2. Input Unit: This component of the computer accepts instructions and data.
1
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
It performs the data processing operation and sends the results to the output unit.
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - This unit performs the arithmetical and logical
operations on the stored numbers. The data is transferred from the memory unit to
the arithmetic logic section, processed and returned to internal storage. Before the
completion of the processing, data may be transferred back and forth between
these two sections, several times. Subsequently, the results are transferred from
internal storage to an output device.
3. Memory Unit – This unit holds the intermediate results during the course of
calculations and provides the data as and when required. It stores the program
instructions and data on which the processor is currently working. This internal
storage section is also called as primary memory or main memory. The storage
section takes the data from an input device and stores it until the computer is
ready to process it. It also stores processed data and intermediate results. When
the processing is finished, it transfers the final results to an output device.
2
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
A computer system also incorporates input and output devices which are a
communication medium between a human and the computer. An input unit accepts
instruction and data from the user and communicates them to the computer. The basic
task of this unit is to gather the data and convert it into the form that the computer can
understand. Some of the input devices are keyboard, mouse, light pen, and so on.
Just as humans communicate with computers with input devices, the computer
can communicate with human beings with the help of output devices. Like input units,
output units are instruments of interpretation and communication between humans and
computers. These devices take the machine-coded output results from the processor and
convert them into a form that can be used by the people or as a machine input in another
processing cycle. Some of the commonly used output devices are printers, monitor and
plotters.
The three units of CPU and the input/ output devices form the five important
components of a computer system. In addition to these parts, a computer also employs
secondary storage devices which are extensively used for storing data or instructions. The
physical components or materials on which data stored permanently are called storage
units or devices. It supplies the stored information to the other units of computer as and
when required. Some common storage devices are floppy disks, hard disks, and tape
drives.
3
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
PRACTICE
3. The basic task of this unit is to gather the data and convert it into the form that the
computer can understand.
4. This unit holds the intermediate results during the course of calculations and
provides the data as and when required.
2. 2 marks questions
4
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
1. Explain with a block diagram the components of a computer system and their
functions.
SPREAD SHEET
The instructions fed to the computer in the form of sheet are called as a
spreadsheet.
It requires
One MB of RAM
Hard disk
Graphics display
Graphics program
One of the most popular spread sheet package is Lotus 123, written in C language.
Specialties of package:
5
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Lotus 123 is a software which has been developed for use a person with no special
knowledge about computer and programming language.
• Graphics Program:
Graphics program which enables you to create various graphs like bar or line
graph from the information on work sheet.
• DBMS Program:
Using DBMS program, Lotus 123 can instantly retry or reorganize all the
information without consuming time by turning pages or searching through files.
Electronic spread sheet is basically contains a table of rows and coloumns. It has
enhanced flexibility, speed and accuracy.
First 26 columns A to Z
Next 26 columns AA to AZ
Next 26 columns BA to BZ
Application:
• Accounting
• Banking
6
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
• Marketing
• Personal Administration
• Retail Merchandising
• Statistics
Working with electronic spread sheet changing the content of the cell
User moves the cursor around the electronic spread sheet changing the value of
current cell.
While typing a formula on the cell, it will be displayed on the top of the screen.
To change the content of the cell, the cursor can be moved to the cell and the new
content can be entered. The old content is lost and the new value is entered.
Any cell value that depends on the value of the changed cells is recalculated.
After saving the current content on the disc, the spread sheet can be recalled at
any time later.
User can erase the content of a single cell or of entire rectangular blocks of the
cell.
They can automatically adjust the formula from one cell to another cell.
WORD PROCESSOR
Word Processing is a computer term for typing and editing any kind of letters and
memos, articles , reports etc,.
• Efficient search
7
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
I. A unique report
Apart from assisting a typist with the ease of moving through the text, backwards
and forwards, looking for the parts to edit, a word processor enables automatic
headings and footings, page numbering, bold printing and underling facilities etc,.
8
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
The standard documents which are used often with slight portion specifically
written and rest of it common in general. It can be done using word processing in
a minor time.
When one need a document or letter which has some part common and some
fields are changed for different documents. This work can be done by designing a
database of having different fields and using the mail merge facility of the word
processor.
i. Text Storage
iv. Insertion
v. Over Typing
vi. Delete
vii. Move
9
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
PRACTICE
1. This program can be used to instantly retry or reorganize all the information
without consuming time by turning pages or searching through files.
2. This is a computer term for typing and editing any kind of letters and memos,
articles, reports.
