1.

Analytical balance

Description:

The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg or better) is inside a transparent enclosure with
doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's
operation. This enclosure is often called a draft shield. The use of a mechanically vented balance
safety enclosure, which has uniquely designed acrylic airfoils, allows a smooth turbulence-free
airflow that prevents balance fluctuation and the measure of mass down to 1 g without fluctuations
or loss of product.

Function:

An analytical balance (often called a "lab balance") is a class of balance designed to measure
small mass in the sub-milligram range.

2.Beakers

Description:

Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom.[1] Most also have a small spout (or
"beak") to aid pouring as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from
one millilitre up to several litres.

Functionality:
A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many
laboratories.

3.Bunsen Bruner

Description and Functionality:

A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that
produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.[1][2][3][4][5]

4. Burent

Description and Functionality:

A burette (also buret) is a laboratory equipment used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of
variable, and for measuring amount of a chemical solution. It is a long glass tube with taper end that
are attached with a stopcock at the opposite of the terminal valve. The flow of liquid from the tube to
the burette tip is controlled by the stopcock valve. In General Chemistry lab, the burette utilized a
50-mL volume with a stopcock without lubrication. [1]A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes
of liquid. Piston burettes are similar to syringes, but with a precision bore and a plunger. Piston
burettes may be manually operated or may be motorized.[2] A weight burette delivers measured
weights of liquid.[3]
5. A pipeclay triangle is a piece of laboratory apparatus that is used to support a crucible being
heated by a Bunsen burner or other heat source. It is made of wires strung in an equilateral
triangle on which are strung hollow ceramic, normally fire clay, tubes. The triangle is usually
supported on a tripod or iron ring. Unlike wire gauze, which primarily supports glassware such
as beakers, flasks, or evaporating dishes and provides indirect heat transfer to the glassware, the
pipeclay triangle normally supports a crucible and allows the flame to heat the crucible directly. The
triangular shape allows rounded crucibles of various sizes to rest in a stable way.

6.Crucible

Function Description
A crucible is a container that can withstand very high temperatures and is used for metal, glass,
and pigment production as well as a number of modern laboratory processes. While crucibles
historically were usually made from clay,[1] they can be made from any material that withstands
temperatures high enough to melt or otherwise alter its contents.

7.Crucible and triangle

8.Graduated Cyliner

Function and Description:

A graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder is a common piece of laboratory

equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked
line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured.

9. Pasteur pipettes, also known as droppers or eye droppers, are used to transfer small quantities
of liquids.[1] They are usually glass tubes tapered to a narrow point, and fitted with a rubber bulb at
the top. The combination of the Pasteur pipette and rubber bulb has also been referred to as a teat
pipette. Pasteur pipettes come in various lengths and are sold in boxes of hundreds.[2] They are
named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who was known to have used a variant of them
extensively during his research. Generally, they are considered cheap enough to be disposable,
however, so long as the glass point is not chipped, the Pasteur pipette may be washed and reused
indefinitely.

10. An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask (BrE)[1] or titration flask, is a type
of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. It is named
after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer (18251909), who created it in 1860.

