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SDUD|&FRQODIUPXODVHREWLHQH3VDW|N3D
Calcular la humedad especfica de una muestra de aire a 1 atm sabiendo que
la humedad relativa es del 20% cuando la temperatura es 20C.
(QWDOSD
(QWDOSDGHODLUHKPHGRK
/D HQWDOSD GHO DLUH KPHGR SXHGH H[SUHVDUVH HQ IXQFLQ GH ODV
HQWDOSDVSRUXQLGDGGHPDVDGHODLUHVHFRKD\GHOYDSRUGHDJXDKYFRPR
FIGURA 1.8. Presin de vapor saturado, Psat, en kPa , a 1 atm en funcin de la
h ha whv c pa t w ( Lv 0 c pv t ) | t w 2501 1,82t
temperatura.
'RQGH WRGDV ODV HQWDOSDV VH H[SUHVDQ HQ >N-NJ@ R >N-NJD@ /DV
/DVFXUYDVGHKXPHGDGUHODWLYDHQHOGLDJUDPDVLFURPWULFR)LJXUD
HQWDOSDV HVWQ H[SUHVDGDV SRU XQLGDG GH PDVD GH DLUH VHFR SRUTXH HQ OD
VRQ ODV QLFDV TXH QR VRQ OQHDV UHFWDV 3XHGH REVHUYDUVH TXH OD KXPHGDG
PD\RUD GH ORV SURFHVRV GH FOLPDWL]DFLQ OD PDVD GH DLUH VHFR SHUPDQHFH
UHODWLYD YDUD FRQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD LQFOXVR DXQTXH OD KXPHGDG HVSHFILFD VH
FRQVWDQWH PLHQWUDV TXH OD GH YDSRU GH DJXD SXHGH FDPELDU /RV VLJXLHQWHV
PDQWHQJDFRQVWDQWH
DSDUWDGRVLQGLFDQFPRVHKDQREWHQLGRKD\KYHQODHFXDFLQDQWHULRU
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
(Q HO LQWHUYDOR GH WHPSHUDWXUDV TXH RFXUUHQ HQ ORV SURFHVRV GH HQODVXQLGDGHVHQDPERVFDVRVVHHQWLHQGHTXHHONJKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXQNJ
FDORUHVSHFILFRGHODLUHVHFRDSUHVLQFRQVWDQWHFSDYDOHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH (Q GHILQLWLYD OD HQWDOSD GHO YDSRU GH DJXD SRU NJ GH YDSRU GH DJXD
N-NJy.(OHUURUTXHVHFRPHWHSRUXWLOL]DUHVWDDSUR[LPDFLQHVDOUHGHGRUGHO SRGHPRVFDOFXODUODFRPR
6LVHGHVHDDILQDUPVOD)LJXUDFRQWLHQHORVYDORUHVH[DFWRVGHFSD
hv 2501 1,82t >N-NJ@WHQ|&
HQIXQFLQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD
(MHUFLFLR
6LVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHOYDSRUGHDJXDVHFRPSRUWDFRPRXQJDVLGHDOVH
h1< h2
SXHGHFDOFXODUVXHQWDOSDGHIRUPDDSUR[LPDGDFRPR
t
hv Lv 0 c pv t
FIGURA 1.11. Lneas de entalpa constante en el diagrama sicromtrico.
'RQGH/92HVHOFDORUODWHQWHGHYDSRUL]DFLQGHODJXDD|&/9
N-NJ\FSYHVHOFDORUHVSHFILFRGHOYDSRUGHDJXDFX\RYDORUPHGLRHQWUH
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
'RQGHFSDHVHOFDORUHVSHFILFRGHODLUHVHFRWHVODWHPSHUDWXUDZHV
ODKXPHGDGHVSHFILFD/YHVHOFDORUODWHQWHGHYDSRUL]DFLQGHODJXDD|&\ 9ROXPHQHVSHFILFR
FSYHOFDORUHVSHFILFRGHOYDSRUGHDJXD 6HJQODOH\GH$PDJDWHOYROXPHQGHXQDPXHVWUDGHDLUHKPHGRHV
HVFULELUODHFXDFLQDQWHULRUFRPR HQODPLVPDPHGLGRVDODSUHVLQ3\WHPSHUDWXUD7GHODPXHVWUD
h (c pa wc pv ) t Lv 0 w V V a Vv ma Q a mv Q v
'RQGHQD\QYVRQORVYROPHQHVHVSHFILFRVGHODLUHVHFR\GHOYDSRUGH
(OSULPHUWUPLQRGHHVWDHFXDFLQHVWDVRFLDGRDODWHPSHUDWXUD\VH
DJXDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH6LXWLOL]DPRVGHQXHYRFRPRUHIHUHQFLDODPDVDGHDLUH
GHQRPLQDFDORUVHQVLEOH(OVHJXQGRWUPLQRHVWDVRFLDGRDODKXPHGDG\VH
VHFRHOYROXPHQHVSHFILFRGHODLUHKPHGRVHH[SUHVDFRPR
