Hanumanth Sunkara

Name: Andres Escobar

Robert Shields

PS ID: 0123456

Course Number: 1401

Course Name: Electrical Circuit Theory Lab 1401

Day and Date of Performance: Thursday and 06/08/178

Day and Date of Submission: Monday and 6/12/17

Experiment Number: Lab Report 1

Name of the experiment Signal Generation and Oscillators

1. Purpose

This experiment is an introduction to oscillator circuits that produce sinusoidal

signals.

2. Objectives

In result of this precise experiment many things were learned including how the

lead- lag and an untuned oscillator circuit such as the Wien Bridge oscillator

behave. This experiment also gave knowledge in learning how a tuned Colpitts

oscillator is used to when producing sinusoidal signals.

3. Equipment

For this experiment, you will need the following:

Multi-meter

Function Generator/Oscilloscope

Soldering Gun/Solder

Proto-board

Resistors: 1.5K, (2) 3.3K

Potentiometer: 10K

Capacitors: 100 nF (4)

LM 741 (Operational Amplifier)

4. Introduction

In todays experiment we will work with a lead-lag network. The lead-lag network

is used to compensate for the phase and not the magnitude. It can be used to add

or reduce phases between two different frequencies.

5. Procedures

5.1.Procedure 1: Lead-Lag Network

A Lead-Lag network is a reactive voltage divider in which the voltage is divided

between the impedance Z1 (series RC) and Z2 (parallel RC) as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Lead-Lag Network

The frequency of oscillation is found by the equation below

eq.1

where R= R1 = R2 , C =C1 = C2.

We are now going to construct a Lead-Lag network that has a frequency of

oscillation of 1000 Hz.

1. Calculate C for R = 3.3K and fo = 1 KHz using equation 1.

Answer: 48.22 nF

2. Calculate the magnitude and phases of the impedances Z1 and Z2 for the

frequencies 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 Hz. Draw a table and

write the results in polar form with magnitude in one column and phase shift

in another column.

Xc1 = 1/(2*f*C1)

Z1 = R1 j* Xc1
Mag(Z1) = (R12 + Xc12)

Phase(Z1) = - tan-1(Xc1/R1)

Xc2 = 1/(2*f*C2)

Z2 = R2*(-j* Xc2)/(R2 j* Xc2)

Mag(Z2) = R2*Xc2/((R22 + Xc22)

Phase(Z2) = -90 (- tan-1(Xc2/R2))

Freq Xc1 Xc2 Mag(Z1) Ph(Z1) Mag(Z2) Ph(Z2)

Hz ohms ohms (ohms) (Deg.) (ohms) (Deg.)

0 inf inf inf -90 3300 0

500 6603.64 6603.64 7382.55 -63.4486 2951.962 -26.5514

1000 3301.97 3301.97 4668.298 -45.0171 2334.148 -44.9829

1500 2201.31 2201.31 3966.835 -33.7058 1831.267 -56.2942

2000 1605.98 1605.8 3689.953 -26.5787 1476.509 -63.4213

2500 1320.78 1320.78 3554.501 -21.8132 1226.22 -68.1868

-71.5548
3000 1100.65 1100.66 3478.713 -18.4452 1044.112

3. Calculate the output voltage (magnitude and phase) at the frequencies. Use

the voltage across Z2 as the output voltage. Assume an input voltage of 4 Vp-

p.

Use Z1 and Z2 obtained in step 2. Convert Z2 to Rectangular form to get its real

and imaginary parts (i.e. Re{Z2} and Im{Z2}).