The tapered sides and narrow neck of this flask allow the contents of the flask to be mixed by
swirling, without risk of spillage, making them suitable for titrations. By placing it under the buret and
adding solvent and the indicator in Erlenmeyer flask.[6] Such features similarly make the flask suitable
for boiling liquids. Hot vapors condense on the upper section of the Erlenmeyer flask,
reducing solvent loss. Erlenmeyer flasks' narrow necks can also support filter funnels.
The last two attributes of Erlenmeyer flasks make them especially appropriate for recrystallization.
The sample to be purified is heated to a boil, and sufficient solvent is added for complete dissolution.
The receiving flask is filled with a small amount of solvent, and heated to a boil. The hot solution is
filtered through a fluted filter paper into the receiving flask. Hot vapors from the boiling solvent keep
the filter funnel warm, avoiding the premature crystallization.
Like beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks are not normally suitable for accurate volumetric measurements.
Their stamped volumes are approximate within about 5% accuracy.[7]
11. An evaporating dish or watch glass is a piece of laboratory glassware used for
the evaporation of solutions and supernatant liquids,[note 1] and sometimes to their melting point.
Evaporating dishes are used to evaporate excess solvents - most commonly water - to produce a
concentrated solution or a solid precipitate of the dissolved substance.
Most are made of porcelain or borosilicate glass. Shallow glass evaporating dishes are commonly
termed "watch glasses", since they resemble the front window of a pocket watch.[note 2] Some used for
high-temperature work are of refractory metals, usually of platinum, owing to its non-reactive
behaviour and low risk of contamination.
The capacity of evaporators is usually small - in the range 3-10 ml. Larger dishes, up to 100 ml, are
different in shape, and are more hemispherical.
12. Forceps (plural forceps or forcipes) are a handheld, hinged instrument used for grasping and
holding objects. Forceps are used when fingers are too large to grasp small objects or when many
objects need to be held at one time while the hands are used to perform a task. The term 'forceps' is
used almost exclusively within the medical field. Outside medicine, people usually refer to forceps
as tweezers, tongs, pliers, clips or clamps.
In English 'forceps' can be used as both the singular and plural form of the word (example: "I need a
forceps"); in Latin it is a singular. Also, it is not referred to as a "pair" as one refers to a "pair of
scissors".
Mechanically, forceps employ the principle of the lever to grasp and apply press

13. A funnel is a pipe with a wide (often conical) mouth and a narrow stem. It is used to
channel liquid or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening. Without a funnel,
spillage may occur.

14. Goggles or safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the
area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes.
They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking. They are often used in snow sports as
well, and in swimming. Goggles are often worn when using power tools such
as drills or chainsaws to prevent flying particles from damaging the eyes. Many types of goggles are
available as prescription goggles for those with vision problems.

15. A Utility clamp is a laboratory apparatus resembling a pair of scissors. The screw in the middle
works as the wide adjustment of 2-prong.[1] It composes of 3 parts: 2-prong adjust, metal rod, and
clamp down (attach the clamp to the ring stand for adjust the height). This apparatus is connected
to ring stand or retort stand. It is used to hold rounded laboratory glassware, for example,
a beaker, flask, etc.[2] This clamp is made from stainless steel.[3]
16. A rubber policeman is a hand-held flexible natural-rubber scraper attached to a glass rod used
in chemical laboratories to transfer residues of precipitate or solid on glass surfaces when
performing gravimetric analysis.[1] Rubber policemen also come in one-piece flexible plastic versions.
They are not the same as rubber scrapers.
Rubber policemen are also used in biological labs, to transfer tissue culture cells from a plate to a
suspension for e.g. splitting of cells or the preparation of cell lysates.
17. coopula is a brand name of a spatula-like scoop utensil used primarily in chemistry lab settings
to transfer solids: to a weigh paper for weighing, to a cover slip to measure melting point, or
a graduated cylinder, or to a watch glass from a flask or beaker through scraping. "Scoopula" is
a registered trademark owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific. They are very often made of metal.

18. A retort stand, sometimes called a ring stand,[1] is a piece of scientific equipment, to
which clamps can be attached to hold other pieces of equipment, such as burettes, commonly used
for titration experiments, test tubes and flasks, . Retort stand are a general piece of lab equipment
that can be used to help with holding other equipment and glassware. Pieces of metalware such as
ring clamps, versatile clamps, 3-prongs clamp and burette clamps can be attached to retort stands to
better hold certain types of glassware.[2]. The basic retort stand consists of two main pieces of
metalware, these being the retort metallic base and retort steel rod.

19. Glass Stirring rod, glass rod, stirring rod or stir rod is a piece of laboratory equipment used
to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory purposes. They are usually made of solid glass, about the
thickness and slightly longer than a drinking straw, with rounded ends.

