218-228, 1997
1997Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR
All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain
ELSEVIER PII: S0140-7007(96)00052-7 0140-7007/97/$17.00 + 0.00
A computational model for the detailed design of finned coils has been developed. This
programme discretises heat exchangers into tube elements for which the governing
equations are solved using local values of temperature, pressure, physical properties and
heat transfer coefficients. Single-phase, condenser and evaporator cases can be
automatically treated using water, R22, R134a, and refrigerant mixtures based on
R32, R125, and R134a. The software can handle non-conventional coil circuits with
different numbers of inlets and outlets, non-uniform air distribution at the coil inlet face,
using smooth, wavy and louvered fins, and smooth and internally finned tubes. The
programme has been validated on seven finned coils using pure fluids, with and without
moisture condensation on the fins. Comparisons with tests show errors of less than 5%
on the coil duty and of the order of 30% on the refrigerant pressure drop. A performance
simulation of a coil using R22 and a ternary mixture is presented to validate the
programme algorithms developed for mixtures. 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd and IIR
(Keywords: heat transfer; heat exchanger; finned tube; battery; simulation; heat transfer coefficient;
pressure loss, calculation)
218
A. Bensafi et al. 219
Nomenclature
A Area Greek
a Constant for 'j' factor
Fin angle
Bo Bond number
A Change in quantity
Cp Heat capacity
e Void fraction
D Tube diameter
ATLM Log mean temperature difference
dt Temperature difference
# Dynamic viscosity
e Thickness
p Density
f Friction factor
7 Groove helix angle
F Heat transfer enhancement factor
v Kinematic viscosity
Fc Correction factor for cross-flow
r/ Surface effectiveness, fin efficiency
Fr Froude number
a Surface tension
g Gravity acceleration
Two-phase multiplier
G Mass flux
H Enthalpy
h Local heat transfer coefficient Subscripts
j Factor for air HTC calculation
a Air
(L/D)oa Equivalent length of tubing acc Acceleration
k, K Thermal conductivity
avg Average
Kres Lumped fin resistances factor
bt Bare (outside) tube
L Tube length
fin Fin
M Mass flow rate
fri Friction
n Constant for ~]' factor
i Element i, inside
Nu Nusselt number
in Inlet
number of grooves per tube
int Internal
P Pressure
sat Saturated, at saturation
Pr Prandtl number
bend Refers to 180 return bend
Q Heat transferred
L,I, liq Liquid
Re Reynolds number
lo Liquid only
P~er Fin efficiency resistance factor
m Mixture
t Fin thickness
out Outlet
T Temperature
r Refrigerant
U Overall heat transfer coefficient
res Resistances
x Vapour quality
t Tube
Xer Dry-out quality
o Outside
Xtt Lockhart-Martinelli pressure drop
tp Two-phase
parameter
tt Turbulent-turbulent
v, vap Vapour
vo Vapour only
w Wall
oo o.../ / f
Existing models Io o /
Many design models have been presented in the open
literature. Whether they are intended for the simula-
Refrigerant Refrigerant
tion of condensers or evaporators, they generally fall n
outlet inlet
into two broad categories: zone-based and detailed
models. Figure 1 Coil discretisation
The zone-based models divide the coil into several Figure 1 Schima du serpentin
parts, depending on the number of phases that the
refrigerant exhibits throughout the heat transfer
process (vapour, liquid and two-phase). Each zone Air flow fins
is then treated as a separate heat exchanger. One such
model is CANUT 1, which is based on the NTU
(number of transfer units) method. However, and
~ T a,in,i /
because of their oversimplifying assumptions and
approach, the use of these models is limited to
classical configurations and simple coil circuiting. In
IILIILIILIII[II
coils where moisture condensation occurs, their
refrigerant_
TLi ) Tubeelementi ]
T,i+l
results can sometimes be deceptive.