GHQRPLQD FDORUODWHQWH$PERVFDORUVHQVLEOH\FDORUODWHQWH VHH[SUHVDQ HQ
N- SRU NJ GH DLUH VHFR N-NJ 2EVHUYDQGR HO SULPHU WUPLQR GH OD HFXDFLQ V ma m
Q Q a v Q v Q a wQ v
ma ma ma
DQWHULRUSRGHPRVLGHQWLILFDUHOFDORUHVSHFILFRGHODLUHKPHGRFSDKFRPR
c pah c pa wc pv 6XVWLWX\HQGR QD\ QYSRUVXYDORUVHJQODHFXDFLQGHORVJDVHVLGHDOHV
UHVXOWD
Ra T R T T
Q w v ( Ra w RV )
P P P
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
(Q OD HFXDFLQ DQWHULRU SXHGH YHUVH TXH OD FRQVWDQWH FDUDFWHUVWLFD GHO 7HPSHUDWXUDGHURFR
DLUH KPHGR YDOH R Ra w RV (O YROXPHQ HVSHFILFR GHO DLUH KPHGR
/D WHPSHUDWXUD GH URFR VH GHILQH FRPR DTXHOOD D OD FXO HO YDSRU GH
WDPELQ SXHGH H[SUHVDUVH GH IRUPD VLPSOLILFDGD VXVWLWX\HQGR OD KXPHGDG
DJXD FRQWHQLGR HQ HO DLUH VH FRQGHQVD FXDQGR HO DLUH HV HQIULDGR D SUHVLQ
HVSHFILFDSRU
FRQVWDQWH (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH URFR HV DTXHOOD D OD FXO OD
Ra Pv SUHVLQDFWXDOGHOYDSRUGHDJXDTXHVHYDDPDQWHQHUFRQVWDQWHDOHQIULDUOR
w
Rv Pa
HVLJXDODVXSUHVLQGHVDWXUDFLQ(QHOGLDJUDPDVLFURPWULFRODWHPSHUDWXUD
5HVXOWDQGRTXH GHURFRGHXQSXQWRVHREWLHQHHQODLQWHUVHFFLQGHXQDUHFWDZ FWHTXHSDVD
T Ra Pv T Pa PV T Ra T SRUHVHSXQWR\ODFXUYDGHVDWXUDFLQWDO\FRPRVHUHSUHVHQWDHQHOHMHPSOR
Q ( Ra w RV ) ( Ra RV ) Ra
P Rv Pa P Pa P Pa GHOD)LJXUD
(QHOGLDJUDPDVLFURPWULFRODVFXUYDV Q FWHVRQOQHDVUHFWDVFRPRODV
TXHVHUHSUHVHQWDQHQOD)LJXUD
w
Curva de saturacin
w
A
w=cte
Q1< Q2
Q2 t tR tA
Q1 FIGURA 1.13. Determinacin de la temperatura de roco de un punto en el diagrama
sicromtrico. En el ejemplo, TR es la temperatura de roco del aire en el
punto A.
t
FIGURA 1.12. Rectas de volumen especfico constante en el diagrama sicromtrico.
(MHUFLFLR
Una habitacin contiene aire a 20C con una humedad relativa del 75%.
(MHUFLFLR
Determinar la temperatura de los cristales de las ventanas a la cul se
Cul es volumen especfico de una muestra de aire hmedo a una condensar vapor de agua en ellos.
temperatura de 24 C, una humedad relativa del 20% y una presin de 1 atm?
6L VH FRQRFH OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH URFR GHO DLUH VH SXHGH GHWHUPLQDU OD
SUHVLQGHYDSRU\DSDUWLUGHVWDODKXPHGDGHVSHFILFDRODUHODWLYD(QHVWH
SULQFLSLRGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRVHEDVDSRUHMHPSORHOVHQVRUGHHVSHMRKHODGR
TXHVHGHVFULEHHQHOFDSWXORVLJXLHQWH
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
6DWXUDFLQDGLDEWLFD\WHPSHUDWXUDGHEXOERKPHGR
+DVWD DKRUD KHPRV YLVWR TXH D SDUWLU GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD \ OD KXPHGDG
HVSHFILFDVHSXHGHFDOFXODUODHQWDOSDGHODLUHKPHGRXWLOL]DQGRODVLJXLHQWH
HFXDFLQ
h c pah t Lv 0 w
6LQHPEDUJRGHWHUPLQDUODKXPHGDGHVSHFILFDUHTXLHUHSURFHGLPLHQWRV
TXHQRVRQSUHFLVDPHQWHVHQFLOORV3RUHMHPSORXQDIRUPDGHKDFHUORVHUDOD Pared aislante
VLJXLHQWH
7RPDUXQDPXHVWUDGHDLUHKPHGR FIGURA 1.14. Proceso ideal de saturacin adiabtica (figura adaptada de [2]).