20. A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. A

thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-
glass thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, and (2) some means of
converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a
mercury-in-glass thermometer). Thermometers are widely used in industry to control and regulate
processes, in the study of weather, in medicine, and in scientific research.
There are various principles by which different thermometers operate. They include the thermal
expansion of solids or liquids with temperature, and the change in pressure of a gas on heating or
cooling. Radiation-type thermometers measure the infrared energy emitted by an object, allowing
measurement of temperature without contact. Most metals are good conductors of heat and they are
solids at room temperature. Mercury is the only one in liquid state at room temperature, and has high
coefficient of expansion. Hence, the slightest change in temperature is notable when it's used in a
thermometer. This is the reason behind mercury and alcohol being used in thermometer.[citation needed]
Some of the principles of the thermometer were known to Greek philosophers of two thousand years
ago. The modern thermometer gradually evolved from the thermoscope with the addition of a scale
in the early 17th century and standardisation through the 17th and 18th centuries.[2][3][4]
21. Tongs are a tool used to grip and lift objects, of which there are many forms adapted to their
specific use. Some are merely large pincers or nippers, but most fall into three classes:

1. Tongs which have long arms terminating in small flat circular ends of tongs and are pivoted
close to the handle, as in the common fire-tongs, used for picking up pieces of coal and
placing them on a fire.
2. Tongs consisting of a single band of metal bent round one or two bands joined at the head
by a spring, as in sugar-tongs (a pair of usually silver tongs with claw-shaped or spoon-
shaped ends for serving lump sugar), asparagus-tongs and the like.
3. Tongs in which the pivot or joint is placed close to the gripping ends, such as a driller's round
tongs, blacksmith's tongs or crucible-tongs.
Tongs are commonly used as a kitchen utensil, as they provide a way to move, rotate and turn the
food with delicate precision.
According to Pirkei Avot, a classical Jewish text of the third century of the common era, the first pair
of tongs were created by God right before God rested on the Seventh Day. The reasoning is that a
blacksmith must use a pair of tongs in order to fashion a new pair of tongs. Accordingly, God must
have provided humankind with the first pair of tongs.[1]
22. A test tube holder can be made from wood or metal.[1] It is used for holding a test tube in
place[2] when the tube is hot or should not be touched.[3] For example, a test tube holder can be used
to hold a test tube while it is being heated.[4] Moreover, when heating the tube with liquid or solid
contained inside, the tube holder ought to tightly hold a test tube[5] in order for the tube to be safely
held while heating.[6]
Particularly, for liquid heating, when holding a test tube holder with a test tube, hold it such that it
aligns with the lab bench and also point the open end of the tube away from yourself or anyone
nearby.[7]
Additionally, while using a test tube holder, the proper distance between the test tube holder and the
top of the test tube is approximately 3 centimetres.[8]
23. Test tube rack is a laboratory equipment that is used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the
same time. It is most commonly used when various different solutions are needed to work with
simultaneously, for safety reasons, for safe storage of test tubes, and to ease the transport of
multiple tubes. Test tube racks also ease the organizing of test tubes and provide support for the test
tubes being worked with.

24. A Ring clamp is an item of laboratory equipment which comprises a conjoined metal ring and
radially-extending rod.[1] In some cases, the rod terminates in a screw clamp for attachment to
a retort stand or other support; in others, the rod may be attached to a stand by means of a
laboratory clamp holder.[2] Iron rings are commonly used in chemistry laboratories for supporting
apparatus above the work surface, for example:

a tapered item such as a filter funnel or separatory funnel.

a clay triangle,[1] which itself supports an item such as a crucible.
a wire gauze,[1] which itself supports a flat-bottomed beaker or conical flask.
a large, and therefore heavy, round-bottom flask.
In some cases, a slot is cut in the side of the ring opposite the rod. This is to allow a funnel to be
placed upon and removed from the ring from the side rather than from above, a safer procedure.

