What is Abort Point and How You

Can Use it For Safe Navigation

Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on July 31, 2016

Let us face it. There is a huge difference between a passage plan and a good
passage plan. The good passage plan is a work of art. You know it when you see a
good passage plan.
How can we define a good passage plan then ?

A good passage plan is the one that has all the information on the chart and yet the
chart is not cluttered. It is the passage plan which has all the information marked at
locations where it is supposed to be. And it is the passage plan that gives the
confidence to the watch keepers about the preparedness of the bridge team.
But sometimes we either have too less information on the chart or so much that it
hides the important information. Now how to place all the information on the chart
and yet not clutter the chart ?

It all starts with the knowledge of why something is required and what use it can
be of.

And when it comes to safely executing a passage plan, there are certain rules of
thumb. One such rule of thumb is knowing when we can abort a passage
plan. Marking of Abort point help in doing so. In this post we will discuss
everything about abort point and also if point of no return is any different than
that.

Let us begin.

Abort point
Abort point is not limited to maritime field only. Even the air pilots have to
consider abort point for take off and landing. For example, for them the abort point
is the point after which the runway is too short to stop the airplane. After the abort
point they have to pull the throttle and fly even if they sense a problem. They can
anyway come back and land again if they feel so, but they cannot stop the plane
after abort point.

Air pilots calculate the abort point based upon the speed of the airplane, stopping
distance at that speed and the available runway length.

Or if you are Mission Impossible fan like me, you would have heard this,

Anything goes wrong, I call ABORT. Everyone walks away

For Ethan hunt, abort point is the maximum time at which if he doesnt call the
mission off, it can get his team members killed.
On the ship it is no different than that. For a ship the abort point is the point after
which there is insufficient sea room to turn back. While entering a port if we try to
swing back after we have passed the abort point, we may end up grounding the
vessel. Or we may end up hitting a danger mark.

So In simple word, abort point is the point after which there is no sea room to turn
the vessel and return back.

Where to mark abort point ?

We need to mark abort point only when approaching a port, canal or such restricted
areas. We do not need to mark abort points in open sea just because of one patch
where vessel cannot turn. This is because even when there is no room to swing the
vessel, we can still continue with our passage to turn after passing that patch.

For example while passing Singapore straight, we do not need to mark abort point
anywhere. If we need to turn back, we have all the time to assess the situation
while we continue towards the general traffic flow in the TSS.

Exclusive Bonus: Download this Cheat sheet on how to mark abort point

How to mark abort point ?

To safely swing the vessel and return back, there are two things we need to know.
If I put the rudder hard over, how much distance the vessel will cover in forward
direction and second how much distance it will cover on the side of the turn. This
area should be clear for the vessel to turn around safely.
So we need to know the maximum Head reach and maximum side reach of the
vessel in a full turn.

Though not exactly but the forward distance covered is close to the advance of
the vessel and sideways distance is close to tactical diameter.

You can find the highest value of advance and tactical diameter from
the manoeuvring booklet. For example below is what I found from a 45000 DWT
ships manoeuvring booklet.
You can also get this data from wheel house poster on the wheelhouse. Find the
maximum tactical diameter and advance of the vessel. As the abort point will most
likely be marked in lesser depths, use the data for shallow water.
Below is the turning circles data from same vessel of 45000 DWT and you can see
the max tactical diameter is 0.45 NM in shallow waters.
Take the value of tactical diameter or advance whichever is greater. Here we have
maximum value as 0.45 NM. Just double this value to allow for external factors
like current and wind which can affect the head reach and side reach.
Take the additional distance that the ship would cover in 5 minutes. These 5
minutes are to allow for analysing the traffic around before we start to turn the
ship.
So say we have planned a speed of 6 knots while approaching a port. In 5 minutes,
ship would cover around 0.5 NM. So it all adds up to be 1.4 NM distance for
marking the abort point.

Now mark the abort point at such a position close to the entrance of the port that
has 1.4 NM clear distance in the forward as well as on the sides.

Like below is the abort point marked for arrival in one of the chinese port.

Abort point is just a reference point

So are we saying that after passing abort point vessel cannot turn ? of course we
can. There are number of ways. We can use succession of ahead and astern
movement to turn the vessel without any significant side reach. Or we can use the
bow thruster if we have and if our speed is below 5 knots. Using astern movement
and bow thruster can even turn the vessel virtually at its position.

Another question. Are we sure that just before abort point we can turn the vessel ?
There could be lots of ships on both sides of our vessel and we may not be able to
achieve the turn.

