and gases 0.000175
Liquid products 0.000175
Absorption oils 0.00035 to 0.00053
Alkylation trace acid streams 0.00035
Reboiler streams 0.00035 to 0.00053
a Depending on charge characteristics and storage history, charge fouling resistance may be many times this
value.
b American Petroleum Institute.

Source: Chenoweth, J., Final Report, HTRI/TEMA Joint Committee to Review the Fouling Section of TEMA
Standards, HTRI, Alhambra, CA, 1988. With permission.

It is highly recommended that the surface temperature be maintained below the reaction temperature; it
should be kept below 60rC for cooling tower water.
Tube material. The selection of the tube material is important from the corrosion point of view which
in turn could increase crystallization and biological fouling. Copper alloys can reduce certain biofouling,
but their use is limited by environmental concerns with river, ocean, and lake waters.
There are many other variables that affect fouling. It is beyond the scope here, but the reader may
refer to TEMA (1988).
Fouling Control and Cleaning Techniques.
Control of fouling should be attempted rst before any cleaning method is attempted. For gas-side
fouling, one should verify that fouling exists, identify the sequential event that dominates the foulant
accumulation, and characterize the deposit. For liquid-side fouling, fouling inhibitors/additives should
be employed while the exchanger is in operation; for example, use antidispersant polymers to prevent
sedimentation fouling, stabilizing compounds to prevent polymerization and chemical reaction fouling,
corrosion inhibitors to prevent corrosion fouling, biocide/germicide to prevent biofouling, softeners,
acids, and polyphosphates to prevent crystallization fouling.

1999 by CRC Press LLC

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