Prerequisites: This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the
menu structure in FLUENT, and that you have solved Tutorial 1.
Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown
explicitly.
Adiabatic
= 1000 kg/m3
4
cp= 1.1030x10 J/kgK
k = 15.309 W/mK
-3
= 10 kg/ms
Tc = 1000 K
T = 2000 K
-5
h
g = 10 1/K
-5
g = -6.96 x 10 m/s 2
a = 0.2, 5 1/m
y L=1m
5
x Ra = 5 x 10
Pr = 0.71
Pl = 0.02
L = 0.2, 5
Preparation
1. Copy the le
/fluent_inc/fluent5/tut/rad/rad.msh
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the mesh le rad.msh.
File ,! Read ,!Case...
As the mesh is read in, messages will appear in the console window
reporting the progress of the reading. The mesh size will be reported
as 841 cells.
2. Check the grid.
Grid ,!Check
FLUENT performs various checks on the mesh and reports the progress
in the console window. Pay particular attention to the minimum
volume. Make sure this is a positive number.
Note: All the walls are currently contained in a single wall zone,
wall-4. You will need to separate them out into four dierent
walls so that you can specify dierent boundary conditions for
each wall.
(a) Select the Angle separation method (the default) under Op-
tions.
(b) Select wall-4 in the Zones list.
(c) Specify 89 as the signicant Angle.
(d) Click on the Separate button.
Note: Faces with normal vectors that dier by more than 89 will
be placed in separate zones. Since the four wall zones are
perpendicular (angle = 90 ), wall-4 will be separated into four
zones.
5. Display the grid again.
(a) Select all Surfaces and click on Display.
Notice that you now have four dierent wall zones instead of
only one.
Extra: You can use the right mouse button to check which
wall zone number corresponds to each wall boundary. If
you click the right mouse button on one of the boundaries
in the graphics window, its zone number, name, and type
will be printed in the FLUENT console window. This fea-
ture is especially useful when you have several zones of
the same type and you want to distinguish between them
quickly. In some cases, you may want to disable the dis-
play of the interior grid so as to more accurately select
the boundaries for identication.
Step 2: Models
As discussed earlier, in this tutorial you will enable each radiation model
in turn, obtain a solution, and postprocess the results. You will start with
the Rosseland model, then use the P-1 model, then the discrete transfer
radiation model (DTRM), and last of all, the discrete ordinates (DO)
model.
Step 3: Materials
The default
uid material is air, which is the working
uid in this prob-
lem. However, since you are working with a ctitious
uid whose prop-
erties have been adjusted to give the desired values of the dimensionless
parameters, you must change the default properties for air. You will use
an optical thickness aL of 0:2 for this calculation. (Since L = 1, the ab-
sorption coecient a will be set to 0.2.) At the end of the tutorial, results
for an optically thick medium with aL = 5 are computed to show how the
dierent radiation models behave for dierent optical thicknesses.
Dene ,!Materials...
Note: The Rosseland model does not require you to set a wall
emissivity. Later in the tutorial, you will need to dene the
wall emissivity for the other radiation models.
2. Set the boundary conditions for the left wall, wall-4:005.
(a) Change the Zone Name to left.
(b) Select Temperature under Thermal Conditions and set the Tem-
perature to 1000 K.
3. Set the boundary conditions for the right wall, wall-4:006.
(a) Change the Zone Name to right.
(b) Select Temperature under Thermal Conditions and set the Tem-
perature to 2000 K.
4. Set the boundary conditions for the top wall, wall-4:002.
(a) Change the Zone Name to top.
(b) Retain the default thermal conditions (heat
ux of 0) to spec-
ify an adiabatic wall.
(a) Retain the default selected Equations (all of them) and Under-
Relaxation Factors.
(b) Under Discretization, select PRESTO! for Pressure, and Second
Order Upwind for Momentum and Energy.
1.93e-04
1.74e-04
1.55e-04
1.35e-04
1.16e-04
9.67e-05
7.73e-05
5.80e-05
3.87e-05
1.93e-05
2.03e-08
6.11e-02
5.50e-02
4.89e-02
4.28e-02
3.67e-02
3.06e-02
2.44e-02
1.83e-02
1.22e-02
6.11e-03
0.00e+00
1.99e-02
1.79e-02
1.59e-02
1.39e-02
1.19e-02
9.93e-03
7.95e-03
5.96e-03
3.97e-03
1.99e-03
0.00e+00
2.00e+03
1.90e+03
1.80e+03
1.70e+03
1.60e+03
1.50e+03
1.40e+03
1.30e+03
1.20e+03
1.10e+03
1.00e+03
2.00e+03
1.90e+03
1.80e+03
1.70e+03
1.60e+03
1.50e+03
1.40e+03
1.30e+03
1.20e+03
1.10e+03
1.00e+03
y=0.5
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
Y 0.00e+00
Velocity
(m/s) -5.00e-05
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
Thus far in this tutorial, you have learned how to set up a natural con-
vection problem using the Rosseland model to compute radiation. You
have also learned to postprocess the results. You will now turn on the
P-1 model and compare the results so computed with those of the Rosse-
land model.
