NEHRU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE 6757 Strength of Materials

Question Bank- Internal Test II (September 2016)
(III Semester A)
Part- A
1. Define- Rigidity modulus.
The shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.

N = Shear stress
Shear strain

2. Write the assumption in the theory of simple bending.

a. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
c. The transverse section which was plane before bending remains plains after bending
also.
d. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently about the layer,
above or below.
e. The value of E is the same in both compression and tension.
3. Write the theory of simple bending equation known as flexural formula.
M/ I = /y = E/R
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
- Maximum stress induced
y - Distance from the neutral axis
E - Youngs modulus
R - Constant.
4. Why is an I channel beam or T channel beam used in place of a rectangular beam
when designed to withstand bending?
The bending stress either tensile or compressive is of maximum value only on the
extreme or outermost layer of the beam and is zero along the neutral layer. Hence the
beam has to be stronger necessarily on outer layers compared to layers nearer to neutral
axis. So, I or T channel beams would help in saving material used.
5. Define -section modulus.
Section modulus of a beam represents the strength of that beam in withstanding the
bending. It is denoted by Z.
Z= I/ymax; where I Area Moment of Inertia & ymax= the maximum distance / depth of
the layer away from the neutral layer.
6. Define Torsion.
When a pair of forces of equal magnitude in opposite directions acts on body, it tends to
twist the body. It is known as twisting moment or torsional moment or simply as torque.

Torque is equal to the product of the force applied and the distance between the point of
application of the force and the axis of the shaft.
7. What is polar moment of inertia? For a circular shaft of diameter D, what is the
value of polar MI?
Polar moment of inertia of any cross section of a beam is nothing but the area moment of
inertia about the axis which is normal to the cross section. If that axis coincides with z-
axis, then the polar MI=Izz. But Izz=Ixx+Iyy. This polar moment of inertia is generally
denoted as IP. Therefore IP=Izz.
For a circular shaft:
IP=IXX+ IYY= D4 / 64 + D4 / 64= D4 / 32.

8. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft.
IP = polar moment of inertia = J / R
J / R = D4/32 x 2/D
IP = D3 / 16.
9. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular shafts?
The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow shaft will be
less compared to solid shaft.
10. Write torsional equation.
T / J= C / L= / R
T-Torque
J- Polar moment of inertia
C-Modulus of rigidity
L- Length
- Shear stress
R- Radius
11. Write down the expression for power transmitted by a circular shaft.
P=2NT/60
N-speed in rpm
T-torque
12. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by a solid as well as a hollow
shaft.
T= (/16) x x ((D4-d4)/D Hollow Shaft;
T= (/16) x xD3 Solid Shaft
 T-torque
- Shear stress
D-Outer diameter
d- Inner diameter
13. Define torsional rigidity.
Product of rigidity modulus and polar moment of inertia is called torsional rigidity.
14. What is a composite shaft?
Sometimes a shaft is made up of composite section i.e. one type of shaft is sleeved over
other types of shaft. When sleeved, the two shafts are joined together, that the composite
shaft behaves like a single shaft.
15. What is a spring?
A spring is an elastic member, which deflects, or distorts under the action of load and
regains its original shape after the load is removed.
16. State any two functions of springs.
To measure forces in spring balance, meters and engine indicators.
To store energy.
17. Classify the helical springs.
Close coiled or tension helical spring.
Open coiled or compression helical spring.
18. What is spring index (C)?
The ratio of mean or pitch diameter to the diameter of wire for the spring is called the
spring index.
19. What is solid length?
The length of a spring under the maximum compression is called its solid length. It is the
product of total number of coils and the diameter of wire.
Ls = nt x d
Where, nt = total number of coils.
20. Define spring rate (stiffness).
The spring stiffness or spring constant is defined as the load required per unit deflection
of the spring.
K= W/
Where W -load
deflection

21. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical springs?
The spring wires are coiled very The wires are coiled such that there
closely, each turn is nearly at right is a gap between the two consecutive
angles to the axis of helix turns.
Helix angle is less than 10o Helix angle is large (>10o)
22. What are the stresses induced in the helical compression spring due to axial load?

a) Direct shear stress

b) Torsional shear stress
c) Effect of curvature
23. How do you connect the location where slope is zero and the location where the
deflection is maximum along the run of the beam?
Actually, slope of the beam is zero wherein the deflection of beam is maximum i.e. both
coincide.
24. Write down the basic equation used in understanding deflection of beams,
considering both the flexural strength and the moment of resistance of the beam.
EI x (d2y / dx2) = M
25. What is known as flexural strength of a beam?
Flexural strength of a beam is known as the product area moment of inertia of its cross
section and Youngs modulus. Flexural strength= EI.
26. In approach, how do the method of double integration and Macaulays method
differ in determining the deflection of a beam?
Basically both the methods follow the same fundamentals. But, double integration
method is more suitable when applied with a single point load, whereas Macualays
method is easily workable when to deal with more of point loads-compartmentalization is
the specialty of this system wherein the constants of integration are applicable throughout
the entire length of the beam and moreover the boundary limits to be considered only up
to the relevant compartments split up.
27. List down the methods to determine the deflection and slopes of beams.
a) Double Integration Method
b) Macaulays Method
c) Moment- Area Method
d) Conjugate Beam Method
28. List the method used to determine the slope and deflection when the beam is varying
in its flexural strength in run.
a) Moment- Area Method
b) Conjugate Beam Method
29. What is the strain in solid and hollow shafts due to torsion? Write in terms of shear
stress, rigidity modulus, volume and diameters.
Strain Energy U= (2 / 4C) x V Solid shaft
Strain Energy U= (2 / 4C) x V x [(D2 + d2) /d2] Hollow shaft
30. How would you relate stiffness and deflection of a beam?
Stiffness of beam is a material characteristic by which the deflection of a beam due to
transverse loading would be resisted. Stiffer the beam, less it would deflect. Additionally,
 deflection of a beam is directly proportional to the span / length of the beam i.e. more the
span / length of the beam, more the deflection of beam for the same load.
31. What is Wahl factor?
In order to account for the effect of direct shear stress on a helical spring a correction
factor known as Wahls factor k is introduced while determining the shear stress for its
maximum quantity. max= (16WR / d3) x k where k= [(4s-1) / (4s-4)] + 0.615 / s and
spring index s= D /d. This case is normally considered when s > 20.

Part- B
1. A simply supported beam 200 mm wide, 3200 mm deep and 4 m long is transversely loaded
with a UDL of intensity throughout. Determine the bending stress at the point C which is 60 mm
below the top surface and 1.2 m from the left support. [Ans: 67.2 N /mm2]

2. A 200 mm x 80 mm I-beam is to be used as a simply supported beam of 6.75 m span. The web
thickness is 6 mm and the flanges are of 10 mm thickness. Determine what concentrated load can
be carried at a distance of 2.25 m from one support if the maximum permissible stress is 80 MPa.
[ Ans: Point Load W=9.264 KN]

3. A homogenous shaft ABC of 500 mm length and 40 mm external diameter is bored for a part
of its length AB to a 20 mm diameter bore and for the remaining length BC to a 30 mm diameter
bore. The maximum shear stress is 80 MPa. Find the maximum power the shaft can transmit
when it rotates at a speed of 200 RPM.

