O. Kemal Pasamehmetoglu
University of Central Florida
STARS Citation
Pasamehmetoglu, O. Kemal, "Convective Heat Transfer from a Cylinder Rotating in Air" (1983). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations.
Paper 707.
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CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FROM
A CYLINDER ROTATING IN AIR
BY
O. KEMAL PASAMEHMETOGLU
B.S., Bogazici University, 1981
THESIS
Spring Term
1983
ABSTRACT
was placed upon the analysis of heat transfer to ambient air from
gion, the heat transfer coefficient depends upon both natural con-
this thesis and it is seen that there are gaps and limitations in
.approximately 400 W.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
graduate study.
acknowledge the help of Dr. P. Bishop, Mr. A. Minardi and Dr. E.R.
The author is also indebted to Mrs. Sharon Darling for her per-
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES . . v
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Laminar Flow . 3
Turbulent Flow . 7
Cylinder 31
Supports . 33
Rotation . 33
Temperature Measurement. 35
Heat Input . . . . . . . . . . 40
V. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE . 41
APPENDIX . 51
REFERENCES 70
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY . . 72
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
v
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
vi
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Symbol Description
B Proportionality constant
d Damping factor
E Voltage
g Gravitational acceleration
I Intensity
F Friction factor
k Thermal conductivity
1 Mixing length
q
. Heat flow rate
r Radial coordinate
T Temperature
u Tangential velocity
v Velocity
u Friction velocity
T
a Thermal diffusivity
Eddy viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
p Density
w Angular velocity
a Stephan-Boltzman constant
T Shear stress
Tangential coordinate
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS (Continued)
DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
Symbol Description
HL
Nu Nusselt number =
k
3
gf36TL
Gr Grashof number
2
\)
vL
Re Reynolds number = \)
72u d
dr (ur)
Ri Richardson number =
[ r ddr (u)]2
r
\)
Pr Prandtl number = -
a
T - T
T+ Dimensionless temperature w
x
LIST OF SYMBOLS (Continued)
SUBSCRIPTS
r Radial component
Tangential component
00 Ambient conditions
w Rotation effect
CRIT Critical
RAD Radiant
I Input
SUPERSCRIPTS
Time average
Instantaneous fluctuations
xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
turbines. After the 1960's, the problem has received more emphasis
Hickman and others, cited by Kreith fl], have shown the potential
ning the nose. Fendell [3] has outlined the problems caused by
industries.
cylinders are investigated. The first step was to present the prob-
angles of inclinations.
CHAPTER II
CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
vection around rotating bodies. All the equations are given for
Laminar Flow
Conservation of mass:
(1)
Navier-Stokes equations:
av vrfl av v2
r component: p (v r-ar
r + ~
racf)
r _jp_)
r
(2a)
component :
(2b)
3
4
Energy equation:
(3)
to:
(4)
v 2
l= 3P
-p (Sa)
r ar
(Sb)
at r = R
when r -+ 00
2
V = wR (6)
r
very low rotational speeds where natural convection effects are pre-
sent. Therefore, the velocity and pressure terms must include the
effects:
vr = vr,c + vr,w
vcp,c + v, w
p p + p
c w
v r,w = 0
v cp ,w WR2 /r
()P
w
ar = - p
()P
w 0
acp
obtained:
0 (7)
6
av v 2 av
P[V rz~ + (~+WR) r,c 2 2
( Vcp ,c + WR Ir) Ir] =
r,c ar r 2 acp
r
(Sa)
W2R4 ap 'iv
-P - - - __ a
c + {- i a
[- - (rV )] + .L r,c 2 av <P
r
3 dr ar r ar r,c
r
2 acp2 r acp'c} +pg sin
av rh wR2 v . 2 av v 2
p [V ( ~, c _ - -) + (~ + wR ) , c + ~ (V + WR ) ]
r,c ar 2 r 2 acp r ,c r
r r
(Sb)
1 ap c a a2v av
- - - +{- [1 a (rV~ )] + L <P,c + L r,c} + pg cos
r acp cir rar ~,c r2 acp2 r2 acp
v 2
V aT + (~ + WR ) ciT (9)
r, c cir r 2 a(j) =
r
av 2 v 2 av aP
( ,c _ wR ) + (~+WR) <P, c] - c
-1 --.---
pfvr,c ar 2 r 2 acp r acp
r r
(10)
a 1 a
+ {-f-~(rV )]} + pg cos
ar r 8r ,c
7
v 2
V 3T + (~ + wR ) aT (11)
r' c ar . r 2 3 -
r
Fillo [5]. The results of this study are summarized in Chapter III.