Detailed models are more rigorous because they
divide the whole heat exchanger into tubes or even
parts of tubes with their associated fins, where local
IILIIII]III[I]I
properties are used. /T a,out,i
For each tube, or part of tube considered, the
thermal and fluid flow performance are computed Figure 2 Discretisation of tubes into elements
using local values of temperature, pressure, properties
Figure 2 Ddcomposition des tubes en dldments
and heat transfer coefficients (HTCs). Ellison et al. 2,
Domanski and Didion 3, Huang and Pate 4, Oskarsson
et al. 5'6 and Domanski 7 presented various models. A zone-based model I is presently used at
None of their programmes could handle mixtures. CETIAT for coil simulation and design. However,
Haselden et al. s presented a detailed simulation because it heavily relies on experiments and can
programme for both evaporator and condenser only treat symmetrical circuits, it was desirable to
design. The model could treat parallel symmetrical develop a detailed model to conduct simulations of
configurations with intermediate joining or branching evaporators and condensers with better accuracy,
in individual circuits, and could handle refrigerant using either user-supplied or literature correlations.
mixtures. Horizontal and vertical flow orientation Desirable features of this computational tool are the
could be treated. Air velocity and temperature ability to handle mixtures, non-uniform air tem-
distribution at the coil inlet face was assumed to be perature and velocity distributions at the coil inlet
uniform, with the air HTC value being supplied as face and complex circuitries. CYRANO is currently
an input parameter. By performing tests with a being developed to that effect.
R22/R142b binary mixture in circuited vertical coils
using louvered fins and internally finned tubes,
Haselden et al. s derived heat transfer coefficient ComputationalApproach
enhancement factors and subsequently designed The design procedures for both evaporator and
novel heat exchangers for air conditioning duties 9. condenser are very similar. Consequently, both
However, the number of possible design configura- models have been included into a single computer
tions was limited and manual iterations were neces- programme. Circuitry is user-defined through an
sary. Further work was also required to handle input file, which must also contain all coil geome-
properly the effects of condensation of moisture on trical data and parameters for air HTC, if any are
the fins. available.
A. Bensafi et al. 221
this manner from inlet to exit. The calculations by Jung et al. 12 is computed from:
scheme is then repeated in a second loop, starting at
2fG 2ALi xl+l 2
the air inlet face, and independently of the refrigerant (aei, fri)tp = - - [ (~tp) dX (14)
flow direction. These two successive loops continu- DplAx Jx,
ously update the matrices of temperatures, pressure, When the vapour quality is greater than 75%, the
vapour quality and air humidity. By comparing two-phase frictional pressure drop is calculated from:
successive values of these parameters, residuals are
calculated. Convergence is obtained when these (Aei, fri)tp --~ (@vo)2 (l 5)
residuals reach pre-specified tolerances, which are (APi, fri)vo
set to 0.005 K for temperatures and 0.001 for vapour where the subscripts tp and vo refer to two-phase and
quality. vapour only, respectively. The two-phase multiplier
Upon convergence, the programme yields the total was calculated as recommended by Solimant3:
heat duty, the refrigerant outlet temperature, pressure
and vapour quality (averaged, if more than one (ibvo)2 = 1 + 2.82X'525 (16)
circuit), and the air outlet temperature and humidity. Once the tube frictional component of the pressure
For coils with multiple circuits, the refrigerant flows drop is calculated, the corresponding return bend
in the different branches are recalculated to result in pressure drop is computed with an equivalent (L/D)~q
individual circuit pressure drops that compare with ratio taken as 50, following current engineering
the average pressure drop value, within a specified practice 14.
tolerance.
vapour quality, the HTC is calculated by a linear water and air. Simulations using these derived
interpolation between the vapour phase and the coefficients will yield very accurate results.
transition quality HTCs:
h r = 10[(1 - x)h0. 9 + (x - 0.9)hvap] (17)
Webb correlation. The correlation proposed by Gray
and W e b b 26 for smooth fins can be used in the
absence of data from which to calculate air HTCs.
Enhancement factors for micro-finned tubes. In order Local values of the air HTC are calculated following
to take into account the effect of enhanced tubes on the method outlined by Domanski 7 to account for the
the refrigerant HTC, constant enhancement factors effect of the row number. Enhancement factors of
can be entered as input parameters, or can be calcu- 1.45 and 2.0 are taken for wavy and louvered fins,
lated. For evaporation and single-phase flow, the respectively.