2. 2 mark questions
10
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
1. What are spread sheets? Write about the its features and advantages.
11
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
they may include their own programming language for application development.DBMSs
let information systems be changed more easily as the organization's requirements
change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the
existing system. Adding a field to a record does not require changing any of the programs
that do not use the data in that new field.
Data Security
The DBMS can prevent unauthorized users from viewing or updating the
database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or a subset of
it known as a "subschema." For example, in an employee database, some users may be
able to view salaries while others may view only work history and medical data.
Data Integrity
The DBMS can ensure that no more than one user can update the same record at
the same time. It can keep duplicate records out of the database; for example, no two
customers with the same customer number can be entered.
Interactive Query
A DBMS provides a query language and report writer that lets users interactively
interrogate the database. These essential components give users access to all management
information as needed. See query language and report writer.
Data Independence
When a DBMS is used, the details of the data structure are not stated in each
12
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
application program. The program asks the DBMS for data by field name; for example, a
coded equivalent of "give me customer name and balance due" would be sent to the
DBMS. Without a DBMS, the programmer must reserve space for the full structure of the
record in the program. Any change in data structure requires changing all application
programs
Database Design
Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and
then move the detail to another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis.
Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems
analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.
CLASSIFICATION OF DBMS
Information systems are made up of related files: customers and orders, vendors
and purchases, etc. A key DBMS feature is its ability to manage these relationships.
Hierarchical databases link records like an organization chart. A record type can
be owned by only one owner. In the following example, orders are owned by only one
customer. Hierarchical structures were widely used with early mainframe systems;
however, they are often restrictive in linking real-world structures.
13
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Organisation
Manager Superior
Manager Superior s Staffs
s Staffs
Managers Technician
Engineers
s
In network databases, a record type can have multiple owners. In the example
below, orders are owned by both customers and products, reflecting their natural
relationship in business.
14
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
College
Computer
English Mathematics Chemistry
Science
Relational databases do not link records together physically, but the design of
the records must provide a common field, such as account number, to allow for matching.
Often, the fields used for matching are indexed in order to speed up the process.
Object Databases
Certain information systems may have complex data structures not easily modeled
by traditional data structures. An "object database" can be employed when hierarchical,
network and relational structures are too restrictive. Object databases can easily handle
many-to-many relationships.
15
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Intelligent Databases
All DBMSs provide some data validation; for example, they can reject invalid
dates or alphabetic data entered into money fields. But most validation is left up to the
application programs.
Intelligent databases provide more validation; for example, table lookups can
reject bad spelling or coding of items. Common algorithms can also be used such as one
that computes sales tax for an order based on zip code.
When validation is left up to each application program, one program could allow
an item to be entered while another program rejects it. Data integrity is better served
when data validation is done in only one place. Mainframe DBMSs were the first to
become intelligent, and all the others followed suit.
16
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
This diagram shows the interaction between the DBMS with other system and application
software running in memory.
17
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
PRACTICE
(c) DBMS
(d) MS Office
(ii) DBMS may include their own programming language for application
development.
3. The DBMS can prevent unauthorized users from viewing or updating the
databse and it is termed as
18
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
6. This type of database does not link records together physically but the
design of the records must provide a common field.
19
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
2. 2 marks questions
20
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Microprocessor
It is a silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the
term microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal
computer and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the
logic and almost all digital devices from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for
automobiles.
• Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
• Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many
instructions per second the processor can execute.
In both cases, the higher the value the more powerful the CPU is. For example, a 32-
bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor
that runs at 25MHz. In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are
classified as being either RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) or CISC (Complex
Instruction Set Computer).
21
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Input Devices
Output devices
keyboard mouse Monitor
CPU
Scanner Plotters
Microprocessor
Light pen Printer
Joystick Cameras
Secondary Storage
Hard disks
Floppies
CD ROMs DVDs
22
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
The microprocessors are used for monitoring and controlling of blending and
cleaning and waste removal operations
Blending:
ABC Control is user – friendly microprocessor based system used to set, monitor
and control the ‘Cleaning Intensity’ and ‘Waste Level’. Based on the desired values for
cleaning intensity (0 – 1) and waste level ( 1 – 10 %) input through the keyboard of
control panel, the ABC control with the help of ‘Varioset Cleaning Field” automatically
changes the beater speed and/or the grid bar angle so that the required level of waste
extraction and cleaning intensity are achieved while the machine is in running condition.