Turbulent Flow
as follows:
Vr = Vr + V' r
p = p + P'
T = T + T'
to the laminar flow case, and after taking the time average of each
0 (12)
a
a; (V'
r
T') (14)
Teng and Grief [6]. The results are summarized in Chapter III.
The equations for the transition region are not included for
two reasons. First, these equations are very complex, and the
attempt for such a solution has been found in the literature. This
overview can be made for the problem. In the rest of the chapter,
derson and Saunders [7]. They used the well-known solution for
9
10
300
I
YB
I
A I
I
I
2 3 Log ReD 5
Re 10
CRIT 2
Re
CRIT 1
form for the critical Reynolds number, although the numerical value
TABLE 1
*Pressure 4 atm.
tion is:
Rotation
both values.
on the ascending side (a) due to the combined effect of natural con-
~
4
N uD = 0 4 7 ( G rD P r) (16)
except for the plume region. The plume region is defined as the
region where the flow separates from the cylinder surface, and it
istic length.
(a) a ~ o where
rotational effects are small and curvature
effects are retained, and
Y.4
o= 1 I (Gr R ) ( 18)
0.7407.
K surface curvature = 1
experimental results:
order solution.
16
\ 0
\. ~
'' . ,,'
\'
90 180 . -90
O'--.....a..~.____,,_~_._--.___._~.___.~...._--.__-...__.
\
\
\ .
\
\
\
h
ac
" .2
.1
0:
y = (JjJ ( 19 )
than the value (a = 0.6735) calculated when o-cS, when the curvat u re
Transition Region
This may be due to flow separation phenomena which are also ob-
by Richardson [8].
19
Also, from equation 16, for free convection in laminar flow the
Nu ..., G l/ 4
D rD
Therefore,
2
Re ..., Nu (20)
CRIT
Later in this chapter for high rotational speeds where the flow is
the line for the fully developed turbulent flow at this point, and
10
0
2 3
3xl0 3xl0 Re
D
(22)
2 0.35
Nun= 0.11 [(0.5 Ren + Grn) x Pr] (23)
dependent on the Reynolds number only; this means that the rota-
tional effects are dominant and the natural convection effects can
be neglected.
(24)
region, equation 22, reduces to this equation when the Grn term,
0.7
N~ = 0 076 (ReD) (25)
There are also three analytical studies that have offered ex-
namely the horizontal plate analogy [7] and the Reynolds analogy
[11], and they directly obtain a relation for NuD in terms of R~.
is given by [12]:
3 2 c 1/3 (26)
HkL = O.l 4 [L p gplT (_p_)]
2 k
To obtain the heat transfer from a rotating horizontal cylinder,
Therefore:
23
2
HL L3 2 u c 1/3
k= 0.14 I-p-~
2 R (+)]
c
Rearranging, taking P;t; ~= 0.73 for air, and putting u WR,
k w
the equation becomes:
HD 2/3
0 lo R eD (27)
k
Reynolds Analogy
his work. A brief summary and the results of the analogy are given
here.
less relation:
F
Nu 2 1 + Ub (Pr - 1)
u 00
For the case of the cylinder, the velocity at the edge of the larni-
velocity profile. In this process, for air (Pr...::: 0.7), the exis-
0.35 F ReD
(28)
1 - 2.47 IF
where F, the friction factor, for a rotating cylinder can be cal-
culated from:
1 ReD IF
- 0.6 + 4.07 lo~
IF 0 2
(29)
values are calculated from equations 24, 25, 27, 28, and 29 and
are listed in Table 2. This table shows that, although for lower
with the empirical results, at higher ReD values the Reynolds an-
Temperature Profile
Teng and Grief [6] have obtained the velocity and temperature
Nun
Transition
10 N
\Jl
1
2 3 104 5 6
10 10 10 10
Ren
Figure 8. Nu vs. Re graph showing the results of the horizontal plate analogy and
the Reynolds analo~y [l]. D
TABLE 2
Horizontal
Reynolds
F Empirical Empirical Plate
Re Analogy
n Equation Analogy
29 Nun Nun
Nun Nun
Equation 24 Equation 25 Equation 27 Equation 28
N
0\
8,000 0.01002 39. 4 41.02 40 37.3
20,000 73.7
0.00772 74. 82 77 .90 I
69.0
I
80,000 186
0.00542 197.46 205.6 187 .o
200,000 342
0.00446 375.01 390.42 374 .0
I 861
800,000 0.00318 989.66 ! 1030. 33 I 1030.0
27
experimental studies. But the authors note that even better agree-
tained:
(32)
2
- K (Y+)
2
[l - exp (-d)J
2 2
(1 - BR.) r + ~ (u+)
l dr+ r+
3/2 (33)
d = y+ (1-)
26 l
w
tal results for high Reynolds numbers, but fails at low Reynolds
30 --------------....----.---r---r---..,----,..--.--...,...---r-----r--,r--~-1
65,000
------B
------B
0
25 5
u + - u+
w
20
u
w
+
.... .