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
Humedad especfica
WHPSHUDWXUDGHVDWXUDFLQDGLDEWLFD\ODWHPSHUDWXUDKPHGDQRVRQLJXDOHV
6LQ HPEDUJR SDUD HO DLUH KPHGR D SUHVLQ DWPRVIULFD OD DSUR[LPDFLQ TXH Saturacin
VHREWLHQHHVEDVWDQWHEXHQD
Temperatura
(QDSOLFDFLRQHVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQWRGDYDHVSRVLEOHHQFRQWUDUXQVHQVRU
Punto de Humedad
GHQRPLQDGR VLFUPHWUR TXH HVW FRPSXHVWR SRU GRV WHUPPHWURV TXH PLGHQ roco relativa
VLPXOWQHDPHQWHODWHPSHUDWXUDVHFD\OD WHPSHUDWXUDKPHGDDXQTXHHQOD Humedad especfica
P
DFWXDOLGDG HVWH VHQVRU HVW VLHQGR GHVSOD]DGR SRU VHQVRUHV HOHFWUQLFRV ORV
FXOHVSHUPLWHQPHGLUODKXPHGDGGHXQDIRUPDGLUHFWDUSLGD\ILDEOH Entalpa
Volumen
especfico Temperatura
hmeda
(MHUFLFLR Temperatura
Las temperaturas de bulbo seco y hmedo medidas por un sicrmetro a 1 atm FIGURA 1.16. Curvas de las propiedades termodinmicas del aire hmedo en el
son 25 C y 15 C respectivamente. Determinar: diagrama sicromtrico que pasan por el punto P (adaptado de [3]).
a) La humedad especfica.
b) La humedad relativa.
c) La entalpa del aire.
$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI+HDWLQJ5HIULJHUDWLQJDQG$LU&RQGLWLRQLQJ(QJLQHHUV
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
(O UHVWR GH FXUYDV GHO GLDJUDPD VRQ OQHDV UHFWDV 3RU HMHPSOR ODV c pah ( t2 t1 )
FCS
h2 h1
UHFWDV GH WHPSHUDWXUD GH EXOER KPHGR FRQVWDQWH HQ |& WLHQHQ XQD
SHQGLHQWH QHJDWLYD \ VRQ SUFWLFDPHQWH SDUDOHODV D ODV UHFWDV GH HQWDOSD Lv0
6LHQGRODUHODFLQHQWUHDPERV FCS 1
FT
FRQVWDQWHHQN-NJ/DVOQHDVGHYROXPHQHVSHFILFRFRQVWDQWHYDUDQHQWUH
\PNJ\VRQSDUHFLGDVDODVDQWHULRUHVSHURFRQXQDSHQGLHQWHPV (MHUFLFLR
7UDQVSRUWDGRUDX[LOLDUGHOGLDJUDPD$6+5$(
Aire sin procesar Proceso de Aire procesado
(O WUDQVSRUWDGRU VLWXDGR HQ OD SDUWH VXSHULRU L]TXLHUGD GHO GLDJUDPD m1, w1, h1 climatizacin m2, w2, h2
FRQWLHQH GRV HVFDODV TXH SHUPLWHQ GHWHUPLQDU OD SHQGLHQWH GH OQHDV UHFWDV
TXH GHILQHQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGR SURFHVR GH FOLPDWL]DFLQ /D HVFDOD H[WHULRU GHO
Agua, mw
GLDJUDPDUHSUHVHQWDXQSDUPHWURGHQRPLQDGR)DFWRU7UPLFR)7HOFXOVH
GHILQH FRPR HO FRFLHQWH HQWUH OD YDULDFLQ GH HQWDOSD \ OD YDULDFLQ GH FIGURA 1.17. Proceso genrico de climatizacin.
KXPHGDGTXHRFXUUHHQHOSURFHVRHVGHFLU
/D PD\RUD GH ORV SURFHVRV GH FOLPDWL]DFLQ VH SXHGHQ PRGHODU HQ
h2 h1
FT UJLPHQ HVWDFLRQDULR DSOLFDQGR ODV OH\HV GH FRQVHUYDFLQ GH OD PDVD \ GH OD
w2 w1
HQHUJD(QHOFDVRGHODFRQVHUYDFLQGHODPDVDHOEDODQFHVHUD
/DHVFDODLQWHULRUGHOGLDJUDPDUHSUHVHQWDXQSDUPHWURPX\LPSRUWDQWH
3DUDHODLUHVHFR m a1 m a 2 m a
HQ FOLPDWL]DFLQ TXH VH GHQRPLQD )DFWRU GH &DOHQWDPLHQWR 6HQVLEOH )&6 HO