Two values are entered at the VarioSet: cleaning intensity as a value between 0.0
and 1.0 and relative volume of waste as a value between 1 and 10.These values are
entered on the machine itself or loaded via the ABC Control system. The machine
settings are made automatically, even while the machine is running. The settings are
reproducible. This provides a high level of operating convenience when batch changes
are frequent.
23
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Carding :
In carding process the Microprocessors and Electronic Control Systems are being
used for monitoring and control of feed rate, sliver count and nep level.
In Trutzschler/ Trumac cards(D K series) the feed table with feed roller forms the
unit. The feed table is provided with the system for scanning of tuft known as
CORRECTAFEED CFD. The feed table is provided sensors, which detect via pedal
levers the variations in the tuft web. The sensors transmit these signals to the electronic
control system for correction of feed roller speed and thus uniform feed is ensured.
The CORRECTACARD CCD serves for a long – term regulation and monitoring
of sliver count. The sliver trumpet on the calendar unit is fitted with a measuring lever,
awhich is linked with a displacement detector(sensor). The measuring lever measures the
thickness of card sliver and converts this information via displacement detector into an
electrical signal, which is transmitted to the control system. On the basis of the difference
between the pre-selected target value and the measured value of the sliver count, the
speed of the feed roller is altered by a controller and thus the sliver count is regulated.
This is known as long-term autolevelling. Thus the modern card has both open – loop and
closed – loop Autolevellers.
On DK 803 card, NEPCONTROL NCT scans the web for neps in the zone
between the strip roll and the squeeze rollers. This constant nep monitoring system
besides giving an estimate of the nep level in the card sliver actuates the grinding
operation in the event of a significant increase nep level from the target value. Hence it
assists in monitoring and control of card slikver quality.
Drawing:
An Autoleveller is an electronic device that levels out the mass variations in the
input to produce a uniform output. There are two types of Autolevellers namely ‘open-
loop ‘ and the ‘closed – loop’ Autolevellers.
In open – loop Autolevellers, the measuring sensor is situated in the feed side
before the drafting system. The input mass variations sensed are compared with the set
value and the signal generated is given to the circuit, where it is processed electronically
and the output signal is given to the change the draft in the back zone and thus to level
out the mass variations. The open- loop autoleveller is popularly used on the drawframe,
however it lacks self – monitoring.
24
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
The close - loop autoleveller has the sensing unit situated in the outpuit side to
measure the mass variations of the delivery material. The disadvantage of this system is
that the correction is given to the region following the sensed region in the material.
The scanning rollers scan the throughput mass and compares with the set value.
The signal generated due to difference between actual value and set value if fed to the
electronic circuit, where it is being processed. The output of the autoleveller is given to
the servo motor to change the speed of the middle and/or back drafting rollers, so that the
draft is varied to correct the variations in the input mass. The correction times are in the
range of few milliseconds and the correction length lies in the range of few centimeters.
Thus a uniform sliver is produced by the autoleveller drawframe. Drawframe can be
checked for leveling quite frequently. The accuracy shall lie in the range of ±0.5%.
Spinning
In the ring spinning, Computer system are used for monitoring and controlling of
spinning operation. The popular ones are the Uster RINGDATA system, Premier Ring
Eye 5000, Uster MILLDATA system, Mill I Automatic Data Acquistion System and
EXPERT ERP solution used for process and machine monitoring and control, data
acquisition, planning, information management, etc.,
Ring Eye 5000 is a single spindle production and quality monitoring system. As
ring spinning department is the most capital, labour , power and variation intensive
department in a spinning mill and also as the margins for a spinner are reducing, Ring
Eye is the tool designed to derive the maximum out of the available resources.
Ring Eye helps in achieving this by round – the – clock monitoring of spindle –
wise end breaks and speed, spindles with repeated breaks, spindles with speed deviation
and by providing a history and summary of production and stops. Ring Eye is available
with the software PanorAmilL for customized report formats, numerical/graphical reports
and long term storage and analysis.
The provision of Optispeed 500 with ABC system helps in monitoring and
controlling end breaks through automatic control of spindle speed on ringframe. It
provides optmised speed profile, acquires end breakage information automatically from
Premier Ring I and helps in maintaining uniform workload through constant end
breakage rate.
The Mill Automatic Data Acquisition system helps in automatic data integration
from laboratoty tersters, preparatory and spinning machines and automatic winders
enabling generation of consolidated quality report in a single sheet, quality and
productivity comparisons between machines, material type, etc. It also enables Lot wise
25
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Quality Consolidation, Tracking of Quality Deviations to its source, Data export facility,
Effective manpower utilisation, and Integration with a wider MIS/ERP system.
