Paraffin

s
Jeimy Alejandra Pea
Mateus
Juan Sebastian Avila
Parra
Diego Alexander Surez
Pez
Nombre UAA
Genera
l
 Paraffins

Classification of the Crude according to its

Compositioning
to its composition

o
Paraffin Aromatic Mixed
iNaphthenic
Base
compositio s
composition its
n composition
 comes
Para TYPE Ceresin and
from the S OF ozokerite
ffins
Latin PAR
are AFFI
(parum NS
waxy
affinis)
produ Linear
that has macrocry
cts
little stalline
deriv
affinity, Macrocry
ed stalline
since it
from iso- and
is an cyclo-
petrol inert paraffins
eum. material
and Semirefin
The ished
para Residual
ffin paraffin
term or slack
wax
 Non radioactive
GENERAL PROPERTIES Fatty to the
touch

Its main
characteristics are:
Appearance and color.
Not flammable.
Not oxidizing. Mass: colorless or
white.
Not corrosive. Translucent.

Not explosive. Crystal structure.

Not toxic. Inolore.

No choking.
Not irritating. Insipid.
Properties.

It is soluble in: chloroform, ether, benzene and

carbon disulfide. Boiling point (760 mm Hg):>
370 C.
Freezing point: 48-58 C.

Flash point: 204 C. Auto ignition point: 245

C30.
 Pour Point

The pour point of an oil is the

lowest temperature at which
the oil will flow, under normal
conditions.

Formation of solid paraffin in

the oil mass
Viscosity in very viscous
crudes.
Thermal history of oil.
 Cloud Point

The cloud point is the

temperature at which the
separation of paraffins
begins, by solidification of

the higher n-alkanes in

the petroleum matrix.
 Manufacture of Paraffins

WAX LIQUID PARAFFIN

Generally it is obtained from petroleum, from bituminous shales or from coal.

The process begins with a distillation at elevated temperature, to obtain heavy
oils, of which by cooling to 0 C.
 Applications of Paraffin

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 Effect of Paraffins in The Production System

One of the problems often encountered with

paraffin-based and mixed crudes containing high
% waxes is the accumulation of these
hydrocarbons, generically paraffin in facilities
and oil pipelines. The main causes for this
phenomenon are:

Temperature.
The evaporation of the crude (loss of volatile).
 Crude Characterization

Carbon
83-87%

Due to the complex composition of

the crude, it is not possible to
characterize them by individual Inorganic
molecules, and elemental analyzes Hydrogen components
are not the best because they 10 - 14% Crude such as
Nitrogen,
provide limited information on the Oxygen, Sulfur
composition of the oil.

Metals nickel
and vanadium
in small
amounts.
Conventional
methods
Objective What method to choose?
 The that is a single characterize
objective of present in method is a fluid,
these the heavy not enough although to
methods is crude. to come to make a
to know the characterize combination
properties of a Fluid in its of them
the entirety, the increases
hydrocarbon correct significantly
s to handle selection of the costs of
them one of these the
correctly in methods will operation
each stage give us
through good results
which it but without
crosses, to hesitation
avoid the the
organic combination
solids in of different
particular methods is
the paraffin the most
that is very appropriate
common option to
 SARA analysis

SARA

The SARA analysis is an important

tool in the characterization of the
heavier fractions of crude oil; Is
based on the difference in
solubility, polarity and molecular
weight of the constituents present
in the oil and thus supplies the
contents of the Saturated,
Aromatic, Resin and Asphaltenes
fractions of a sample.
Saturated Aromatic Resin Asphaltenes
SARA analysis

SARA analysis and other properties of hydrocarbons

It can be seen in the table that the increase in

the content of resins and asphaltenes
corresponds with the increase of the densities
and the viscosities of the hydrocarbons.
 SARA analysis

Advantages Disadvantages

Analyzes the entire Seems low resolution

sample, from light when compared to the
compounds to heavy thousands of
compounds components that can
This mode allows all oils be solved with other
to be compared based techniques
on a consistent standard
 Wax Appearance Temperature

The WAT is no more than the

historic Cluod Point, this point
indicates the starting temperature
of the separation of the paraffin
from the mother liquor, whether
this gas oil, natural gasoline or
crude oil. The paraffin separation is
sequential in approximate order to
its melting points.
 Wax Appearance Temperature

This method involves determining the wax-like

temperature (WAT, or cloud points) of a crude oil,
by measuring the temperature at which wax
crystals can be seen by polarized light. The basis
for the determination is that the light can not pass
through two polarizing filters that are set at 90 .
Wax Dissolution Temperature

The WDT (wax dissolution temperature) is the dissolution temperature of

the paraffins, the solution is sequential in approximate order to its melting
points.

