S

Waste water ?
Wastewater is simply that part of the water supply to
the community or to the industry which has been used
for different purposes and has been mixed with solids (
suspended or dissolved) and/or microorganisms
(pathogenic & nonpathogenic).
Sources:
Domestic or Municipal Wastewater ( residence, business,
restaurents, shopping center, schools, hospital etc)
Industrial wastewater
Agricultural wastewater
Strom water and infiltration (rainfall, snowmelt, leaking pipes,
submerged manholes and groundwater infiltration)

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 Why Treating Wastewater?

Purpose:
To manage water discharged from homes,
businesses, and industries to reduce the
threat of water pollution.

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Objectives of Wastewater Treatment:
Ensure good water quality in natural environment

Remove pollutants most efficiently and economically

Avoid or minimize other environmental impacts like:

solid disposal
gas emission
odor creation

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 Classification of Treatment Methods

1. Physical treatment
screening, flocculation, mixing, sedimentation, filtration and
flotation , which are usually used for the removal of insoluble
materials

2. Chemical treatment
Oxidation (chlorination, ozonation) , disinfection, and chemical
precipitation using CaCl2, FeCl3, Ca(OH)2 an Al2(SO4)2

3. Biological treatment
Aerobic and anaerobic treatment by a mixed culture of
organisms. The major aerobic processes: activates sludge,
trickling filter, rotating biological contractor, oxidation ponds
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 Wastewater Characteristics

Certain characteristics of waste water need to be

known before Treatment. Among them are:

1. Physical characteristics

2. Chemical characteristics

3. Biological characteristics

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Wastewater Characteristics

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 Wastewater Treatment Operations
A typical waste water treatment operation includes the
following steps

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Wastewater Treatment Operations

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Wastewater Treatment Levels

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 Wastewater Treatment Levels

Preliminary Treatment
- removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
- protects pumps and equipment from damage
- bar screen and grit chamber

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Wastewater Treatment

Preliminary Treatment

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 Wastewater Treatment
Bar Screen
- catches large objects
that have gotten into
sewer system such as
bricks, bottles, pieces of
wood, etc.

Grit Chamber
- removes rocks, gravel, broken glass, etc.

Mesh Screen
- removes diapers, combs, towels, plastic bags,
syringes, etc.
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 Wastewater Treatment

Primary Treatment

-- a physical process

-- wastewater flow is slowed down and suspended

solids settle to the bottom by gravity

-- the material that settles is called sludge or

biosolids

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Wastewater Treatment

Primary Treatment

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Wastewater Treatment

Primary Treatment

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Wastewater Treatment

Primary Treatment

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 Wastewater Treatment

Measurement and sampling at the inlet structure

- a flow meter continuously records the volume of

water entering the treatment plant

- water samples are taken for determination of

suspended solids and B.O.D.

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 Wastewater Treatment

Measurements of Suspended Solids and B.O.D.

indicate the effectiveness of treatment processes

Both Suspended Solids and B.O.D. decrease as

water moves through the wastewater treatment
processes

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What is Bichemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD determines the amount of dissolved oxygen

needed by aerobic organisms in a wastewater body
to break the organic material present in the given
wastewater sample at certain temperature over a
specific period of time.

Usually time is taken is 5 days,

The temperature is 20 0C.

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Biochemical oxygen demand measures the
amount of oxygen used by bacteria to metabolize
organic material in wastewater,
.
micro-organisms
Organic matter + O2H2O + CO2

Five-day BOD (BOD5) is performed at 20C in dark

over five days, with added seed (bacteria), nutrients
and oxygen. Expressed as mg/L.

Nutrients: Iron, magnesium & calcium salts and

phosphate buffer.
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 BOD: A Bioassay

Briefly, the BOD test employs a bacterial

seed to catalyze the oxidation of 300 mL
of full-strength or diluted wastewater.
The strength of the un-diluted
wastewater is then determined from the
dilution factor and the difference
between the initial D.O. and the final
D.O.

BOD
BODt DOi DOf Bottle
 BOD with Dilution

DOi - DOf
BOD t =
Vs

Vb

Where
BODt = biochemical oxygen demand at t days, [mg/L]
DOi = initial dissolved oxygen in the sample bottle, [mg/L]
DOf = final dissolved oxygen in the sample bottle, [mg/L]
Vb = sample bottle volume, usually 300 or 250 mL, [mL]
Vs = sample volume, [mL]
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 Wastewater Treatment
Secondary Treatment

Primary treatment reduces the suspended solids and

the BOD of the wastewater.

From the primary treatment tanks water is pumped

to the trickling filter or activated sludge system for
secondary treatment.

Secondary treatment will further reduce the

suspended solids and BOD of the wastewater.