enhancement factor is calculated from the inside
surface area augmentation factor due to the presence
Overall H T C for dry conditions
of the grooves (from their height, number, apex
and helix angles). For condensation, the enhance- Neglecting fouling and fin-contact resistances, the
ment factors are calculated as suggested in Cavallini overall HTC based on the total outside heat transfer
et aL25: surface is then:
2 -0.26 ( 1 1 etube ~-1 (23)
he, finned = he, smnothRx (BoFr) (18)
U = "hrAint/A l- ~sha ~ ktube'-~--m/Ai ]
with
where the surface effectiveness is expressed as:
2
IBo ~
glTrptd
- -
Fr = vv
Ab, t/Anns + ~ (24)
8ngO" ' g-d '
~s = Ab, t/Ann s + 1
~[2nsl(l - sin(7/2)) ] }
where Aint is tube internal area, Af.s is the fin's surface
nx [ lrd cos(7/2) Jr 1
area, Ao is the total heat transfer area, Ab,t is the bare
= (18, 19 and 20)
cos(3) tube area, Am is the mean tube surface area
(logarithmic average of tube inside and outside
where hc,sr,ooth is the condensation HTC calculated
surface areas) and r/ is the fin efficiency, ktu~ and
for a smooth tube, I is the fin height, d is the inside
etu~ represent tube thermal conductivity and thick-
diameter, ng is the number of grooves per tube, 7 is the
ness, respectively. Fin efficiency is calculated by
helix angle, ~ is the fin angle and ~r is the refrigerant
surface tension. The Froude number Fr is calculated approximating the rectangular fin area associated
with a tube element to an equivalent circular area, as
on the basis of the vapour flowing alone. The R x factor
suggested by Rich 27.
accounts for the heat transfer surface area increase due
to the grooves, and the Bond number Bo for the effect
of liquid surface tension. Air side H T C for wet surfaces
When the average fin surface temperature is calculated
Air side under dry conditions to be less than the water dew point of the air stream at
Liquid phase
y z x
User-defined correlation. Air side HTCs can be calcu- A pure B pure
lated using the following j-factor form: 0 ComponentB molefraction 1
j = a Re n (22) Figure 3 Temperature-concentration diagram for a binary
mixture
where a and n are user defined. For many coils, these Figure 3 Diagramme terap~rature-concentration pour un
coefficients have been derived from experiments with mdlange binaire
224 CYRANO: a computational model
temperature. Consequently, HTCs are transformed to Figure 4 Representation of a tube element as a non-
be based on 'enthalpic transfer' in order to take into adiabatic separator
account the transfer of mass from the air stream to the Figure 4 Representation d'un dl$ment du tube comme
fins when condensation occurs. s~parateur non adiabatique
Refrigerantmixteres
initialisation of the refrigerant and air temperature
profiles;
Thermodynamic behaviour
calculation of temperature and vapour quality at
When a refrigerant mixture undergoes phase change, the exit of each tube element in the two-phase
its temperature varies and the composition of the region;
liquid and vapour phases are different. Figure 3 shows condensing and evaporating refrigerant HTCs.
a temperature-concentration diagram for a binary
mixture of components A and B. Consider a mixture Refrigerant property calculations. A specific pro-
at the inlet of an evaporator, say at point E on gramme 2s was written to calculate thermodynamic
Figure 3. As it evaporates, the vapour quality and transport properties of ternary and binary mix-
increases and the mixture reaches point C. There, tures based on R32, R125 and R134a. It is based on
the saturated vapour and liquid phases will be a cubic equation of state and uses refrigerant manu-
represented by points V and L, respectively, and the facturers data for the transport properties. It was
corresponding compositions of component B will be then integrated to CYRANO.
y and x, respectively. As the mixture is further
vaporised, it reaches its dew point at P, where only Initialisation of temperature profiles. Depending on
a vapour phase exists. If it is further superheated, it whether it is condensing or evaporating, the refriger-
will reach state M, totally in the vapour phase. As this ant reference temperature for initialisation will be
diagram shows, the mixture composition in the two equal to the dew point temperature at input pressure
phases continuously changes from inlet to outlet-- (condenser), or to the entering temperature (evapora-
and so do the corresponding thermodynamic and tor). This reference temperature is used as a basis to
transport properties. For mixtures with a small initialise the refrigerant and air temperatures.
difference between dew point and bubble point,
the so-called 'temperature glide', the composition Temperature and vapour quality at exit of tube ele-
difference between vapour and liquid will not be ments in the two-phase region. This procedure is prob-
so important. But with larger glides, they must be ably the most complex to adapt to mixtures. Each
taken into account. heat exchanger element is treated as a non-adiabatic
The heat transfer process to mixtures therefore separator, as shown in Figure 4.
introduces more complexity to the computation First, an equilibrium calculation is made to
procedure. The detailed design model which was determine the liquid and vapour phase composition.
introduced previously must be modified to account These compositions will in turn be used to calculate
for the different thermodynamic refrigerant behav- transport properties for each phase. Pressure drops
iour. It is beyond the scope of this work to show in are then calculated, using the correlations for pure
detail all the required modifications to be brought to components and the mixture properties. Refrigerant
the procedures shown previously, hence only some of and air HTCs yield heat transfer rates, which are used
them will be explained. in partial air and refrigerant energy balances to
calculate enthalpies at exit of tube elements.