EXPERT ERP Solution represents a specialized ERP solution for Spinning Mills.
It helps in optimum raw material selection methodology to ensure yarn quality
consistency. It has a unique identification system for lot tracking through the entire
spinning process. It helps in intergration to automatic data acquisition system from the
production machinery. It represents a closed loop quality control system with provision to
plan, inspect and control quality at every stage. It enables integration of production and
quality data for critical component replacement. It contains the spinning process
knowledge inbuilt in all technical functions. It has got various modules, like Raw
Material Managaement, Production planning, Production, Quality Management,
Maintenance and Utilities, Materials Management, Sales, Finance, Payroll and Human
Resources.
Measuring head
Signal Recorder/Prin
Processor ter
Display Unit
The figure shown gives a schematic view of the Evenness Tester with computer
system for measurement of yarn unevenness, imperfections and hairiness.
The signal obtained from the measuring head is processed and the application software
with calculator performs the following functions
1. Calculation of various yarn parameters like U%, CV%, CV1m, CV3m, CV10m,
imperfections per kilometer and the hairiness index.
26
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
PRACTICE
(a) Bandwidth
2. This determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute
(a) Bandwidth
4. In carding process the microprocessors are used for monitoring and control of
5. The feed table is provided with the system for scanning of tuft known as
27
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
7. The measuring sensor is situated in the feed side before the drafting system.
8. The sensing unit is situated in the output side to measure the mass variations of
the delivery material.
(a) ±0.5%
(b) ±0.1%
(c) ±0.4%
(d) ±0.9%
10. This is the tool designed to derive the maximum out of the available resources.
28
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
2. 2 marks questions
1. What is a microprocessor?
5. What are the types of autolevellers in drawing and write about them.
29
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Computer exists in a world of digital pulses very different from the analogue
world of everyday matters that surrounds us. As long as the two worlds exist apart –
computers accepting data through keyboard and mouse and outputting results through
monitor and printer – no conflict arises, but when we wish to use computers to monitor
and control processes occurring in the real world we find that the two worlds interface
extremely poorly. Special hardware, special circuits and special programs are needed to
permit computers to make measurements of analogue quantities and even more programs,
circuits and hardware is necessary to permit then to control analogue processes.
Sensors are sometimes called as transducers, are devices that can take a physical
quantity and convert it to an electrical signal whose voltage is proportional to the value
of the parameter being converted .Parameters for which this can be done are called
transduceable parameters. Sensors exist that are capable of the conversion of various
parameters like force, strain, displacement, temperature etc.,Unfortunately the computers
cannot understand an analogue voltage. So the analogue voltage has to be converted to a
digital signal – a set of pulses – which is the dynamic equivalent of the pattern of zero’s
and one’s stored in the computer’s RAM and which is all the computers really can
understand
Strain gauge
The strain gauge is a sensor that converts deformation under load to an electric
signal.
30
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
When the conductor is strained in this manner, the value of L will decrease and
that of A will increase as shown in the sketch above. The net effect will be to decrease
the resistance of the conductor.Similarly when the conductor is stretched axially it will
deform as shown below,
Here L will increase and A will decrease so that the resistance of the conductor
will increase. A strain guage consists of a stiff pad to which a long length of wire is
fixed, folded back and forth as shown below.
31
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
R= K L/ A
Where
Strain Guage
As the wire grid is distorted by elastic deformation, its length is increased, and its
cross-sectional area decreases. These changes cause an increase in the resistance of the
wire of the strain gauge. This change in resistance is used as the variable resistance in a
bridge circuit that provides an electrical signal for indication of pressure.
32
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
An increase in pressure at the inlet of the bellows caused the bellows to expand.
The expansion of the bellows moves a flexible beam to which a strain gauge has been
attached. The movement of the beam causes the resistance of the strain gauge to change.
The temperature compensating gauge compensates for the heat produced by current
flowing through the fine wire of the strain gauge.
Strain gauges which are nothing more than resistors are used with bridge circuits.
Alternating current is provided by an exciter that is used in place of a battery to eliminate
the need for a galvanometer. When a change in resistance in the strain gauge causes an
unbalanced condition, an error signal enters the amplifier and actuates the balancing
motor. The balancing motor moves the slider along the slide wire, restoring the bridge to
a balanced condition. The slider’s position is noted on a scale marked in units of pressure.
