RNA VIRUSES Genus RubiV

o Rubella V (German Measles)

PICORNAVIRIDAE Acquired or postnatal rubella (3-day
SS genome; Positive sense measles)
Non-enveloped icosahedral nucleocapsids Maculopapular skin rashes
Poliovirus: Post auricular and sub-occipital
o 3 serotypes: I, II, III lymphadenopathy
o Poliomyelitis Congenital rubella
Acute infxn in children infantile paralysis 35% incidence if infected during
Destroys motor neurons in the spinal cord 1st trimester
resulting to flaccid paralysis Deafness, Eye cataracts and
Multiplies first in throat and intestine then heart defects
invade lymph node and lymphatic then Growth and mental retardation
finally reaching the CNS via blood Serologic diagnosis standard for
circulation detecting Abs
Infxn range from mild dse to non-paralytic Prevention: Rubella vaccine (thou it is
polio (aseptic meningitis) to paralytic contraindicated in pregnant women)
poliomyelitis
o Virus recovered from throat swab taken soon after FILOVIRIDAE
onset of illness and from rectal swab for long SS; Long, helical capsid
periods Longest virus
o Uncommonly recovered from CSF Marburg Virus
Coxsackie A virus 24 serotypes Ebola Virus
o Herpangina (infxn of the throat w/ vesicular lesion) o African hemorrhagic fever
and Hand-foot-mouth disease Liver necrosis and 90% mortality rate
Coxsackie B virus 6 serotypes o From infected African green monkeys
o Pleurodynia (pleura of the lungs), Pericarditis and o Reservoir: Fruit bats
Myocarditis o Transmission: Direct contact w/ infected secretion
Echovirus 34 serotypes especially blood
Hepa A virus (Human Enterovirus 72) o Detection: E/M, ELISA for viral Ag and Ab and
o IP: 2-6 weeks Monkey kidney cell
o S/S: o Prevention: Export prohibition on wild-caught
Anorexia and Malaise monkeys
Abdominal discomfort
o No chronic form PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
o Serology: SS; Enveloped helical capsid; (-) sense
Diagnosed by detection of IgM anti-HAV Measles or Rubeola V
Appear 4 wks after infxn and o Branny desquamation
disappear 3-4 months after infxn o Koplik spots white spots surrounded w/ red area
Presence of IgG immunity and warning for skin rashes
Human RhinoV 113 serotypes (Common cold V) o Transmission: Contact w/ respiratory secretions and
Foot-and-mouth Disease extremely contagious
o Aphthovirus virus of cattles o Disease: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (late
Transmission: Fecal-Oral complication involving CNS)
EnteroV diseases: o Detection: PMK and Serology
o EnteroV 70 Acute hemorrhagic cystitis Mumps virus
Detection: PMK, HDF, Serology and PCR o Parotid glands
Prevention; Avoid contact and Vaccination against polio o Transmission: respiratory droplets
o Disease: Epidemic parotitis
CALICIVIRIDAE Parainfluenza V types 1-4
SS genome; Non-enveloped icosahedral; Positive sense o Disease: URT infxn in adults and Acute
o Cup-like depression on capsid surface laryngotracheobronchitis or Croup in children
Norwalk virus o Detection: PMK, Shell vial culture and FA
o Transmission: Fecal-Oral o Epidemiology: 4 serotypes
o Most frequent cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in Respiratory syncytial virus
adults and older children o Disease:
IP: 24-48 hrs Adult life threatening pneumonia
Vomiting and watery diarrhea Infants Bronchiolitis and Croup
o Not cultivated Children: URT infxn
o Detection: Reverse transcriptase PCR o Detection: HEp-2, EIA and FA stain
o Prevention: Food and water precautions o Nosocomial transmission
NoroV Winter vomiting bug
Hepa E Virus (Hepeviridae) ORTHROMYXOVIRIDAE
o Hepatitis similar to Hepa A SS; Enveloped helical capsid
o Mortality rate of 10-20% in pregnant women Influenza virus type A, B, C
o Serologic diagnosis o Avian flu: H5N1
o Swine flu: H1N1
ASTROVIRIDAE 2 envelope glycoprotein:
SS; (+) sense; Non-enveloped o Hemagglutinin (H)
Star shaped on E/M Allows virus to recognize and attach to
Human AstroV 8 serotypes receptor
o Young children, infant and elderly diarrheas Ab against influenza is directed to these
o Acute gastroenteritis spikes
Detection: E/M and RT-PCR 15 subtype (H1-15)
o Neuramidase (N)
TOGAVIRIDAE Enzymatically helps the virus to seprate
SS: (+) sense; Enveloped icosahedral capsid from infected cells during budding
Genus AlphaV: Mosquito-borne viruses Less important Abs
o Eastern, Western, Venezuelan equine encephalitis 9 subtypes (N1-9)
virus Disease: Influenza and Primary influenza pneumonia
o Chikungunya Virus Detection: PMK, EIA, FA stain
Main reservoirs monkeys Epidemiology:
Aedes aegypti o Viral subtypes based on H and N
Chikungunya fever similar to dengue o Antigenic shift (evade immunity) results to local or
fever w/ arthralgia and arthritis worldwide outbreaks
Diagnosis: Virus isolation and serology o Antigenic drift: minor variations