If the angle of twist in the length of 20 mm diameter bore is equal to that in the 30 mm
diameter bore, find the length of the shaft that has been bored to 20 mm and 30 mm diameters.
[ Ans: Power 14.39 KW, lAB=289 mm & lBC= 211 mm]

4. A composite shaft consists of copper rod of 30 mm diameter enclosed in a steel tube of

external diameter 40 mm and 5 mm thick. The shaft is required to transmit a torque of 0.5 KNm.
Determine the shearing stresses developed in copper and steel, if both the shafts have equal
lengths and welded to a plate at each end so that their twists are equal. Take GC=40 GPa and
GS=80 GPa. [Ans: Shear stresses- Copper: 17.7 N/mm2 & Steel: 47.3 N/mm2]

5. (a) A leaf spring is to be made of 7 steel plates 65 mm wide and 6.5 mm thick. Calculate the
length of the spring, so that it may carry a central load of 2.75 KN, the bending stress being
limited to 160 MPa. Also calculate the deflection at the centre of the spring. E= 200 GPa. [Ans:
length=744.2 mm, deflection=17 mm]

(b) A leaf spring 750 mm long is required to carry a central point load of 8 KN. If the central
deflection is not to exceed 20 mm and the bending stress is not greater than 200 GPa, determine
the thickness, width and the number of plates.
 Also compute the radius to which the plates should be curved, assuming the width of the
plate to be equal to 12 times its thickness. E= 200 GPa.

6. (a) A closely coiled helical spring of round steel wire 5 mm in diameter having 12 complete
coils of 50 mm diameter is subjected to an axial load of 100 N. Find the deflection of the spring
and the maximum shearing stress in the material. C= 80 GPa. [ Ans: 101.9 N/mm2]

(b) A closely coiled helical spring is made up of 10 mm diameter steel wire having 10 coils
with 80 mm mean diameter. If the spring is subjected to an axial twist of 10 KNmm, determine
the bending stress and increase in the number of turns. E= 200 GPa. [Bending stress=101.9 MPa;
increase in no. of turns=0.04]

7. A timber beam of rectangular section has a span of 4.8 m and is simply supported at its ends.
UDL=45 KN (Total Load). Find the values of b x d of the beam, if the maximum bending stress
is not to exceed 7 MPa and the maximum deflection is limited to 9.5 mm. Take E for timber as
10.5 GPa. {Ans: d=337 mm; b=204 mm]

8. (a) A steel joist, simply supported over a span of 6 m carries a point load of 50 KN at 1.2 m
from the left hand support. Find the position and magnitude of the maximum deflection. Take
EI= 14 x 1012 Nmm2. [ Ans: position= 3.39 m from RH support; max deflection=9.4 mm]

(b) A SS beam AB of span 5 m is carrying a point load of 30 KN at a distance 3.75 m from

left end A. calculate the slopes at A and B and the deflection under the load. Take EI=26 x 1012
Nmm2. [ Ans: iA=0.00113 rad; iB=0.00158 rad & deflection under load=1.69 mm]

9. Derive the expression for the strength (Torque) of both solid and hollow shafts in terms of the
maximum shear stress and their diameters.

10.Derive the expressions for slope and maximum deflection of a simply supported beam of
span L m when applied with a central transverse load of W Newton.

Part C (Case Studies)

1. During a time of crisis when faced with a situation of shortage of raw material, a successive
brain storming sessions took place in a factory whereby it was concluded to get replaced solid
shafts used in transmission of power by shafts of hollow sections. A specific situation is narrated
below:

A solid steel shaft of 60 mm diameter is to be replaced by a hollow steel shaft of the same
material with the internal diameter equal to 50% of the external diameter. Find the diameters of
the hollow shaft and saving in material, if any, while the maximum allowable shear stress is
same for both the shafts.

Would you be able to corroborate the saving in material with the concept of sustainable
manufacturing? Could you justify that there is an adherence to professional ethics too in this
methodology?

2. In any business or manufacturing context, persistent attempts to save material in usage had
always been in existence. The following situation enumerates a case wherein a solid cylindrical
beam is compared with a hollow beam without compromising on technical competence, and also
whether the former could be replaced by the latter is to be decided.

Two beams are simply supported over the same span and have the same flexural strength.
Compare the weights of these beams, if one of them is solid and the other is hollow, with the
internal diameter being half of the external diameter.

Which beam is preferred out of both? What is the extent of saving in material?