The dissolution temperature is the temperature required to dissolve

the suspension wax in the oil.

The temperature of the solution of precipitated wax crystals is

important in the design of control measures for waxy oil problems.

Temperature control technique requires that the deposited wax be heated

to a temperature high enough to dissolve the deposits.
Gas chromatography

Chromatography is one of the main

methods for separating closely related
chemical species.
Can be used for the quantitative and
quantitative identification of the separate
species.

In general, all chromatographic techniques

have in common;
- A stationary phase
- A mobile phase (gas, liquid, supercritical
fluid)
- A sample whose components have a
greater or lesser affinity for each of the
two phases (mobile or stationary)
Gas chromatography

When injecting a sample, it is

separated into groups of
molecules according to the affinity
with the stationary phase or
mobile phase.
The sample is volatilized and
injected into the head of a
chromatographic column
 Gas chromatography

From the detector located at the end of

the column which responds to the
presence of an analyte whose
representation is performed according to
the time or volume of the added mobile
phase, detailed graphs of each of the
separate components (chromatograms)
can be obtained.
Non-
conventional
methods
 Nuclear magnetic resonance

It is a spectroscopic technique used

to determine molecular structures,
is based on magnetic properties of
matter, regardless of their state.
 Nuclear magnetic resonance

NRM Spectrometers are composed of a

magnet, probe, console and computer.
Atomic nucleus absorbs the
electromagnetic radiation, the absorbed
frequency is the one that tells us the
molecular structure.
Nuclear magnetic resonance
 radia the
tions. oil's
Image visco
s are sity.
Ad obtain D
va ed on i
nta all s
ge
plane a
s of d
s
space v
.
a
Does Allow n
not use s to
ionizin estim
g ate
 tage
s

High
costs
Long
testing
times
Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Is a technique that involves the luminous

interaction with a material, where an
electromagnetic radiation occurs in the
form of waves.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Molecules are groups of atoms vibrating at

different frequencies, different junctions
between atoms absorb rays of a specific
wavelength (NIR transmittance) and the
rest are reflected (NIR Reflectance).
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
 Near infrared analysis
Main features of Transmission measurement
Transferable Calibrations
the NIR equipment Analyze fresh samples
Fast and Simple

Automatic identification of
samples
Advantages Load of chemicals
Easy drive
Integrating results
 produced by the infrared ray
Disadvantages If the sample contains water it can be evaporated by the heating
 Infrared Spectroscopy

This method works on the infrared

spectrum and uses spectroscopy
absorption, based on vibrational and
rotational frequencies of atoms.
Infrared Spectroscopy

Used in research, measurement and

quality control.

Some equipment indicates which substance

is being measured.

Fast, simple and cheap method.

Determines approximate amount of total

Hydrocarbons in the subsoil.
 Differential scanning calorimetry

Is a thermo analytical technique where the

difference of heat between a sample and a
reference is measured as a function of
temperature.
Differential scanning calorimetry
 DSC calorimeters
are able to measure Uses liquid nitrogen
to vary the
the amount of heat temperature between
absorbed or -170 C and 600 C
eliminated
The result is a curve
of
- Calorific flow
vs.
Temperature
- Calorific flow vs.
Time
X-ray Dispersion

Set of non-destructive analytical techniques that reveal

information about:
The crystallographic structure
Chemical composition
Physical properties of materials
X-ray Dispersion

Based on observing the intensity of X-ray scattering

when striking a sample, depending on the incident
angle, polarization and wavelength.
 Mass spectrometry

It is an experimental technique that allows

the measurement of ions derived from
molecules and analyzes the composition of
different chemical elements and isotope
content.
Mass spectrometry

Determine the molecular weight of the substance.

Determine the molecular formula.

Characterization and analysis of polymers.

Quantitative determination of molecular species in

organic samples.
 Basic Parafination Separation Modeling

Where:
C = wax mole fraction.

W = Number of wax moles in solution per mole of reservoir fluid.

T = absolute temperature ( K).
= latent heat of fusion wax (cal / mol).
To = wax melting point ( K).
n = original mole fraction of reservoir fluid remaining as liquid
(Solvent) after the differential gas release at a given pressure.
 Bibliography

Vctor Tejero. (2011). Caracterizacin de parafinas a travs de mtodos no

convencionales (131). Mxico: Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico. (Tesis de
Grado).
 Informacin
de contacto
Fuente: Humanst521 BT en negrilla,
tamao de 36 pts en color blanco.

Nombre UAA Fuente: deHumanst521 BT en negrilla, tamao

25 pts en color blanco.