For ZRMs, the exit temperature is no longer the
Adaptation of the detailed design model to Z R M s
'saturation temperature' at the exit pressure as was
The main changes to the calculation procedure the case for pure components, but is uniquely given by
involve the following: the computed exit enthalpy and pressure, through an
equilibrium calculation, which also yields exit vapour
refrigerant property calculations; quality.
A. Bensafi et al. 225
40
3O S Coil N I
J
Coil N2
Coil N 3
/
A
2o v
Coil N 4
Coil N 5
~o
/ Coil N6
Coil N 7
0 10 20 30 40
Measured duty (kW)
Condensing and evaporating HTCs. Numerous reports properties of the mixture, hvap is the vapour phase
on condensation and evaporation have shown HTC with the vapour flowing alone, A T is the
marked differences between pure fluids and ZRMs, temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the
which depend on the nature of the fluids, as well as tube element, Cpvap is the vapour heat capacity and
on operating conditions, such as mass and heat fluxes. AQ is the heat transferred in the tube element.
Lower HTCs are generally obtained with mixtures, A similar method is adopted for evaporating
due to the effects of mass transfer resistance, and coefficients, where a correlation for pure components
sometimes to differing mixture properties. is first used with mixture transport properties. A
Local condensing coefficients for ZRMs are first corrected HTC is then calculated following the
calculated from pure component correlations based method outlined by Bivens and Yokozeki 31.
on mixture transport properties. Then, and following
the recommendations of Gayet e t al. 29 and Cavallini
Programme validation
et al. 2s, the local HTCs for ZRMs are calculated using
the method developed by Bell and Ghaly3 to account The model verification consisted of comparing the
for the effects of mass transfer resistance. The simulation results with test data from the CETIAT
condensing heat transfer coefficient hm for the mixture Laboratory for several coils. Experiments were
is expressed as: performed under severely controlled conditions in a
psychometric room. Duties were calculated from
1 1 -I ATCpvap (25) energy balances on both the refrigerant and the air
hm he AQhvap streams, and balances checked within + 2%.
where he is the condensing HTC for the mixture Table 1 shows all the characteristics of the coils
calculated for a pure component considering the used in the experiments. There were no means of
226 CYRANO: a computational model
0.6
o, Coil No1
0
Coil N3
o .4 /
Coil N 4
Coil N5
"5 Coil N 6
o
1.1 x Coil N7
o
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Measured pressure drop (bar)
F~-e 6 Comparison o f calculated and experimental fluid pressure drop for tested coils
Figure 6 Comparaison de la chute de pression du fluide, calcul~e et exp~rimentale, pour des serpentins testds
5500
5ooo ~
R22 evap.
:- R407C avap.
> 4000
" R22 cond.
3500 R407C cond.
,ooo
2500
55 65 75 85 95 105
Refrigerant flow rate (kg/h)
determining the air distribution upstream of the coil. Table 2 Inlet conditions for coil 1 performance simulation
Consequently, it was assumed to be uniform in all the using R22 and R407C
simulations. Heat transfer duty test data were Table 2 Conditions d'aspiration pour la simulation de la
reported for air under dry conditions and water performance du serpentin 1 utilisant du R22 et du R407C
flowing inside the tubes for coils 1 and 2, which Case Condensation Evaporation
provided coefficients a and n for the air HTC. Then
experiments were run for evaporating R22 on coil 1 Air inlettemperature(C) 30 20
Air inletwater dew point temperature 5
with and without water condensation on the fins. 5
Experiments conducted with coil 2 used condensing Air velocity(ms-l) 2.5 1.9
R134a. Coils 3-7 used condensing R22. Refrigerantflowrate (kgh-1) 60-100 60-100
Superheat at condenserinlet(C) 35
Temperatureat saturation(C) 50* 5'f
Inletvapourquality 0.2
Comparison o f simulation with experimental results
* Average value of bubble and dew point temperatures at
The comparison was made between simulated and inlet pressure for R407C.
