Question 1:

What is line voltage and phase voltage? Find relationship between them.

Line voltage (line-to-line voltage) in a polyphase system is the voltage between two given phases.

On the other hand, Phase voltage is the voltage between the given phase and neutral. Note that
neutral is available in star connection but not delta connection.

Now lets find the relationship between line and phase voltage.

= = =
=

= | | = 2 + 2 + 2 cos 60

2 2
1
= + + 2
2

= 3

= 3
Question 2: Why do we use two wattmeter instead of three in 3 phase current?

Let us assume three phases are named as A,B and C

So using Kirchhoffs Law + + = 0

= ( + )
= + +
= + +
= + ( + )
= + ( + )
= ( ) + ( )

So if we look at final equation we can come to the conclusion that we only need two wattmeter two
calculate power in 3 Phase current.
2.3 Measurement of three-phase active AC power with two wattmeter
method

Fig. 3. The scheme of three-phase active AC power measuring system with two wattmeter method
AR, AS, AT ammeter; W1, W2 ferromagnetic wattmeter; V voltmeter; PV switch of voltmeter;
ZR, ZS, ZT load impedance; RR, RS, RT load resistance.

Table 3.
VI
Load Current I Voltage U Voltage U Power P P

R S T RO SO TO RS ST TR 1 2 1+2
[W]
[A] [A] [A] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [V] [W] [W] [W]
1717.5
R-symmetric 2.5 2.5 2.5 229 229 229 393 393 393 830 850 1680
1865.6
R-asymmetric 2.7 2.35 3.1 229 230 228 391 399 396 970 840 1810
858
Z-symmetric 1.25 1.25 1.25 229 230 229 398 400 398 10 410 420
848.6
Z-asymmetric 1.35 1.3 1.05 229 230 229 398 399 398 60 470 530

Totally there are four cases, among them there are two major cases one is with the load resistance
another with the load impedance.

With load resistance in this case we dont have much difference between power calculated using
wattmeter and power calculated using voltmeter and ammeter. This differences are due to some
efficiency loss in wires and meters and also due to heating of resistor coil.

With load impedance in this case there are huge difference between power calculated using
wattmeter and power calculated using voltmeter and ammeter. This is because of inductance. The
power calculated using voltmeter and ammeter is twice the power calculated using watt meter. This
is because the readings from voltmeter and ammeter are the RMS value of voltage and current. So,
that includes the energy stored as magnetic field. That is the reason why the there is twice the
difference in powers calculated.