2.57e-04
2.29e-04
2.00e-04
1.72e-04
1.43e-04
1.15e-04
8.62e-05
5.77e-05
2.92e-05
7.46e-07
y=0.5
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
Y 0.00e+00
Velocity
-5.00e-05
(m/s)
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
Notice how dierent the velocity vectors and y-velocity prole are from
those obtained using the Rosseland model. The P-1 velocity proles show
a clear momentum boundary layer along the hot and cold walls. These
proles are much closer to those obtained from the non-radiating case
(Figures 7.11 and 7.12). Though the P-1 model is not appropriate for
this optically thin limit, it yields the correct velocity proles since the
radiation source in the energy equation, which is proportional to the ab-
sorption coecient, is small. The Rosseland model uses an eective
conductivity to account for radiation, and yields the wrong temperature
eld, which in turn results in an erroneous velocity eld.
2.17e-04
1.95e-04
1.74e-04
1.52e-04
1.30e-04
1.09e-04
8.69e-05
6.51e-05
4.34e-05
2.17e-05
3.53e-09
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
Y 0.00e+00
Velocity
-5.00e-05
(m/s)
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
(c) Accept the default settings for Clustering and Angular Dis-
cretization by clicking OK.
When you click OK, FLUENT will open a Select File dialog
box so you can specify a name for the ray le used by the
DTRM. A detailed description of the ray tracing procedure
can be found in the FLUENT User's Guide. In brief, the num-
ber of Cells Per Volume Cluster and Faces Per Surface Cluster
control the total number of radiating surfaces and absorbing
cells. For a small 2D problem, the default number of 1 is
acceptable. For a large problem, however, you will want to in-
crease these numbers to reduce the ray tracing expense. The
Theta Divisions and Phi Divisions control the number of rays
being created from each surface cluster. For most practical
problems, the default settings will suce.
(d) In the Ray File text entry box in the Select File dialog box,
enter rad dtrm.ray for the name of the ray le. Then click
OK.
FLUENT will print an informational message describing the
progress of the ray tracing procedure.
2. Retain the current under-relaxation factors for pressure, momen-
tum, and energy (0.3, 0.7, and 1.0).
Solve ,! Controls ,!Solution...
3. Save the case le (rad dtrm.cas).
File ,! Write ,!Case...
4. Continue the calculation by requesting another 100 iterations.
Solve ,!Iterate...
The solution will converge after about 70 additional iterations.
5. Save the data le (rad dtrm.dat).
File ,! Write ,!Data...
2.61e-04
2.32e-04
2.03e-04
1.74e-04
1.45e-04
1.16e-04
8.77e-05
5.89e-05
3.01e-05
1.26e-06
(b) Plot the y velocity along the horizontal centerline (Figure 7.14),
and save the plot data to a le called rad dtrm.xy.
Plot ,!XY Plot...
! You will need to reselect Y Velocity under Y Axis Func-
tion. Also, remember to turn o the Write to File option
so that you can access the Plot button to generate the plot.
y=0.5
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
0.00e+00
Y
Velocity -5.00e-05
(m/s) -1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
-3.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
2.62e-04
2.33e-04
2.04e-04
1.75e-04
1.46e-04
1.17e-04
8.82e-05
5.92e-05
3.02e-05
1.17e-06
(b) Plot the y velocity along the horizontal centerline (Figure 7.16),
and save the plot data to a le called rad do.xy.
Plot ,!XY Plot...
! You will need to reselect Y Velocity under Y Axis Func-
tion. Also, remember to turn o the Write to File option
so that you can access the Plot button to generate the plot.
y=0.5
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
0.00e+00
Y
Velocity -5.00e-05
(m/s) -1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
-3.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
3. Resize and move the legend box so that you can read the informa-
tion inside it.
(a) To resize the box, press any mouse button on a corner and
drag the mouse to the desired position.
(b) To move the legend box, press any mouse button anywhere
else on the box and drag it to the desired location.
Y Velocity
2.50e-04 Y Velocity (rad_dtrm.xy)
Y Velocity (rad_p1.xy)
2.00e-04 Y Velocity (rad_ross.xy)
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
0.00e+00
-5.00e-05
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
-3.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2. Compare the computed heat transfer rates for the four models.
The wall heat transfer rates predicted by the four radiation models
range from 3:49 105 to 3:94 105 W. The values are quite close
to each other, with the DTRM and the DO model giving identical
results.
3. Compare the y-velocity proles in a single plot (Figure 7.18).
Plot ,!File...
Note: You will need to use the Delete button in the File XY Plot
panel to remove the old XY plot data les.
5.00e-04 Y Velocity
Y Velocity (rad_dtrm5.xy)
4.00e-04 Y Velocity (rad_p15.xy)
Y Velocity (rad_ross5.xy)
3.00e-04
2.00e-04
1.00e-04
0.00e+00
-1.00e-04
-2.00e-04
-3.00e-04
-4.00e-04
-5.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1