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 Wastewater Treatment
Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is a biological process

Utilizes bacteria and algae to metabolize organic matter

in the wastewater

Reduce DOD

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 Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a treatment process for
wastewater(or sewage) to achieve a certain degree of effluent
quality by using a sewage treatment plant with a biological
process to remove dissolved and suspended organic
compounds.

Secondary treatment is an additional step in which

wastewater effluent is treated to a higher quality before
discharge to a disposal field and final infiltration into the soil.
Biological treatment processes are, currently, much more
economical and are used in Practically all municipal wastewater
treatment plants providing secondary treatment.

The biomass is a mixture of microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa and

algae) whose role is to convert organics and nutrients into biological cells
and stable end products. 27
 Secondary Treatment

What is the difference between primary and secondary

treatment?

Primary treatment is basically sedimentation which involves

the removal of floating and settlable materials found in
wastewater

Secondary treatment involves the removal of biodegradable

organic matter and suspended solids.

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 Secondary Treatment
Types of Biological processes for wastewater treatment

The principle Biological processes used for wastewater

treatment Can be divided into two main categories:

1) Suspended growth and

2) Attached growth processes.

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 Secondary Treatment
(1) Suspended growth processes refer to treatment
systems where microorganisms and wastewaters are
contained in a reactor. Oxygen is introduced to the reactor
allowing the biological activity to take place. Examples of
suspended growth processes include ponds, lagoons and
activated sludge systems

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Activated Sludge System

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Activated Sludge System

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 Secondary Treatment
(2) Attached growth processes. In attached growth
processes, the microorganisms are attached to an inert
packing material. The cells are attached in the form of biofilm
or slime layer and cell aggregates. Packing materials used in
attached growth processes include rock, gravel, slag, sand,
redwood, and a wide range of plastic and other synthetic
materials.

The organic material and nutrients are removed from the

wastewater flowing passed over the biofilm.

The most common aerobic attached growth process used are:

Trickling biological filter

Rotating biological contractors (RBC) 33

 Trickling biological filter

It consist of a packed bed of inert support particles (sand or plastics) covered

with a mixed culture of microorganisms in the form of a film or slime layer and
cell aggregates.
The column is loosely filled with packing material to a void fraction of 0.4 to
0.5.
Waste-liquid is fed to the top of the bed using rotary liquid distributors.
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 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
It contains rotating disks that come into contact with waste water periodically as
they rotate.
The disks are made of polystyrene or polyethylene, and their diameters range
from 2 to 4 m.
A biological film forms on the surface of the disks. As the disks come into contact
with waste water, nutrients (organics and dissolved oxygen) diffuse through the
biofilm and are utilized by a mixed culture of organisms within the biofilm.
RBCs are more compact and efficient than trickling-bed systems.

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 Oxidative Ponds

Oxidation ponds provide another inexpensive alternative to

activated-sludge and trickling biological filter operations.
Oxidation ponds are shallow (2 to 4 ft deep) waste-treatment
reactors closely resembling natural aquatic ecosystems.
Bacteria and algae grow in the same pond in a symbiotic
relationship. Bacteria oxidize organic compounds by utilizing
oxygen produced by algae and produce CO2; algae utilize CO2
produced by bacteria and produce oxygen by photosynthesis for
bacterial consumption.
Such ponds require large land areas, are less efficient than many
other techniques, and may have adverse environmental side effects.
Toxic or hazardous materials may collect in the sediment without
degradation, creating a long-term problem.

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Activated sludge model

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 Activated sludge model
Specific growth-rate expression is given by the Monod equation,
with a death rate (or endogenous respiration rate) term

Aeration basin: Biomass and substrate balance at steady state

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 Activated sludge model
Material balances around the settling tank yield

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Activated sludge model
Hydraulic (liquid) residence time is

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Activated sludge model

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Activated sludge model

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Activated sludge model

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Activated sludge model

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Advanced (Tertiary) Wastewater Treatment

Physical and chemical processes that specific

pollutants left in wastewater after primary
and secondary treatment
Extremely costly!
It cost twice as much to build a tertiary
treatment plant compared to a secondary
treatment plant
Processes:
Bleaching to remove coloration
Disinfection to kill pathogens
Coagulation-sedimentation with alum
Adsorption using activated charcoal
Electrodialysis for salt removal
Sludge or Biosolid Disposal
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Notes
Notes
Notes
Theoretical Oxygen Demand
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

Oxygen Demand

6moles*32g/mole Oxygen/1mole*180g/mole
= 1.06 O2 / Glucose

If glucose concentration is 360 mg/L THOD is

1.06 * 360 mg/L = 384 mg/L Oxygen

Aerobic suspended systems
activated sludge

Volumetric loading = QL0/V

QL0