experimental refrigerant duties and pressure drops. t Average value of inlet and dew point temperatures at fluid
Figures 5 and 6 show plots of the calculated versus the
experimental heat duties and pressure drops. The
pressure drops are well simulated, with errors around uncertainties. It is noteworthy that all calculated
30%. If pressure drops were compared on an absolute pressure drops for coils 4 and 5 are underpredicted
basis, the difference between simulation and experi- by about 30%. This can be explained by the fact that
ments would be of the order of the experimental both coils are equipped with internally grooved tubes.
A. Bensafi et al. 227
The comparison between calculated and experi- la simulation des performances Revue G~ndrale de
mental heat duties shows that the model predicts Thermique (1991) 353 Mai
accurate results with the user-defined correlation, 2 EUison, R.D., Creswick, F.A., Fisher, S.K.,
Jackson, W.L. A computer model for air-
both with dry and wet surfaces. It is noteworthy that cooled refrigerant condensers with specified
the a and n air HTC parameters were derived solely refrigerant circuiting A S H R A E Trans (1981)
from dry surface data with water. Duties are predicted 87 1106-1124
within around 5% for all coils. For wet surface 3 Domansld,P., Didion, D. Mathematical model of an
air-to-air heat pump equipped with a capillary tube
conditions the model predicts the duties within 1% Int J Refrig (1989) 7(4) 249-255
for coil 1, which proves that the enthalpic method is 4 Hnang, K., Pate, M.B. A model of an air-con-
adequate for detailed calculations. ditioning condenser and evaporator with emphasis
on in-tube enhancement Proc IIR Meeting, Purdue
(1988) 269-279
Programme validation for coils using Z R M s 5 Oskarsson, S.P., Krakow, K.I., Lin, S. Evaporator
models for operation with dry, wet and frosted sur-
It has not been possible to find experimental work faces. Part I: Heat transfer and fluid flow theory
with detailed data on coils using ZRMs. In order to A S H R A E Trans (1990) 96(1) 373-380
check the developed algorithms, a few simulation 6 Oskarsson,S.P., Krakow, K.I., Lin, S. Evaporator
models for operation with dry, wet and frosted sur-
cases were run. All cases were based on R22 and faces. Part II: Evaporator models and verification
R407C using coil 1. Table 2 shows the inlet operating ASHRAE Trans (1990) 96(1) 381-392
conditions used for the simulations. 7 Domanslld,P.A. Simulation of an evaporator with
The simulation results are shown in Figure 7. non-uniform one-dimensional air distribution ASH-
R A E Trans (1991) 97(1) 793-802
Larger duties are obtained for R407C, under the inlet 8 Haselden,G.G., Bensafl, A., Foumeny, E.A. The
conditions assumed to illustrate the calculation. In design of efficientheat exchangers for mixed refriger-
practice, the results may be different because of other ants cycles, Proc LChem Eng Conf, Leeds, in Heat
interacting cycle components (compressor, expansion Exchange Engineering: Advances in Design and
valve, etc.). Nevertheless, it noteworthy to mention Operation (Foumeny and FIeggs) (1993) Vol. 4, 1-
25. Honeysuckle International Publications, Brad-
that the results are very similar to those obtained by ford, U.K.