FXOVHGHILQHFRPRHOFRFLHQWHHQWUHHOFDORUVHQVLEOH\HOFDORUWRWDO 3DUDHOYDSRUGHDJXD m v 2 m v1 m w
'HGRQGHSXHGHREWHQHUVHTXH
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
m w m v 2 m v1 w2 m a 2 w1 m a1 3URFHVRVEVLFRV
)LQDOPHQWH /RV SURFHVRV EVLFRV TXH SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU HQ ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH
m w m a ( w2 w1 ) FOLPDWL]DFLQVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
/D YDULDFLQ GH HQWDOSD TXH WLHQH OXJDU HQ XQ SURFHVR TXH SDVD GHO
HVWDGRDOSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHFRPR
h2 h1 c pah ( t2 t1 ) Lv 0 ( w2 w1 )
Humidificacin
ci y
ca t o
/XHJRSRGHPRVFDOFXODU q T FRPR
Humedad especfica
n
ifi ien
m tam
qT m a c pah ( t2 t1 ) m a Lv 0 ( w2 w1 )
hu len
id
Ca
(OSULPHUWUPLQRGHODHFXDFLQDQWHULRUHVWDVRFLDGRDODYDULDFLQGH Enfriamiento Calentamiento
WHPSHUDWXUD\VHGHQRPLQDFDORUVHQVLEOH q S
Deshumidificacin
q S m a c pah ( t2 t1 )
ca y
n
ifi to
ci
id ien
um m
sh ria
(O VHJXQGR WUPLQR HVW DVRFLDGR D OD YDULDFLQ GH KXPHGDG \ VH
de Enf
GHQRPLQDFDORUODWHQWH q L
q L m a Lv 0 ( w2 w1 ) Temperatura
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
&DOHQWDPLHQWR\HQIULDPLHQWRVHQVLEOHV
6RQ SURFHVRV HQ ORV TXH YDUD OD WHPSHUDWXUD VHFD \ SHUPDQHFH
FRQVWDQWH OD KXPHGDG HVSHFILFD 8Q HMHPSOR GH HVWH WLSR GH SURFHVRV HV HO
t1 t2<t1
FDOHQWDPLHQWRGHDLUHFRQXQUDGLDGRUHOFWULFR I2 I1
w1 w2=w1
w2=w1
(Q HO GLDJUDPD VLFURPWULFR HVWRV SURFHVRV VH UHSUHVHQWDQ FRQ XQD I1 I2> I1
UHFWD KRUL]RQWDO )LJXUD \ )LJXUD \ HQ HOORV D SHVDU GH TXH OD
KXPHGDGHVSHFILFDVHPDQWLHQHFRQVWDQWHODKXPHGDGUHODWLYDFDPELD\HVWR t2 t1
KD\TXHWHQHUORHQFXHQWDSRUTXHHVHVWDOWLPDTXHDIHFWDDODVFRQGLFLRQHV
FIGURA 1.20. Proceso de enfriamiento sensible.
GH FRQIRUW &RQ FDOHQWDPLHQWR VHQVLEOH OD KXPHGDG UHODWLYD GLVPLQX\H \ FRQ
HQIULDPLHQWRVHQVLEOHDXPHQWD /DVHFXDFLRQHVGHFRQVHUYDFLQGHODPDVD\GHODHQHUJDSDUDHVWRV
(QHOFDVRGHOHQIULDPLHQWRVHQVLEOHODVXSHUILFLHIUDSRUODTXHSDVDHO SURFHVRVVRQ
DLUH QRUPDOPHQWH XQD EDWHUD SRU OD TXH FLUFXOD DJXD HQIULDGD R UHIULJHUDQWH $LUHVHFR m a1 m a 2 m a
WLHQHTXHWHQHUXQDWHPSHUDWXUDVXSHULRUDODGHURFRSDUDHYLWDUTXHHODLUHVH
9DSRUGHDJXD m v 2 m v1 (m w 0)
FRQGHQVH \ FDPELH OD KXPHGDG HQ HVH FDVR KDEUD GHVKXPLGLILFDFLQ \ HO
(QHUJD qT q S m a c pah ( t2 t1 ) ( FCS 1)
SURFHVRQRVHUDGHHQIULDPLHQWRVHQVLEOH
(MHUFLFLR
t1 t2
(MHUFLFLR
FIGURA 1.19. Proceso de calentamiento sensible.
En un proceso de enfriamiento sensible, el aire a 32C y 50% de humedad
relativa es enfriado hasta 22C. Utilizando el diagrama sicromtrico, determinar
la variacin de entalpa del proceso y la humedad relativa del aire enfriado.
Cunta potencia sera necesaria para enfriar un caudal de aire de 5400
m3/h?