25. A Ring clamp is an item of laboratory equipment which comprises a conjoined metal ring and
radially-extending rod.[1] In some cases, the rod terminates in a screw clamp for attachment to
a retort stand or other support; in others, the rod may be attached to a stand by means of a
laboratory clamp holder.[2] Iron rings are commonly used in chemistry laboratories for supporting
apparatus above the work surface, for example:

a tapered item such as a filter funnel or separatory funnel.

a clay triangle,[1] which itself supports an item such as a crucible.
a wire gauze,[1] which itself supports a flat-bottomed beaker or conical flask.
a large, and therefore heavy, round-bottom flask.
In some cases, a slot is cut in the side of the ring opposite the rod. This is to allow a funnel to be
placed upon and removed from the ring from the side rather than from above, a safer procedure.
26. A wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with a nozzle, used to rinse various pieces of laboratory
glassware, such as test tubes and round bottom flasks.
Wash bottles using in laboratories.

Wash bottles are sealed with a screw-top lid. When hand pressure is applied to the bottle, the liquid
inside becomes pressurized and is forced out of the nozzle into a narrow stream of liquid.

27. A Wire gauze is a sheet of thin metal that has net-like crosses or a wire mesh. Wire gauze is
placed on the support ring that is attached to the retort stand between the Bunsen burner and the
beakers in order to support the beakers or other glassware or flasks during heating.[1][2] Moreover, the
glassware has to be flat-bottomed to stay on the wire gauze.[3] The wire gauze is made of a material
called nichrome wire which is AWG No. 24 galvanized iron wire.[4][5] This type of material provides
long life expectancy and can be used over and over again without a risk of it being torn.[4][5] The
sides/corners of the wire gauze are turned inward to help prevent fraying,[4] improve handling and
reduce safety risk from protruding ends of wire. The wire gauze is a an important piece of supporting
equipment in a laboratory because beakers or any type of glassware cannot be heated directly with
a flame from the Bunsen Burner, and the wire gauze will help protect the glassware.[3] There are two
types of wire gauze: woven wire gauze and a wire gauze with a ceramic center.[6] These two types of
wire gauze that are made of metal have the same ability to transmit the heat efficiently but the gauze
with a ceramic center will allow the heat to be dispersed more evenly.[6] The ceramic at the center of
the wire gauze is enmeshed at high pressure to prevent it from peeling.[4] There are three sizes of
wire gauze with ceramic center: 4 inches, 5 inches, and 6 inches,[3] so that different sizes of
glassware can be accommodated.

28. A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is

an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use
a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have
a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital
multimeters are now far more common due to their cost and precision, but analog multimeters are
still preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a
bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to
troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such
as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
Multimeters are available in a wide range of features and prices. Cheap multimeters can cost less
than US$10, while laboratory-grade models with certified calibration can cost more than US$5,000.

