Open Cycle Gas Turbine Units:

In the open cycle gas turbine, the working uid is air. Air at atmospheric conditions enters the
compressor, where energy is imparted to the air from the spinning compressor stages. On exiting
the compressor, the air enters the combustion chamber where fuel is added and combustion
occurs, resulting in the conversion of chemical energy in the fuel into heat energy. The hot gases
produced by the combustion process then enter the gas turbine under high pressure and are
expanded as they pass through the dierent turbine stages, converting the heat energy of the
gases into rotational energy of the gas turbine. The gas turbine, compressor and generator rotate
on a single shaft. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine, less the mechanical energy
required by the compressor, is the net mechanical energy and this is converted to electrical
energy in the synchronous generator.

The model developed in Rowen (1983b) and "Frequency Control on an Island Power System
with Evolving Plant Mix" by Gillian R. Lalor (2005) [r] includes the relationships between
pertinent gas turbine components and also the control systems for speed, temperature and
acceleration in addition to maximum and minimum fuel limits. Further simplications of the
model are also outlined. The OCGT model structure is illustrated in Fig. Q.
Fig. Q : Open Cycle Gas Turbine Model [r]

In this model, the output from the speed and temperature controllers feeds into a minimum
selector, where the lower of the two signals determines the fuel ow. Under normal operating
conditions, the fuel ow is under the control of the speed controller (the governor). The speed
controller consists of a simple droop governor. The temperature control loop compares the
measured temperature of the exhaust gases, Txm, to the rated exhaust temperature, Tr. If
measured exhaust temperature exceeds rated exhaust temperature, the temperature controller
signal falls below unity, and the temperature controller takes over the fuel ow control. The
exhaust temperature Tx is calculated using the equation Aa:
Tx = Tr 700 (1 Wf) + 550 (1 N) (equation Aa)
where Wf is the gas turbine fuel ow (per unit) and N is the system speed (per unit).
Power output is the product of the torque and the system speed, where the torque produced by
the gas turbine is determined by the equation (Bb):
Torque = 1.3 (Wf 0.23) + 0.5 (1 {N/Nref}) (Bb)
where Nref is the reference system speed (per unit). Since the System is said to be operating in
speed control mode when islanded, we assume N=Nref.
Values of some constants considered are as mentioned in Table S.
Symbol Description Value
Rd Speed regulation 0.04
Tt Temperature control integration rate 0.469
Fmax Fuel control upper limit 1.5
Fmin Fuel control lower limit 0
Tv Valve positioner time constant 0.05
Tfu Fuel system time constant 0.4
Tcd Compressor volume time constant 0.2
Ts Governor time constant 0.05
Table S: Values of constants for GT model [r]

Also, the input Set point given in MWs is converted to per unit (p.u.) value by considering
108MW i.e. the unit capacity as base. Similarly, the output power obtained in p.u. is converted to
MW using 108MW as base value. Considering automatic switching between speed and load
control modes, and as the practical system is slightly overdamped, the transients that result in
overshoot are minimized.