INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: LIQUIDS, SOLIDS & PHASE Phase Diagrams

Phase any physically distinct, homogeneous part of a system

Condensed phases solids and liquids
Types of electrostatic forces:
Intramolecular forces influence the chemical properties
of a substance
Intermolecular forces influence the physical properties of
a substance
Types of phase changes

Phase changes and their enthalpy changes

Liquid-Gas Equilibria

Effects of Temperature and Intermolecular Forces on Vapor Pressure

Critical points
Critical temperature (Tc)
Critical pressure (Pc)
Triple point the temperature and pressure at which three phases are
at equilibrium

Types of Intermolecular Forces (van der Waals Forces)

Bonding forces relatively strong because they involve
larger charges that are closer together
Intermolecular forces relatively weaker because they
involve smaller charges that are farther apart

The higher the temperature is, the higher the vapor

pressure
The weaker the intermolecular forces are, the higher the
vapor pressure
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
2 1 1 Ion-Dipole forces
= ( )
1 2 1 An ion and a nearby polar molecule
SP1. The vapor pressure of ethanol is 115 torr at 34.9C. If Hvap of Ex: ionic compound dissolved in water
ethanol is 40.5 J/mol K, calculate the temperature (in C) when the Dipole-dipole forces
vapor pressure is 760 torr. Polar molecules
The greater the dipole moment, the greater the dipole-
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point dipole forces between the molecules are, the more energy
Boiling point the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals it takes to separate them
the external pressure Hydrogen Bond
Normal boiling point observed at standard atmospheric pressure Between molecules that have an H atom bonded to a small,
highly electronegative atom with lone pairs (F, O, N)
Charge induced dipole forces Properties of the Liquid State
Ion-induced dipole Surface Tension the energy required to increase the surface area by
Dipole-induced dipole a unit amount (J/m2)
Polarizability the ease with which an electron cloud can be distorted The stronger the forces are between the particles in a
Nonpolar molecule distortion creates a temporary, liquid, the greater the surface tension
induced dipole moment Surfactants (surface-active agents) decreases the surface
Polar molecule it enhances the dipole moment already tension of water by congregating at the surface and
present disrupting the H bonds
Smaller atoms are less polarizable than larger ones
Dispersion (London) Forces
The intermolecular force primarily responsible for the
condensed states of nonpolar substances
Caused by momentary oscillations of electron charge in
atoms, therefore, are present between all particles (atoms,
ions, or molecules)
Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces
Relative strength of the dispersion force depends on the
polarizability of the particle
Polarizability depends on the number of electrons

Capillarity (or capillary action) the rising of a liquid through a narrow

space against the pull of gravity
Cohesive forces
Adhesive forces
Viscosity resistance to flow
Viscosity decreases with heating
Liquids containing longer molecules have higher viscosities

Uniqueness of Water
Great solvent power
High specific heat capacity
High heat of vaporization
High surface tension and capillarity
The solid state has lesser density than the liquid state

The Solid State: Structure, Properties, and Bonding

Crystalline solids have well-defined shape because their
particles (atoms, molecules or ions) occur in an orderly
arrangement
Amorphous solids have poorly defined shapes because
their particles lack the long-range ordering throughout the
sample
Crystalline Solids
Packing Efficiency the percentage of the total volume occupied by
the spheres

Packing identical spheres

Amorphous Solids
Noncrystalline
Have small, ordered regions connected by large disordered
regions
Ex: charcoal, rubber, glass