29. Microscope
A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: , mikrs, "small" and , skopen, "to look" or
"see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked
eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an
instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. One way is to
describe the way the instruments interact with a sample to create images, either by sending a beam
of light or electrons to a sample in its optical path, or by scanning across, and a short distance from,
the surface of a sample using a probe. The most common microscope (and the first to be invented)
is the optical microscope, which uses light to pass through a sample to produce an image. Other
major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, the electron microscope (both,
the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types
of scanning probe microscopes.[1]
30. Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-
sensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for another use. A common use for desiccators is to
protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity.
The contents of desiccators are exposed to atmospheric moisture whenever the desiccators are
opened. It also requires some time to achieve a low humidity. Hence they are not appropriate for
storing chemicals which react quickly or violently with atmospheric moisture such as the alkali
metals; a glovebox or Schlenk-type apparatus may be more suitable for these purposes.
Desiccators are sometimes used to remove traces of water from an almost-dry sample. Where a
desiccator alone is unsatisfactory, the sample may be dried at elevated temperature
using Abderhalden's drying pistol.
31. In chemistry, spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or
transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength.[2] It is more specific than the
general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near-
ultraviolet, and near-infrared, but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.
Spectrophotometry uses photometers, known as spectrophotometers, that can measure a light
beam's intensity as a function of its color (wavelength). Important features of spectrophotometers are
spectral bandwidth (the range of colors it can transmit through the test sample), the percentage of
sample-transmission, the logarithmic range of sample-absorption, and sometimes a percentage of
reflectance measurement.
A spectrophotometer is commonly used for the measurement of transmittance or reflectance of
solutions, transparent or opaque solids, such as polished glass, or gases. Although many
biochemicals are colored, as in, they absorb visible light and therefore can be measured by
colorimetric procedures, even colorless biochemicals can often be converted to colored compounds
suitable for chromogenic color-forming reactions to yield compounds suitable for colorimetric
analysis.[3] However they can also be designed to measure the diffusivity on any of the listed light
ranges that usually cover around 200 nm - 2500 nm using different controls and calibrations.[2] Within
these ranges of light, calibrations are needed on the machine using standards that vary in type
depending on the wavelength of the photometric determination.[4]
32. A Florence flask is a type of flask used as an item of laboratory glassware. It is used as a
container to hold liquids. A Florence flask has a round body, a single long neck, and often a flat
bottom.
33. A laboratory tripod is a portable, three-legged platform equipment, which is usually made of
lightweight metal such as stainless steel and Aluminium so that it can be moved conveniently within
the lab. The main usage is to support or hold the flasks and beakers during experiments. Most of the
time a wire gauze is required to be placed on top of the tripod in order to allow the glasswares to be
placed on top of it. Due to its height, a bunsen burner can be placed underneath to heat them up.
34. A laboratory rubber stopper or a rubber bung is mainly used in chemical laboratory in
combination with flasks and test tube and also for fermentation in winery.[1] Generally, in laboratory,
the sizes of rubber stopper can be varied up to approximately 16 sizes and each of it is specific to
certain type of container. As the rubber stopper is used in many experiment, some specific
experiment requires a specific material. For example, the M35 Green Neoprene is for chemical
resistance. For food fermentation, M18 white natural gum is preferred. For high temperature
application, red or white silicone rubber stopper should be used.[2]
35. A test tube or spout brush is a brush used for cleaning test tubes and narrow mouth laboratory
glassware,[1] such as beakers and flasks. It is composed of nylon, synthetic, or animal fur bristles of
various diameters lined against a rather sturdy wire handle with a looped end for hanging. The wire
can be made from a wide range of metals, such as aluminium, bronze, beryllium, copper,
and brass.[2] FDA grade brushes are designed to be resistant to acid and other corrosive chemicals,
including aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, ethyl acetate esters, trichloroethylene, and
hot water.
36. A pestle and mortar is a kitchen device used since ancient times to prepare ingredients or
substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder. The mortar (/mrtr/) is a
bowl, typically made of hard wood, ceramic or stone. The pestle (/psl/) is a heavy and blunt club-
shaped object, the end of which is used for crushing and grinding. The substance to be ground is
placed in the mortar and ground, crushed or mixed using a pestle.
Mortars and pestles have been used in cooking up to the present day; they are frequently also
associated with the profession of pharmacy due to their historical use in preparing medicines. They
can also be used in masonry and in other types of construction.
37. A watch glass is a circular concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a
liquid, to hold solids while being weighed, for heating a small amount of substance and as a cover
for a beaker. The latter use is generally applied to prevent dust or other particles entering the
beaker; the watch glass does not completely seal the beaker, so gas exchanges still occur.
When used as an evaporation surface, a watch glass allows closer observation
of precipitates or crystallization, and can be placed on a surface of contrasting color to improve the
visibility overall.
Watch glasses are also sometimes used to cover a glass of whisky, to concentrate the aromas in the
glass, and to prevent spills when the whisky is swirled.[1]
Watch glasses are named so because they are similar to the glass used for the front of old-
fashioned pocket watches. In reference to this, large watch glasses are occasionally known as clock
glasses.