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BUNYAVIRIDAE o Survives well on inanimate objects
SS; (-) sense; Enveloped helical nucleocapsids o Infects the villi of SI damage to transport
Mosquito-borne mechanism
o Sandfly fever virus o Gastroenteritis in infants and children
o Rift Valley fever virus o Tx: Fluid or Electrolyte replacement
o California and La Crosse virus
Hantaan virus RHABDOVIRIDAE
o Korean hemorrhagic fever Bullet-shaped enveloped helical; SS; (-) sense
o Interstitial nephritis and generalized hemorrhage Rabies V (IP: 1-3 months)
and shock o Transmission: inhalation in caves heavily inhabited
o Pulmonary syndrome by bats and corneal transplant
Acute respiratory failure o Multiplies in the muscle or at the site of the bite
Deer mouse then enters peripheral nerve spreading to CNS
Sin Nombre virus o Can cause progressive encephalitis
o Rodent borne o Spreads thru peripheral nerves to salivary glands
o Aerosolized rodent excreta transmission and other tissues
Diagnosis: RT-PCR for Hantavirus Ag o 3 phases:
Short prodromal (2-10 days) -- Malaise,
FLAVIVIRIDAE Anorexia and abnormal sensation at site
Enveloped icosahedral of bite
Mosquito-borne Acute neurologic (2-7 days)
Yellow fever nervousness, bizarre behavior, inc
o Africa and South America salivation and hydrophobia
o Monkey reservoir and Aedes aegypti carrier Convulsion, Coma and Death
o Infects liver resulting in fever, jaundice and o Inactivated by CO2
hemorrhage o Killed rapidly by:
o Involve spleen, kidney and heart Exposure to UV
Dengue Virus Heat (1 hour at 50C)
o 4 serotypes: 1-4 Lipid solvent
o Dengue fever Trypsin, detergent and extreme pH
Back, joint and muscle pain that last for 2-
7 days ARENAVIRIDAE
Subside during the 3rd day but rise again Enveloped helical
5-8 days Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Deep bone pain and maculopapular Argentinian (Junin) and Bolivian (Machupo) virus
rashes Lass virus
o Dengue hemorrhagic fever/shock syndrome
Individuals w/ pre-existing Abs resulting to RETROVIRIDAE
formation of complex that enhanced the Enveloped particles containing a coiled nucleocapsid w/in
disease a probably core shell
Increased vascular permeability w/ Human T cell Lymphotropic virus type I
plasma leakage into interstitial spaces o Associated w/ T cell leukemia and lymphoma
Zika virus HIV 1 and 2
o From monkeys and transmitted by Aedes aegypti o Lentivirus
o Fever, skin rashes, and joint pains that last for 2-7 o HIV-1
days 3 groups M, N, O (predominant M
o Infxn of pregnant women cause congenital infxn having 10 subtypes or clades: A-J)
manifested as microcephaly o HIV-2 A-E subtypes
o Can trigger Guillaine-Barre syndrome o Enveloped
Japanese Encephalitis Virus o Encodes its genetic information in RNA and uses
o Leading cause of encephalitis in Asia reverse transcriptase to copy its genome into DNA
o Bite of Culex mosquito o Structural CHON:
o 30% mortality rate gag viral core CHON (p24)
o Survivors usually left w/ neurologic sequela pol reverse transcriptase, protease
St Louis encephalitis virus integrase
Hepa C virus pro protease enzyme
o Non-A and B hepatitis env envelope glycoprotein (gp 120&41)
o 90% of post-transfusion hepatitis o Regulatory or accessory CHON
o Chronic infxn and consequence of liver cirrhosis tat, rev, nef, vif
and hepatocellular CA o Target cells:
CD4 cells
CORONAVIRIDAE Monocytes and macrophages
MERS-CoV Saudi Arabia 2012 Dendritic and Langerhans cells
Originate from bats and camels Transformed B cells
SARS virus Astrocyte, Oligodendrocytes, Microglial
o superspreaders o Pathogenesis
o Disease: (IP: 6 days) CD4 receptors for attachment to host cell
China outbreak in Nov. 2002 Co-receptor for fusion and entry into
Fever, malaise, chills w/c progresses target cells
rapidly to severe acute respiratory dse CCR5 predominant for
High mortality rate in elderly macrophages
o Epidemiology: originated from pigs and domestic CXCR4 predominant for
fowls lymphocytes
o Transmission
REOVIRIDAE Highest conc. in semen and blood
Naked icosahedral o Clinical manifestations (IP: 4-12 weeks)
Wheel-like appearance o Early or Acute
RotaV High virus production
o A-E serotypes (A most frequent) Viremia seeding of lymphoid tissues
o Stable to: Nonspecific illness
Heat at 50C Spontaneously resolve in 2-4 weeks
3-9 pH o Chronic or Latent
Lipid solvents ether and chloroform Latency and ARC
o Inhibited by: Unexplained weight loss, fever,
95% ethanol oral lesions
Phenol and Chlorine Relative containment of virus