Vout = Vin * (Z2/(Z1+Z2))

Mag(Z1+Z2) = (Re{Z1}+Re{Z2})2 + (Im{Z1}+Im{Z2})2)

Phase(Z1+Z2) = tan-1((Im{Z1}+Im{Z2})/(Re{Z1}+Re{Z2}))

Mag (Vout) = Vin*Mag(Z2)/Mag(Z1+Z2)

Phase (Vout) = Phase (Z2) Phase (Z1+Z2)

Fre Re(Z Mag(Z1+
q Re{Z1} Im {Z1} 2) Im(Z2) Re(Z1+Z2) Im(Z1+Z2) Z2) Ph(Z1+Z2)
Hz ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms ohms Ohms ohms

t a n - 1 ( ( -
(436000
- - 00 - j6606.6235)/
3301.34 j6606.6 3300 6601.34438 j6606.623 j6606.623
0 4383 235 j0 3 5 5 ) (6601.344383))

t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (352912
- 2640. j1319.5 00 + j j7944.358426)/
3300.01 j6624.8 6295 28426 5940.63954 - 7944.35
500 3 43 3 j7944.36 ) (5940.6395431))

t a n - 1
( ( -
-
- 1650. j1649.9 (245122 j4951.899214)/
j3301.9 9843 99214 4950.98439 0 + j
1000 3300 97 7 -j4951.9 4951.9) (4950.984397))

t a n - 1
( ( -
- (186298
- 1016. j1523.4 00 + j j3724.737266)/
j2201.3 2225 27266 4316.22251 - 3274.74
1500 3300 1 1 j3274.74 ) (4316.22251))

t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (156866
- 660.6 j1320.4 00 + j j2971.452462)/
j1650.9 2947 72462 3960.62947 - 2971.45
2000 3300 8 63 6 j2971.45 ) (3960.6294763))

t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (141048
- 455.6 j1138.4 00 + j j2459.212949)/
j1320.7 4095 22949 3755.64095 - 2459.21
2500 3300 9 32 3 j2459.21 ) (3755.6409532))

t a n - 1 ( ( -
- (131795
- 330.3 j990.47 00+ j j2091.132526)/
j1100.6 5442 25256 3630.35442 - 2091.13
3000 3300 6 27 3 j2091.13 ) (3630.3544227))

4. Plot a graph of frequency (x-axis) versus output voltage (y-axis).

 O/p Vltg Vs Freq
1.4
1.2
Output (Volts) 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Freq (Hz)

5. Construct Circuit of Figure 2

Freq Vout Mag. Vout

Hz (Volts) ph.(Deg.)

500 868.299mV 39.12

1000 963.40mV no shift

1500 926.676mV 32.894

2000 894.34mV 46.12

2500 812.78mV 56.33

3000 745.844MV 61.23

I/P voltage set at 4 Vp-p.

Frequency Vout (p-p) Phase (Deg.)

(mV)

500 843.244mV 36

1000 942.80mV No phase shift

1500 908.31mV 29.16

 2000 842.94mV 43.62

2500 771.71mV 52.2

3000 703.57mV 58.32

6. Plot a graph of frequency (x-axis) versus output voltage (y-axis) using the

obtained measured values.

7. Compare the measured curve with the calculated one. Write your

observations. The measure curved resultant was predicted as expected. It

did not deviate as much from the calculated curve. Even though the

measured curve is the one we were basing our calculated curve, but the

measured on the oscilloscope shows the best results.

8. Compare the phase shifts for all the frequencies. Describe the phase shift

at the frequency of oscillation. The phase shifts between the current and

voltage ranged from 36 degrees 60 degrees using the frequency from

500Hz 3000Hz. The higher the frequency, the more distance between the

phase shift.
 9. Turn off the circuit. Do not disconnect this circuit; you will need it in

procedure 2.

7. Knowledge Evaluation

Answer the following questions and write them in your Worksheet and your

report:

1. What is the effect of varying input frequency on the output voltage of a

lead-lag network?

The output voltage of the lead-lad network increased as we increased the

frequency until 1000Hz. After a 1000Hz the output voltage of the lead-lag

network continued to drop.

2. What will happen at the output if the ratio Rb/Ra is

Greater than 2?

The output frequency will be lower

Less than 2?

The output frequency will be higher

3. To get an output frequency of 10 KHz using a Colpitts oscillator, suggest the

value of the inductor if all other components in figure 6 remain the same.

Answer :

1
fo =
2 LC
1
L= 2
(2 ) 2 * f o * C
1
L=
4 * (10 K ) 2 * 11n
2