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
&RPR VH KD PHQFLRQDGR HQ HO DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU HO FDOHQWDPLHQWR Un sistema de climatizacin toma aire exterior a 10C y 30% de humedad
(QXQSURFHVRLGHDOHODLUHGHVDOLGDHVWDUDHQHOSXQWRVLWXDGRVREUH
OD FXUYD GH VDWXUDFLQ I (Q SULQFLSLR SDUD OOHJDU GHO SXQWR DO
1 2 3
SRGUDPRV LU SRU GLIHUHQWHV FDPLQRV 3RU HMHPSOR HQIULDQGR HO DLUH D SUHVLQ
FRQVWDQWH \ OXHJR EDMDQGR SRU OD FXUYD GH VDWXUDFLQ R PHGLDQWH XQ
Batera de Humidificador SURFHVROLQHDO
calentamiento
(Q OD UHDOLGDG HO SURFHVR GHVFULEH XQD FXUYD TXH HVW VLWXDGD HQWUH OD
FIGURA 1.21. Calentamiento y humidficacin, GRV DQWHULRUHV \ HO DLUH VDOH HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GHILQLGDV SRU HO SXQWR TXH
HVWPX\FHUFDGHODFXUYDGHVDWXUDFLQI|(VWRHVGHELGRDTXHXQD
SURSRUFLQ GHO DLUH TXH DWUDYLHVD OD EDWHUD QR VH YH DIHFWDGR \ PDQWLHQH
LQWDFWDV VXV SURSLHGDGHV VLFURPWULFDV (VWD SURSRUFLQ VH HVSHFLILFD SRU XQ
SDUPHWURFDUDFWHUVWLFRGHFDGDEDWHUDGHQRPLQDGRIDFWRUGHE\SDVV)%HO
3
3 - Con vapor
FXO SHUPLWH GHWHUPLQDU OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH VDOLGD GHO DLUH W D SDUWLU GH OD
3
3 - Con agua pulverizada VLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLQ
1 2 t2 ( 1 FB ) t2' FB t1
FIGURA 1.22. Proceso de calentamiento y humidificacin en el diagrama sicromtrico, (VWH SXQWR VXHOH GHQRPLQDUVH $'3 TXH HV HO DFUQLPR GH VX QRPEUH LQJOV
$SSDUDWXV'HZ3RLQW
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
1 1 (QIULDPLHQWRSRUHYDSRUDFLQ
(O HQIULDPLHQWR SRU HYDSRUDFLQ HVW EDVDGR HQ XQ SURFHVR IVLFR PX\
2
2
VHQFLOOR FXDQGR HO DJXD VH HYDSRUD DEVRUEH VX FDORU ODWHQWH GH YDSRUL]DFLQ
t1 t2<t1
I1 I2|100% 1-1-2 Proceso ideal
GHOUHVWRGHDJXDTXHSHUPDQHFHOTXLGD\GHVXVDOUHGHGRUHV(OHQIULDPLHQWR
1-2 Proceso ideal SRUHYDSRUDFLQVHKDXWLOL]DGRGXUDQWHVLJORVSDUDHQIULDUHODJXDFRQERWLMRV
1-2 Proceso real
\FDQWDURVGHEDUUR\HODPELHQWHSDWLRVDQGDOXFHVHWF\DTXHQRUHTXLHUH
HQHUJDDGLFLRQDOSDUDVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR
FIGURA 1.23. Proceso de enfriamiento y deshumidificacin.
(OSURFHVRGHHQIULDPLHQWRSRUHYDSRUDFLQHVWUHSUHVHQWDGRGHIRUPD
(Q DTXHOODV DSOLFDFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH VHD QHFHVDULR UHGXFLU OD KXPHGDG
HVTXHPWLFD HQ HO GLDJUDPD VLFURPWULFR GH OD )LJXUD (VWH SURFHVR HV
SHUR QR OD WHPSHUDWXUD KD\ TXH FRORFDU OD EDWHUD GH FDOHQWDPLHQWR GHVSXV
HVHQFLDOPHQWH LGQWLFR DO SURFHVR GH VDWXUDFLQ DGLDEWLFR \ VLJXH XQD UHFWD
GHODHQIULDPLHQWRWDO\FRPRVHUHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJXUD(QJHQHUDOHVWD
GHWHPSHUDWXUDGHEXOERKPHGR\HQWDOSDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFRQVWDQWHV
HVODGLVSRVLFLQKDELWXDOFXDQGRODEDWHUDGHHQIULDPLHQWRWLHQHHOGREOHSDSHO
GH HQIULDU \ GHVKXPLGLILFDU (Q HVWH FDVR OD EDWHUD VH FRQWUROD FRQ OD VHDO (O DLUH FDOLHQWH SXQWR OOHJD DO HQIULDGRU GRQGH VH SXOYHUL]D DJXD
WHPSHUDWXUDRKXPHGDGTXHUHTXLHUDXQDPD\RUGHPDQGDGHIUR\VLVHWUDWD OTXLGD 8QD SDUWH GHO DJXD VH HYDSRUD DEVRUELHQGR FDORU \ HQIULDQGR HO DLUH
GH OD VHJXQGD HO DLUH VH HQIULDU PV GH OD FXHQWD \ KDEU TXH FDOHQWDUOR KDVWD HO SXQWR HQ HO TXH WDPELQ KD DXPHQWDGR OD KXPHGDG (Q HO FDVR
SRVWHULRUPHQWH OPLWHHODLUHSRGUDVDOLUGHOHYDSRUDGRUDODWHPSHUDWXUDGHOSXQWRTXHHV
OD PQLPD WHPSHUDWXUD TXH VH SXHGH DOFDQ]DU FRQ HVWH PWRGR GH
HQIULDPLHQWR
1
1 2 3
2
3
th|cte
Batera de Batera de 1 2 Aire
Aire 2
h|cte
enfriamiento calentamiento fro
caliente 2
1
FIGURA 1.24. Disposicin habitual de las bateras de enfriamiento y calentamiento. Pulverizador
(MHUFLFLR
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
0H]FODDGLDEWLFDGHFRUULHQWHVGHDLUH FXDQGR GRV FRUULHQWHV HVWDGRV \ VH PH]FODQ GH IRUPD DGLDEWLFD ODV
SURSLHGDGHVGHODPH]FODHVWDGRFDHQHQODUHFWDTXHXQHORVHVWDGRV\
0XFKDV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH FOLPDWL]DFLQ UHTXLHUHQ OD PH]FOD GH GRV
HQXQSXQWRTXHGHSHQGHGHODSURSRUFLQGH\
FRUULHQWHV GH DLUH SRU HMHPSOR OD PH]FOD GH XQD SDUWH GHO DLUH GH UHWRUQR R
UHFLUFXODGRFRQDLUHH[WHULRURGHYHQWLODFLQ/DPH]FODGHGRVFRUULHQWHVGH 3RUHMHPSORVLODVFRUULHQWHVVHPH]FODQDSDUWHVLJXDOHVHOSXQWRFDH
DLUH VH FRQVLJXH VLPSOHPHQWH KDFLQGRODV FRQYHUJHU HQ XQ SXQWR WDO \ FRPR MXVWDPHQWHHQHOSXQWRPHGLRHQWUH\
VHUHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJXUDHQODTXHODFRUULHQWHV\VHPH]FODQGDQGR m a1 m a 2
OXJDUDODFRUULHQWH w1 w2
w3
2
h1 h2
ma1, h1 ,w1 h3
2
Caja de h2
ma3, h3 ,w3
mezcla h3
h1 2
ma2, h2 ,w2
w2
3
w3
1
w1
FIGURA 1.26. Mezcla de dos corrientes de aire (adaptado de [2]).