50,000
_...
...-
25,000
15
experimental
data [14]
t 1 10 y+
Re 72 ,000
B = 0 / D
B = 5
/
/
- - s from /
/
/
Ml ocity
ve .
25
T00+ data
T+ 48,ooo.
20
/
/
/
/
....
/
0115 .. 24 ,00~'
...........
//
/
/
/"
. .... ;J. /
/ ~
0110
"./
.. .........
/ /
//
Y"
/
//
/
/
/ 16,000
/
/,,
experimental
data [14]
t 0
1 10 10
2 10
3 10
4
detailed drawings for the design of the cylinder are given in the
Appendix.
Cylinder
17.
power, crosses the aluminum core in the axial direction. The 400 W
31
32
5
I ~I 6
0: LJ 7
nn 1
2 t3 9
03
4
10
1 - Cylinder
2 - Electrical heater
4 - Electric motor
5 - Signal scanner
6 - Cold junction
7 - Reading device
8 - Ammeter
9 - Voltmeter
10 - Variance
copper tube is mounted on the aluminum core by shrink fit and screws.
Supports
of the construction (which does not exceed 200 N) and the life of
are not important for the selection of the bearings. For design
The support plates and the support legs are designed in such
a way that the cylinder can be inclined making 30, 45, 60 and
Rotation
chosen to have around 2500 rpm, which can be easily found in the
34
a = oo
b = 30
c = 45
d = 60
e = 90
High rotational speeds (more than 10,000 rpm is required) are in-
Temperature Measurement
from:
H g - CHAD (34)
(T - T )A
w 00
(b) Thermocouples
below 1C; it can take four measurements per second, store them in
its memory and display the maximum, minimum and the average temper-
that it can be held far from the target; therefore, it does not
disturb the flow field around the cylinder. It also avoids the
36
problem of noise, defined as the voltage drop due to contact resis-
are placed along the cylinder just below the copper tube. The
13.
they have the highest emf output of any standard metallic thermo-
due to noise. The higher the emf, the lower the percent error in-
troduced by noise.
in Figures 22, 29, 30 and 31. The slip-rings and the brushes are
scanner. For this purpose, the DATAPLEX 10 from the Omega Catalog
-----------------------------~-----------
t.
+
17.4 _ _ ___..,
COPPER TUBE ---lo.
80
70
60
EMF
(mV)
so
40 G
30
20
10
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Temperature (F)
6
4 5
l 1
~ l l t _____ _( ~ n
1
3
I I I I I
I
I
L------------------.J II II
II ~------------------------~ II
L-------------------------------------~
1 Thermocouple junctions
3 Slip-rings
4 Signal scanner
5 Cold junction
6 Reading device
Heat Input
is adjusted by a variac and the voltage (E) and intensity (I) are
q = IE
I
and carbon brushes. This assembly is shown in Figures 23, 32, and
33. Because the applied voltage is high, the voltage drop due to
economical considerations.
CHAPTER V
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
der is used.
4 4
_g_
A
= H (T
w
- T00 ) + OE (T
w
- T00 ) (35)
41
42
Through this first part of the experiment, a set of e values
this table will be used in the second part where the cylinder will
be rotating.
q/A - q
ra d/A (37)
H =
(T - T00 )
w
for different heat input and rotational speeds. These values are
on 1 y approximate, t h e experimen
t a 1 va 1 ues are expec t e d in a +_ 3 C
range.
For the NuD' the empirical equations of Etemad [10] are used for
. )0.7
N~ = 0.076 (R~
TABLE 3
20 40 30 30 25 25
40 60 40 35 25 25
80 90 60 55 30 25
. NuD
q ReCRIT
Gr
(watts) RPM RPM RPM RPM RPM
100 500 1000 5000 10,000
cylinder is used:
der where radiation losses are neglected and steady-state has been
reached.