Ebisu and Torikoshi 32, who performed experiments 9 Bensafi, A., Haseiden, G.G. Further progress
with both fluids. with mixed refrigerants for power saving Proc Insti-
tute of Refrigeration, Session 1995-96, London,
U.K. (1966) 5-1-5-11
Conclusions 10 Threikeld,J.L. Thermal Environmental Engineering,
2nd Edn., Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1970)
A detailed model for the design of plate-fin-and-tube 11 Koyama,S. et al. Enhancement of in-tube condensa-
heat exchangers has been developed. The computa- tion of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures with a
tional approach discretises the heat exchanger into tube micro-fin tube, in Proc 18th lnt Congr Refrigeration,
New Challenges in Refrigeration, Montreal, 10-17
elements. Local values of properties and heat transfer August (1991) International Institute of Refrigera-
coefficients are used. Three-dimensional matrices of tion, Paris, Vol. 2, 439-443
refrigerant and air temperatures and pressures are 12 Jung, D.S. et al. Prediction of pressure drop during
generated. The model makes use of a double-loop horizontal annular flow boiling of pure and mixed
refrigerants Int J Heat Mass Transfer (1989) 32(12)
iterative scheme which reduces computational time. 2435-2446
Pressure drops are predicted with errors of the 13 Soliman,M. A general correlation for annular flow
order of 30%. Heat transfer rates are predicted with condensation Trans ASME, J Heat Transfer (1968)
high accuracy, with discrepancies of less than 3 % with 90 267-276
user-supplied air HTC parameters, and of the order of 14 Perry, Chilton (Eds.) Chemical Engineering Hand-
book, 5th Edn., McGraw Hill (1975)
5% if these parameters are not available. 15 Shah,R.K., London,A. L. Laminar Flow Forced Con-
The model can be used to select among alternatives vection in Ducts Academic Press, New York (1978)
at the design stage. With a few available air heat 16 Gnielinski, V. New equations for heat and mass trans-
transfer data, it can be used with confidence to build fer in turbulent pipe and channel flow lnt Chem Eng
(1976) 16(2) 359-368
up a coil thermal performance catalogue, under dry 17 Petuldmv,B.S., Kurganov, V.A., Gladuntsov, A.I.
and wet surface conditions. Heat transfer in turbulent pipe flow of gases with
The programme algorithm for the use of mixtures variables properties Heat Transfer--Soviet Research
was checked and yielded consistent results. Unfor- (1973) 5(4) 109-116
tunately, there were no detailed experimental data 18 Nitheanandan,T., Soliman,H.M., Chant, R.E. A pro-
posed approach for correlating heat transfer during
with ZRMs to check the programme results. As these condensation inside tubes A S H R A E Trans (1990)
data become available, a validation of the programme 96(1) 230-241
will be carried out. 19 Akers,W.W., Rosson, H.F. Condensation inside a
horizontal tube Chem Eng Symposium Series (1960)
56(30) 145-149
References 20 Soliman,H.M. The mist-annular transition during
condensation and its influence on the heat transfer
1 Armand,J.L., Molle, N. Caractrrisation des batteries mechanism Int J Multiphase Flow (1986) 12(2) 277
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228 CYRANO: a computational mode/
21 Shah,M.M. A general heat transfer correlation for International Heat Transfer Conference AIChE-
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Int J Heat Mass Transfer (1979) 22 547-556 28 Bemafi,A. Propri6t6s thermodynamiques et thermo-
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Mass Transfer (1989) 32(9) 1751-1764 N o 95 019, Mars (1995)
23 Jung, D., Radernlaeher, R. Prediction of evaporation 29 Gayet, Ph., Bontemp, A., Mm'villet, Ch. Condensa-
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ant mixtures Int. J. Refrigeration (1993) 16(5) 330- inside horizontal tubes Proc. 1st European Conf on
338 Thermal Sciences, Birmingham, U.K. in IChemE
24 Bensafi,A. Wide boiling refrigerant mixtures for Symposium Series No. 129, September (1982)
power savings, PhD Thesis, The University of Leeds, 30 Bell, K.J., Ghaly, M.A. An approximate generalized
U.K. (1994) design method for multicomponent/partial
25 Cavallini, A. et al. Condensation of new refrigerants condenser AICHE Symp. Series (1976) 69 72-79
inside smooth and enhanced tubes Proc Int Congress 31 Bivem, D.B., Yokozeki, A. Heat transfer coeffi-
of Refrigeration, The Hague, Netherlands, 21-25 cients and transport properties for alternative
August (1995) Vol. IVa, 105-114 refrigerants Proc Int Refrigeration Conf Purdue,
26 Gray, D., Webh, R.L. Heat Transfer and friction cor- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
relations for plate finned-tube heat exchangershaving U.S.A., July (1994)
plain fins Proc 8th Int Heat Transfer Conf Vol 6, 32 Ebisu,T., Toriko~i, K. Experimental studies on
Hemisphere, Washington, D.C., pp. 2745-2750 crossflow heat exchanger performance using non-
(1986) azeotropic refrigerant rulxtures Proc Int Congress of
27 Rich,D.G. Efficiencyand thermal resistance of circu- Refrigeration, The Hague, Netherlands, 21-25
lar fins and rectangular fins Proceedings of the Third August (1995) Vol. IVa, 163-170