38. Weighing paper is often used when weighing a solid, powdery substances on an analytical
balance. By preventing the substance from being gunked up, it increases the precision of the
measurement.
39. A spot plate, also called a reaction plate is a laboratory tool made either
from ceramics or plastics.[1] Each plate consists of many cavity-like depressions in which only small
amount of reactants can be added at a time.[2] The number of wells on each plate vary from 12 to 24
wells allowing multiple reactions to be performed at a time. Plates can vary in their sizes, color and
diameter and cavity depth. They are commonly white in color, allowing easy observation of reaction
changes and color changes. Porcelain spot plates are considered to be reusable, stronger, highly
resistant to the actions of concentrated chemicals and also autoclavable.
40. A C-clamp or G-clamp is a type of clamp device typically used to hold
a wood or metal workpiece, and often used in, but are not limited to, carpentry and welding. These
clamps are called "C" clamps because of their C shaped frame, but are otherwise often called G-
clamps or G-cramps[1] because including the screw part they are shaped like an uppercase letter G.
41. Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is
used to separate fine substances from liquids or air.
42. Reagent bottles, also known as media bottles or graduated bottles, are containers made
of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers and
are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in
cabinets or on shelves/
43. A gas syringe is a piece of laboratory glassware used to insert or withdraw a volume of
a gas from a closed system, or to measure the volume of gas evolved from a chemical reaction.[1] A
gas syringe can also be used to measure and dispense liquids, especially where these liquids need
to be kept free from air.[2]
A gas syringe has an inner syringe chamber which has a ground glass surface. The syringe barrel
also has a ground glass surface. The ground surface of the barrel moves freely within the ground
glass surface of the syringe chamber with very little friction. The close mating of these ground glass
surfaces also gives a reasonably gas-tight seal.[3] Like a ground glass stopcock, the two parts of a
gas syringe should preferably not be interchanged with another gas syringe of the same volume,
unless told otherwise by the distributor.[3] Gas syringes come in various sizes from 500 ml to 0.25 ml
and tend to be accurate to between 0.01 and 1 ml, depending on the size of the syringe.

44. A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it
in a circle), applying a potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward). The
centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes denser
substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction. At the same time, objects that are
less dense are displaced and move to the center. In a laboratory centrifuge that uses sample tubes,
the radial acceleration causes denser particles to settle to the bottom of the tube, while low-density
substances rise to the top.[1]
There are 3 types of centrifuge designed for different applications. Industrial scale centrifuges are
commonly used in manufacturing and waste processing to sediment suspended solids, or to
separate immiscible liquids. An example is the cream separator found in dairies. Very high speed
centrifuges and ultracentrifuges able to provide very high accelerations can separate fine particles
down to the nano-scale, and molecules of different masses.
Large centrifuges are used to simulate high gravity or acceleration environments (for example, high-
G training for test pilots). Medium-sized centrifuges are used in washing machines and at
some swimming pools to wring water out of fabrics.
Gas centrifuges are used for isotope separation, such as to enrich nuclear fuel for fissile isotopes.
45. Gas Jar is a container used for collecting gas from experiments. It looks like a tube
with a broad base and a broad opening.
46. Kipp's apparatus, also called Kipp generator, is an apparatus designed for preparation of
small volumes of gases. The apparatus is usually made of glass, or sometimes of polyethylene, and
consists of three vertically stacked chambers, roughly resembling a snowman.
47, A condenser is a device used in the laboratory to cool hot gases into liquids. It is
usually a long, circular glass tube. Inside the tube there is another, smaller tube. The
hot gas goes through the smaller, inside tube, while in the outside one cold water goes
around.
48. An alcohol burner or spirit lamp is a piece of laboratory equipment used to produce an
open flame. It can be made from brass, glass, stainless steel or aluminium.
49. A portable stove is a cooking stove specially designed to be portable and lightweight, used
in camping, picnicking, backpacking, or other use in remote locations where an easily transportable
means of cooking or heating is needed. Portable stoves can be used in diverse situations, such as
for outdoor food service and catering[1] and in field hospitals.
50. A cannula (from Latin "little reed"; plural cannulae or cannulas)[1] is a tube that can be inserted
into the body, often for the delivery or removal of fluid or for the gathering of data. In simple terms, a
cannula can surround the inner or outer surfaces of a trocar needle thus extending the effective
needle length by at least half the length of the original needle. It is also called an intravenous IV
cannula. Its size mainly ranges from 14 to 24 gauge. Different-sized cannula have different colours
as coded.
Decannulation is the permanent removal of a cannula (extubation),[2] especially of
a tracheostomy[3] cannula, once a physician determines it is no longer needed for breathing.

51.