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
tained:
a (38)
ar
vr
(39)
+ pg cos <P
vr aar (V'T')
r
(40)
where:
47
48
V
r
V
r,w
+ V
r,c
+ V'
r,w
+ V'
r,c
T = T + T'
P = P + P + P' + P'
c w c w
wR2
r
vr, w = 0
0 (41)
49
av
WR 2 R2 avcp
vr,c [ cp'
ar
c
-2] + (Vcp + ~) ,c =
r ,c r2 acp
(42)
(43)
- v 2
+ (~ + a i a - a
V dT
r,c ar r
wR )
r
2
dT
acp = a ar [r ar (rT)] - ar (v;,w T')
For the solution, the same apparent mixing length relation proposed
1 = 1(1 - BRi)
c
the experiment gives a value close to 0 for B, this will show that
the rotation has a minor effect on the turbulence and the turbulence
region, the analytical solution of Teng and Grief [6] is based upon
study of Teng and Grief [6]. Then, instead of taking Bas a con-
der. The results for high rotational speeds will also be applica-
ble to the inclined cylinder case. But for low rotational speeds,
than the case of the horizontal cylinder. The discussion for the
The appendix shows the details of the design parts for the
51
copper tube
aluminum
core
V1
N
electrical
heater
end insulation
'1I I
l'l
~;i
-----------------
---ct>
_J~~
--------------------~~-
ft-i
I I.
\J1
+:'-
I .. "
..__--16..2in /1 ~
Q)
.
,..c
::s
.
J..j
Q)
p..
p..
0
u
O'\
.
........
4 holes ct> 2/10 in.
(4) 12-24 UNF
-;:..;;:;;;.~-:.. -"
--,
=--=--='--...:r.a - -.J~--"'f..:a:
I I :(1~f I
.
l f~ 4'-t.
:..::...-=r---:.- ,.--tt-.,.+.+-1.~~--
- -~ ,_= --
1
I r' I Lrr
I I
I 111 ,, '
ct> 6/10
1n
1.5 '6~0
17 in
I
I
I
L__J I ~
-------
section A-A
</) 3.0 ill
RIGHT ENO JNSULATJON
Figure 21. Right end insulation cap.
bearing
support----+t
pul ley_...u
bear;ng __:___"
IJ1
co
LEFT SHAFT
( wi~h accessories)
Figure 22. Section of the left shaft (with accessories).
59
RIGHT SHAFT
~ 0.3
0\
0
7in A
</) 0.161
.....
,,..
I I 0.251n ,--,
:1 11 ,1 1,
' 1, ,1
l~r 1,
~I~
~ c:r 11 t II
I 11 11
" II 1 1: :1 1,
" '1 ti 11
1l1 I. I '
~~~~~-7~~~~~
0.4
5/16-1BU~F
. { 6)
O"I
f-1
--+-
N
'
J l.~3/10in
<t>1.8 in <t> 3.4 in 4/10in
BEARING CASING (2)
Figure 26. Bearing casing.
4holes f tange </J 3in
r/J 4/10 in
</J 6/10 in
w
'
0\
~
section A-A
4 holes 4/10 in
shat t 1. 0in
R1GHT SHAFT FLANGE
Figure 28. Right shaft flange.
1.2 in _a_
2/10in THERMOCOUPLE
SLIP RINGS (8)
1/1
A
INSULATION RINGS
(12)
(4)
1/10 in A.
JNSULATlON ENVELOPE
lJ ;o.s
0.61 A --- ~ ~ -- c/J 0 2
0.2 0.2 (2)
BRUSH HOLDER
Figure 31. Brush arm and brush holder.
<t>1.2 A <t>0.1 (4)
:-. :.: ::.:<-: ';' ."- ::-.
1:-------
.... ------ _a_
. :. :'.:.... .. :: :.: :... :::
<t>0.8 - 1. Q. --
A
<1>1. 6
0\
00
_b_
~0.1 (4)
~o.2
.~ Jl0.4
1 ro
BRUSH ARM
A .. 1.6 .
0.5 t :c \.0
'
0.6LA 2 holes
ct>0.25
BRUSH HOLDER
70
71
Holman, J.P. Heat Transfer, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1976.
Jacob, M. Heat Transfer, Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 1949.
Kays, W.M., and Crawford, M.E. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer,
2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1980.
72