6L VH FRQVLGHUD TXH OD PH]FOD GH ODV GRV FRUULHQWHV HV DGLDEWLFD HV
GHFLU VL VH GHVSUHFLD HO LQWHUFDPELR GH FDORU FRQ HO H[WHULRU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
FIGURA 1.27. Mezcla de dos corrientes de aire en el diagrama sicromtrico.
VLFURPWULFDV GH OD PH]FOD SXHGHQ GHWHUPLQDUVH D SDUWLU GH ORV EDODQFHV GH
PDVDGH\HQHUJD $GPLWLHQGR OD DSUR[LPDFLQ GH TXH HO FDORU HVSHFILFR GHO DLUH KPHGR
HVFRQVWDQWHSRGHPRVFDOFXODUVXHQWDOSDFRPR
0DVDGHDLUHVHFR m a1 m a 2 m a 3
h c pah t Lv 0 w
0DVDGHYDSRUGHDJXD m v1 m v 2 m v 3 w1 m a1 w2 m a 2 w3 m a 3
3RGHPRVFDOFXODUODWHPSHUDWXUDGHODPH]FODFRPR
(QHUJD m a1 h1 m a 2 h2 m a 3 h3
m a1 t 2 t3
6XVWLWX\HQGR OD SULPHUD HFXDFLQ HQ ODV GRV VLJXLHQWHV VH REWLHQH OD m a 2 t 3 t1
VLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLQ
(VWDV UHODFLRQHV WDPELQ SXHGHQ HVFULELUVH HQ IXQFLQ GH ODV
m a1 w2 w3 h2 h3 SURSRUFLRQHV UHODWLYDV GH ODV GRV FRUULHQWHV GH DLUH 3RU HMHPSOR SDUD OD
m a 2 w3 w1 h3 h1
WHPSHUDWXUD
/DV UHODFLRQHV DQWHULRUHV VH SXHGHQ UHSUHVHQWDU JUILFDPHQWH HQ HO m a1 t1 m a 2 t 2 (m a1 m a 2 ) t 3
GLDJUDPD VLFURPWULFR GH OD )LJXUD HQ OD TXH VH SXHGH DSUHFLDU TXH
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
m a1 m a 2 &DUJDWUPLFD
t1 t2 t3
m a1 m a 2 m a1 m a 2
t3 x1 t1 x 2 t 2 /DFDUJDWUPLFDHVODJDQDQFLDRSUGLGDGHFDORUTXHVHSURGXFHHQHO
'RQGH [ \ [ VRQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH ODV SURSRUFLRQHV UHODWLYDV GH ODV ORFDO TXH VH GHVHD FOLPDWL]DU /D FDUJD WUPLFD GHO VLVWHPD VH SXHGH
FRUULHQWHVGHDLUH\ GHVFRPSRQHUHQGRVFRPSRQHQWHVODFDUJDVHQVLEOHGHELGDDODVGLIHUHQFLDV
GHWHPSHUDWXUD\ODFDUJDODWHQWHSURYRFDGDSRUODVGLIHUHQFLDVGHKXPHGDG
3RU HMHPSOR VL XQ FDXGDO GH DLUH KPHGR GH NJV D |& VH PH]FOD
$WHQGLHQGR D VX RULJHQ OD FDUJD WUPLFD SXHGH WDPELQ FODVLILFDUVH HQ GRV
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WLSRVFDUJDH[WHULRU\FDUJDLQWHULRU
2 3
t3 20 10 0,420 0,610 14 C /DFDUJDH[WHULRUHVODVXPDGHOD
5 5
(Q ORV FOFXORV SUFWLFRV OD PHGLD SRQGHUDGD DQWHULRU VXHOH DSOLFDUVH 7UDQVPLVLQGHFDORUDWUDYVGHSDUHGHV\WHFKRVFDUJDVHQVLEOH
FRQ ORV YROPHQHV GH DLUH KPHGR HQ PV HQ OXJDU GH FRQ ORV FDXGDOHV (Q LQYLHUQR H[LVWLU XQ SUGLGD GH FDORU SRUTXH HO ORFDO FOLPDWL]DGR
PVLFRV OR FXO QR HV HVWULFWDPHQWH FRUUHFWR SRUTXH OD GHQVLGDG GHO DLUH HVW PV FDOLHQWH TXH HO DPELHQWH H[WHULRU \ HQ YHUDQR RFXUULU DO
KPHGRQRHVFRQVWDQWH6LQHPEDUJRHOHUURUTXHVHFRPHWHDOUHDOL]DUHVWD FRQWUDULR
DSUR[LPDFLQVXHOHVHUSHTXHR *DQDQFLD GH FDORU D WUDYV GH ODV VXSHUILFLHV DFULVWDODGDV GHELGD OD
(MHUFLFLR UDGLDFLQVRODUFDUJDVHQVLEOH
Una corriente de aire saturado de 0,8 m3/s y 14C procedente de una batera *DQDQFLD R SUGLGD GH FDORU GHELGD DO DLUH H[WHULRU TXH HQWUD HQ HO