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 HIV Ab conc. at its peak o Total HBc Ab (anti-HBc)
Px either asymptomatic or develop Appears at onset of symptoms in acute
persistent generalized lymphadenopathy infxn and persists for life
o Final or Crisis or Full blown AIDS Indicates previous or ongoing infxn in an
Breakdown of host defense undefined time frame
Dramatic increase in viremia o IgM anti-HBc
Disappearance of HIV Ab Indicates recent infxn (<6 months)
HIV-infected person w/ <200 CD4 cells/uL Usually indicates acute infxn
Opportunistic infxn: o HBeAg
Toxoplasma Secreted product of nucleocapsid gene
Cryptosporidium that is found in serum during acute and
C. albicans chronic infxn
Pneumocystis Indicates that the virus is replicating and
CMV and Herpes person has high levels of HBV
Varicella-Zoster o HBeAb or anti-HBe
MAC, M. tuberculosis Produced temporarily during acute infxn
L. monocytogenes or consistently during or after a burst in
Secondary neoplasms: viral replication
Kaposi sarcoma Spontaneous conversion from e Ag to e
Lymphoma Ab seroconversion, predictor of long-
Cervical and Anogenital CA term clearance of HBV in px undergoing
Neurologic disease antiviral therapy and indicates lower
o Only 10% will develop full blown AIDS after chronic levels of HBV
phase lasting for 7-10 years o HBV DNA active HBV infxn
Lab Diagnosis
o ELISA screening test
o Western blot or IF confirmatory tests
Treatment:
o AZT
o Treat infxn resulting from immunosuppression

SEROLOGY OF HEPATITIS
All RNA viruses except Hepa B
All are transmitted by parenteral route except Hepa A&E
o Fecal-oral route and they are also non-enveloped

HEPATITIS A (IP: 2-6 weeks)

Picornaviridae
S/S:
o Anorexia and Malaise
o Nausea and Diarrhea
o No chronic form
Serology
o Acute infxn detection of IgM anti-HAV HEPA B HBsAg HbsAb IgM IgG HbeAg Anti- HBV
Appear 4 weeks after infxn and anti- anti- HBe DNA
disappear about 3-4 months after infxn HBc HBc
o IgG immunity Acute + - + - + - +
Destroyed by: Resolved - + - + - + -
o Autoclaving acute
o Boiling for 5 min infxn
o Dry heat (180C for 1hr) Chronic + - - +/- - + -
o UV irradiation carrier
o Tx w/ formalin for 3 days @BT Chronic + - - +/- + - +
o Chlorine tx active
Inactivated by: Chronic + - - +/- - + +
o Heating food to >85C for 1 min active
o Disinfecting surfaces w/ sodium hypochlorite hepa
(1:100) pre-core
mutant
HEPATITIS B (IP: 12 weeks) Vaccine - + - - - - -
Hepadnaviridae
Chronic infxn (10-16% in Phil.)
o Liver cirrhosis HEPATITIS C
o Hepatocellular CA Flaviviridae
o Persistence of HBsAg beyond 6 months after infxn Non-A, Non-B hepatitis
Found in all body fluids Responsible for 90% of post-transfusion hepa
Structure: Chronic infxn -- >50%
o 42 nm Dane particles o Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular CA
o 27 nm core Serology
o Spherical or tubular particles are envelope o Anti-HCV by ELISA and confirmed by Western Blot
components w/out nucleic acid o PCR identify specific serotype
Sodium hypochlorite destroys antigenicity but it is not
destroyed by UV HEPATITIS D
Serologic Markers: Delta agent
o HBsAg Occurs as either
CHON surface o Acute form or coinfection -- <5% chronicity
Detected in high levels in serum during o Chronic or superinfection 80% chronicity
acute or chronic infxn
Presence indicates infectious person HEPATITIS E
Stable @pH 2.4 for up to 6 hours but HBV Hepeviridae
infectivity is lost No chronic disease
o Anti-HBs Similar to HAV structure, transmission and clinical infxn
Indicating recovery and immunity Responsible for 20% mortality rate in infected pregnant
Develops in person who successfully women
vaccinated against hepa B

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