The idea of the abort point is to have an indication as to when vessel can or cannot
turn back just by putting the rudder hard over.

It is to be used as an information and not as a blind fact that vessel can surely turn
or cannot turn.

This is where experience of the navigator comes into play. Abort point is an
important information that along with other informations helps the navigator take
wise decisions.

Mistakes while marking Abort point

Now there are few mistakes that we make while marking abort point. These
mistakes must be avoided to have a good passage plan.

Mistake 1: The abort point is marked too close where

there may not be sea room to swing.
In this situation, ship cannot turn even before the abort point. Master may have
wrong impression that he can swing the vessel as vessel has not crossed abort
point. If he believes in the passage plan and try to swing, he may end up grounding
the vessel.

Mistake 2: The abort point is marked too far

Another mistake we can make is marking the abort point too far. Even after
crossing the abort point, ship would still have room to swing and return back. This
information is of no use to the person in con as it is an inaccurate information.

Mistake 3: Marking abort line instead of abort point

Do you wonder why this is called abort point and not abort line.

Because it is a point on the planned passage and not a line. But sometimes we draw
a line indicating position of abort point.

Can you see some problem in this ?

If the vessels position is off track, Can we safely turn the vessel if we have not
crossed this line ? I am sure your answer is no.
If we draw a line marking the abort point position, it can give the wrong
impression when the vessel is off track. It will look like we are still behind the
abort point and we can turn the vessel, while it will not be the case. Not atleast on
turn to one side of the vessel.

So we need to mark abort point the way a point should be marked. We can show
this position by a very small dotted line or by pointing to that position by an arrow.

How can abort point help in safer navigation

Have a look at below abort point marking. The abort point is marked at the correct
position. And nothing seems to be a problem in this, except one.
 The problem is that the abort point is before the pilot boarding position. Now why
this would require special attention ?

To pick up the pilot, we need to cross the abort point. What if after we cross abort
point, port control inform us that the pilot is cancelled for today. We cannot turn
around as we have already crossed abort point.

If we ever need to cross the abort point to pick up pilot, we should be ready for
situation as mentioned above and should have steps ready to counter that.

These steps could include

Waiting at or before your abort point position and asking the pilot to come to your
position. or
 Proceed at a very low speed so that you can use astern movement to stop the ship
and turn around

Have the bow thruster ready if that is fitted on board.

The whole idea is that you should assess the situation taking into account the fact
that you may need to turn around after crossing the abort point.

Point of no return

There is a whole lot of mystery around the term point of no return.

Some say there is no difference between Point of no return and abort point.
Others consider there is a difference but they fail to give a logical difference
between these two terms.

Let us see if point of no return is any different from the abort point.

First let me acknowledge that Yes, these are two different terms and there is a
slight difference between these two.

Here is the difference between abort point and point of no return

After you cross abort point, you still can turn around. There are number of
resources to help you with that. For example you can use astern movement, bow
thruster or even tugs if you have those made fast. But after you cross point of no
return you cannot return back even if you use all these resources.

One good example for this is moving in a falling tide. You may have crossed a
point after which if you wish to return, you cannot. Because the tide level has gone
down and now there is insufficient waters behind you to proceed back.
While coming from south of brazil and entering Amazon river, you will find one
such bar of around 6 meters charted depth.

Now consider this example. Your ship is going to Manaus, a port in Amazon river.
Let us say that your ship requires 10 meter depth to comply with UKC policy of
your company after giving consideration to squat and other factors. Now in this
area you got 4 metres of tide at 1000 Hrs today and then you have same tide height
after 2 days.

You cross this point at 1000 Hrs. At 1400 Hrs you are advised that you no more
need to call Manaus. Can you abort your passage to Manaus ? Yes, you can. There
is no issue with the vessel turning back as after we have crossed this bar, there is
sufficient sea room to turn around. After turning back you can find an appropriate
location to anchor. In any case you have aborted the passage.

Now can you return back ? No, you cannot. There is no depth of water to return
back. You have to wait for the tide level.

So point of no return is the better abbreviation for this situation.

Conclusion

There are number of elements in a passage plan. All these elements need to be
marked on the charts for the passage plan to be called complete. But if these are
marked at the wrong places, they can confuse the navigators leave alone helping
them.

Marking these elements at the right places require thorough knowledge of all these
elements. Abort point is one such important element of the passage plan. We need
to mark it at a place that can help the navigators. Marking these at incorrect
positions can be more dangerous than not marking at all.