de enfriamiento es mezclada con una corriente de aire exterior de 0,3 m3/s a ORFDO FDUJD VHQVLEOH \ ODWHQWH \D VHD SRU LQILOWUDFLQ GH DLUH D
32C y una humedad relativa del 60%. WUDYV SXHUWDV YHQWDQDV HWF R SRU OD SURSLD YHQWLODFLQ GHO ORFDO
Suponiendo que todo el proceso ocurre a 1 atm y utilizando el diagrama QHFHVDULDSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODFDOLGDGGHODLUH
sicromtrico, determinar las siguientes propiedades de la mezcla:
/DFDUJDLQWHULRUHVODVXPDGHODVJDQDQFLDVGHFDORUDSRUWDGDVSRU
a) Humedad especfica y entalpa.
b) Humedad relativa. /DVSHUVRQDVFDUJDVHQVLEOH\ODWHQWH
c) Temperatura seca. ,OXPLQDFLQFDUJDVHQVLEOH
d) Volumen especfico.
2WURV HTXLSRV R SURFHVRV TXH DSRUWDQ FDUJD VHQVLEOH \R ODWHQWH
e) Caudal.
3RUHMHPSORRUGHQDGRUHVPTXLQDVHOFWULFDVHWF
(Q HO FOFXOR GH OD FDUJD GH UHIULJHUDFLQ HQ YHUDQR VH WRPD FRPR
UHIHUHQFLD XQ GD GHO PHV GH MXOLR \ VH WLHQHQ HQ FXHQWD WRGDV ODV FDUJDV
(MHUFLFLR
En una Unidad de Tratamiento de Aire, un 20% del aire de retorno a 24C es
$XQTXHODFDUJDGHYHQWLODFLQQRIRUPDSDUWHGHODFDUJDWUPLFDGHOORFDOVVHYH
sustituido por aire exterior a 10C. Determinar la temperatura de la mezcla.
UHIOHMDGDHQODSRWHQFLDQHFHVDULDSDUDORVHTXLSRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
H[WHULRUHV H LQWHULRUHV GHVFULWDV DQWHULRUPHQWH (Q LQYLHUQR HO GD &RPR OD WHPSHUDWXUD W( \ OD KXPHGDG Z( H[WHULRUHV VRQ PD\RUHV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYR HOHJLGR VXHOH VHU GH HQHUR \ HQ HO FOFXOR QR VXHOHQ HQWUDU FDORU VHQVLEOH \ ODWHQWH UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH TXH WHQGU TXH VHU
FRQVLGHUDUVH DTXHOODV FDUJDV TXH DSRUWDQ FDORU HV GHFLU ODV JDQDQFLDV SRU FRPSHQVDGRSRUHOVLVWHPDGHFOLPDWL]DFLQLQWURGXFLHQGRDLUHIUR\VHFRHQOD
UDGLDFLQVRODU\ODVFDUJDVDQWHULRUHV FDQWLGDGH[DFWD6LVHLQWURGXFHPVIURTXHFDORUHQWUDODWHPSHUDWXUDLQWHULRU
EDMDU\VHLQWURGXFHPHQRVVXELU
/DHVWLPDFLQGHODFDUJDWUPLFDHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHHQORVVLVWHPDVGH
FOLPDWL]DFLQSRUTXHGHWHUPLQDHOGLPHQVLRQDGRGHORVHTXLSRVFXDQWRPD\RU 3DUD FRPEDWLU OD FDUJD WUPLFD H[LVWHQ GLYHUVRV VLVWHPDV GH
VHD OD FDUJD PD\RU VHU OD SRWHQFLD QHFHVDULD SDUD FRPEDWLUOD /DV FDUJDV FOLPDWL]DFLQSHURDTXQRVYDPRVFHQWUDUIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQORVVLVWHPDV
WUPLFDV VHQVLEOH q SC \ ODWHQWH q LC TXH WLHQHQ TXH FRPSHQVDU ORV HTXLSRV GHQRPLQDGRVWRGRDLUHHQORVFXOHVODFDUJDWUPLFDVHFRPEDWHLPSXOVDQGR
GHFOLPDWL]DFLQVRQ HQHOORFDOXQGHWHUPLQDGRFDXGDOGHDLUH(QHVWRVVLVWHPDVVHXWLOL]DQXQDR
q SC q SL q SV PV XQLGDGHV GH WUDWDPLHQWR GH DLUH 87$ FRPR OD TXH VH PXHVWUD HQ OD
)LJXUD(QODPD\RUDGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHVXQDSDUWHGHODLUHGHUHWRUQRGHO
q LC q LL q LV