33
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
34
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Differential Transformer
Differential Transformer
Another type of inductance transducer utilizes two coils wound on a single tube and is
commonly referred to as Differential Transformer. The primary coil is wound around the
centre of the tube. The secondary coil is divided with one half wound around each end of
the tube. Each end is wound in the opposite direction which caused the voltages induced
to oppose one another. A core, positioned by a pressure element is movable within the
tube. When the core is in the lower position, the lower half of the secondary coil provides
the output.
35
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Photoelectric sensors
• Reflective type
• Through beam type
In Relfective type photoelectric sensor, the light beam emitted by the light emitting
element is reflected by the target/object and then it is received by the light receiving
element. The light emitter and the light sensor are fixed in the same housing. Absent of
the target reduces the intensity of light reaching the receiving element and the presence of
the target increases the intensity of light reaching the receiving element.
In the case of Through beam type photoelectric sensor, the light emitter and the light
sensor are separated out. If the target intercepts the beam it creates a reduction in
intensity of light or total absence of light falling on the received. Both types are widely
used in industrial applications.
Applications
36
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Whenever a target is introduced between the Laser beam source and Light sensing
element, the output voltage decreases proportionally with the area of the target.
The beam width varies from 1mm to 30mm. The minimum detectable object size
is as low as 0.05mm diameter.
In the case of separate amplifier sensors the sensor head contains only the sensing
head and the processing circuit is always connected to the head through a coaxial cable.
By adding a high gain amplifier the detecting range can be increased to a maximum of
100 mm. They are called as long distance proximity sensors.
37
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
Advantages
1. Non-contact detection
2. Long detecting range(10m)
3. High speed detection
4. Detection of targets of wide range of materials
5. Highly reliable
6. Quick and automatic calibration
Applications
• Ring frames
• Loom
• Embroidery unit
• Fabric processing unit
Displacement Sensors
The principle of operation of inductive gauging sensor is more or less same as that
of Electromagnetic induction type proximity sensor. As the target approaches the sensor,
the eddy current increases thereby reducing the oscillation amplitude. The oscillating
amplitude is converted into change in DC voltage. After processing the output voltage
with a linear circuit, the output is made to increase linearly with displacement.
38
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
The target or object pattern is focused on the image pick up element of the
camera. The pattern is stored as an electric charge proportional to the brightness of each
part of the image. This data is sequentially read from one edge to the other edge and then
converted into an image signal./Both interlaced and non-interlaced scanning methods are
39
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
used in vision sustems with the image signal along with the vertical and horizontal
synchronisisng signals fed to the image processing system for feature extraction in binary
digital conversion the areas brighter than the threshold is called as black. For finding
area, position and pattern matching binary digital conversion is widely used. In gray level
processing method, the brightness level of each pixel is represented with 8 bits.This is a
more versatile system and is used for high accuracy measurement.
There are number of special functions incorporated in most of the vision systems.
The image captured by the camera is normally divided into 256 levels of gray. By setting
a threshold level the image can be converted into black and white regions. The feature
will be of immense use in object identification. It is possible to capture the image at a
particular instant by means of external triggering facility. Input from an external;
photoelectric or proximity sensor cab neb made to trigger the vision system to capture the
image at rising edge of the trigger input. In certain vision systems match and mismatch
detection modes are also incorporated. In the match detection mode the system count the
number of matched pixels and in mismatched mode the system counts the mismatched
pixels by comparing the gray – processed image with the reference image. This facility
can be used for pattern recognition.
Applications
• Fabric inspection
• Cord web inspection
• Tack and Loom and Wet Processing Industry.
40
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
The extension valve shaft or control rod is made of a metal suitable for acting as
the movable core of a transformer. Moving the extension between the primary and
secondary windings of a transformer caused the inductance between the two windings to
vary, thereby varying the output voltage proportional to the position of the valve or
control rod extension.
41
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
PRACTICE
(c) LVDT
2. This compensates for the heat produced by current flowing through the fine wire
of the strain gauge.
(b) Resistor
(c) Capacitor
3. This type of sensors consists of a coil, a movable magnetic core and a pressure
sensing element.
4. The light beam emitted by the light emitting element is reflected by the target and
then it is received by the light receiving element.
42
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
7. This type of sensors consists of a light emitting element and a position sensitive
detector.
2. 2 marks questions
3. What is LVDT?
1. What is the need for sensors? Write about the different types of Strain gauge
sensors used in textile industy.
43
Computer Applications in Textiles Unit - I
44