ORFDO HV H[SXOVDGR \ VXVWLWXLGR SRU DLUH H[WHULRU R GH YHQWLODFLQ SDUD
'RQGH q SL \ q LL VRQODVFDUJDVVHQVLEOH\ODWHQWHGHOORFDO\ q SV \ q LV
JDUDQWL]DU OD FDOLGDG GHO DLUH 3HUR KD\ DSOLFDFLRQHV HQ ODV VH XWLOL]D
ODVFDUJDVVHQVLEOH\ODWHQWHGHYHQWLODFLQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
H[FOXVLYDPHQWHDLUHH[WHULRUWRGRHODLUHGHUHWRUQRVHH[SXOVD\RWUDVHQODV
3RUHMHPSOROD)LJXUDUHSUHVHQWDXQDYLYLHQGDUHIULJHUDGDHQYHUDQRFX\D
Aire Aire de L
WHPSHUDWXUD\KXPHGDGVHGHVHDQPDQWHQHUHQW/\Z/UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH expulsado retorno
Aire e
recirculado rd
do n
t ila cci
n a
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Mezcla
Aire exterior de aire
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FIGURA 1.28. Refrigeracin de una vivienda en verano.
FIGURA 1.29. Esquema de una unidad de tratamiento de aire (UTA.).
/RV SURFHGLPLHQWRV GH FOFXOR SDUD HVWLPDU ODV FDUJDV WUPLFDV SXHGHQFRQVXOWDUVH
HQODELEOLRJUDIDTXHDSDUHFHDOILQDOGHOFDSWXOR 'HQRPLQDGRDLUHGHLPSXOVLQRGHVXPLQLVWUR
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ &RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
w[kg/kg] 9LHQGR ODV GRV OWLPDV HFXDFLRQHV VH SXHGH YHU TXH H[LVWHQ GRV
SRVLELOLGDGHV SDUD LJXDODU OD FDUJD WUPLFD /D SULPHUD FRQVLVWH HQ PDQWHQHU
E
FRQVWDQWH HO FDXGDO GH DLUH TXH VH LPSXOVD HQ HO ORFDO V \ YDULDU ODV
I
/D RWUD SRVLELOLGDG FRQVLVWH HQ PDQWHQHU FRQVWDQWHV ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH
L
I LPSXOVLQ ( t , w ) \ YDULDU HO FDXGDO GH DLUH TXH VH LPSXOVD HQ HO ORFDO V
I I I
GDQGR OXJDU D XQD HVWUDWHJLD GH FRQWURO TXH VH GHQRPLQD UHJXODFLQ D
YROXPHQYDULDEOH
t [C]
FIGURA 1.30. Ejemplo de tratamiento de aire en una UTA en verano.
(MHUFLFLR
(Q XQD 87$ SDUD LJXDODU ODV FDUJDV WUPLFDV GHO ORFDO \ PDQWHQHU La ganancia sensible mxima de un local en verano es de 66kW. El local tiene
FRQVWDQWHVODVFRQGLFLRQHVLQWHULRUHV ( t L , wL ) HODLUHWLHQHTXHVHUWUDWDGRSDUD que ser mantenido a 24C, para lo cul se dispone de un climatizador cuya
TXH VDOJD HQ XQDV FRQGLFLRQHV GH VXPLQLVWUR ( t I , wI ) TXH FXPSODQ ODV batera de refrigeracin permite enfriar el aire de impulsin hasta 13C.
q SL U a VI c pah ( t L t I )
q LL U a VI Lv 0 ( wL wI )
q SL 1200 VI ( t L t I )
&RQWUROGHLQVWDODFLRQHVFOLPDWL]DGDV&DSWXOR)XQGDPHQWRVGHFOLPDWL]DFLQ
5HIHUHQFLDV\ELEOLRJUDIDFRPSOHPHQWDULD
>@ *DUFD GH 0DUD -0 $SXQWHV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD GH &OLPDWL]DFLQ
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH)VLFD$SOLFDGD(8,7,830
>@ +DLQHV5RJHU:+9$&V\VWHPVGHVLJQKDQGERRN0F*UDZ+LOO
>@ - $ GH $QGUV 5RGUJXH]3RPDWWD 6 $URFD /DVWUD / *DOOHJR 'H]
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