Effects of Adding Propanol and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose

AARJMD VOLUME 1 ISSUE 17 (JANUARY 2014) ISSN : 2319 - 2801
A Peer Reviewed International Journal of Asian

Academic Research Associates
AARJMD
ASIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
EFFECTS OF ADDING PROPANOL AND CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE

(CMC) ON MIXING TIME AND MASS TRANSFER COEFFIECIENT IN AIR LIFT
LOOP REACTOR
ALI ABDUL RAHMAN AL EZZI*; GHAZI FAISAL NAJMULDEEN**;
RAMESH KANTHASAMY***
*Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Department of Chemical Engineering,
University of Technology, Baghdad,Iraq
**Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,
***Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering,
Abstract
The effects of superficial gas in the riser (Vgr) and liquid phase properties on the mass
transfer coefficient (KLa) and mixing time (Tm) were studied in 8 liter internal air lift loop
reactor (down comer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio = 0.249). Air was used as a gas phase.
Water, 10% concentration of the propanol aqueous solution was used as Newtonian liquid
and 2% of carboxyl methyl cellulose solution (CMC) was used as non-Newtonian liquid.
Superficial gas velocity varied from 0.01 m/s to 0.1 m/s and air is dispersed into the center of
the base of the riser by using a porous gas distributor. The experimental result shows that the
water- isopropanol system can significantly enhance gas holdup and increased the volumetric
mass transfer coefficient to reach the double that value in pure water and (Tm) generally
declined with increased flow rates of gas. The value of (K La) in the (CMC) solution is
approximately similar to that for water and (Tm) decreases with increases gas velocity.
Keywords: Airlift reactor; Mass transfer; mixing time; Liquid-phase properties
Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

www.asianacademicresearch.org
493
1. Introduction
Airlift reactors (ALRs) are suitable for many different processes. They are mainly used as
bioreactors in fermentation processes and in the biotransformation of many substances
(Snchez Mirn et al. 2002; Acin Fernndez et al., 2001). In wastewater treatment ALRs are
increasingly being developed (Frijters et al., 1997; Heijnen et al. 1997; Van benthum et al.,
1997 and 2000; Beun et al., 2002). Airlift loop reactors find extensive applications in many
areas of chemical engineering, especially for homogeneous as well as heterogeneous single
and multiphase systems due to their simple construction and operation, directed circulation
flow, good mixing and favorable ratio of interfacial area of energy dissipation rate per unit
volume, low investment, operational costs and relatively lower power requirements (Merchuk
and Siegel, 1988). Based on their configurations, airlift reactors can be classified into two
groups: internal-loop and external-loop airlift reactors. An internal-loop airlift reactor
contains a vertical baffle or a draft tube by which a loop channel for fluid circulation is
formed in the reactor. An external-loop airlift reactor consists of two vertical tubes (a riser
and a down comer) which are connected by horizontal connections at the top and bottom.
(Chisti, 1989). The intrinsic complicated hydrodynamic structures induced by bubble motion
and associated with weak interaction, have been recognized to be the key factors responsible
for heat and mass transfers. Because bubble-induced flows in the airlift reactor are identified
to be dynamic in nature, the time averaged flow properties cannot well represent the dynamic
governing mechanisms of flow structures. IL-ALR and EL-ALR have been widely studied
experimentally. Some of these studies focus on liquid velocity circulation, gas and solid
phase hold-ups (van Benthum et al., 2000) and on mass transfer (Nicollela et al., 1999). To
design and operate ALRs with confidence, the knowledge of gas-liquid mass transfer is
required to characterize the performance of the ALR. The main parameter used as an
indicator for gas-liquid mass transfer rate is the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (KLa). A
large number of researchers (Koide et al., 1983; Chisti and Moo, 1988; Choi and Lee, 1993;
Merchuk et al., 1994; Shimizu et al., 2001, Zhang et al., 2006; Tongwang et al., 2006) have
investigated the mass transfer performance in the ALRs together with their hydrodynamic
behavior. It was found that the knowledge of hydrodynamic behavior is critical for design
purposes because of their strong influence on mass transfer. The mixing time and circulation
time are important hydrodynamic characteristics of airlift reactors (Prokop et al., 1969).
(Weiland et al. (1984), Chisti et al. (1990), Choi et al. (1990), Petrovic and Posarac (1995),
Bentifraouine et al. (1997), and Yazdian et al. (2008)) investigated the effects of operating

494
parameters on the hydrodynamic behavior of concentric draft-tube type airlift reactors. They
observed a decrease in the mixing time with the decrease of the cross sectional area ratio
(Ar/Ad). They also observed the mixing time increases with increasing the top and bottom
clearances (Weiland et al., 1984; Yazdian et al., 2008). The top and bottom clearances do
exert an important effect on gas holdup, mixing time, circulation time, and mass transfer.
The analysis and description of the behavior of an ALR involve the study of characteristics
such as mixing and circulation time. It is necessary to get information about the interaction
between these parameters and the operation variable as well as the design variables, in order
to make a correct design of the airlift reactor (Michael et al., 1996). Many researchers
(Camarasa et al., 1999; Kelkar et al., 1983; Posarac et al., 1987) reported that the addition of
small quantities of aliphatic alcohols increased the gas holdup, in comparison to pure water,
in bubble columns (BCs), continuous BCs, draft tube airlift reactors (DT-ALRs), Along with
the changes in the gas holdup, the induced liquid velocity in ALRs is also affected by alcohol
addition. Although a large number of investigations contributed to the knowledge of the
effect of various parameters on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in ALRs,
available information frequently showed wide variations and conflicting claims. The
contradiction is regularly attributed to the difference in the reactor geometries, experimental
conditions and experimental techniques. However the present knowledge suggests that this
contradiction is brought about by some complicated phenomena taking place in ALR, such as
the bubble size distribution, internal liquid circulation, etc. (Samuel at al., 2005; Sarkar et al.,
2008; Wei et al., 2008; Giovannettonea et al., 2009; Zhonghuo et al., 2010). The purpose of
this study is to clarify experimentally the effects of the gas velocity and liquid phase
properties (viscosity and coalescing behavior) on gas hold-up, mixing time (Tm) and mass
transfer coefficient (Kla) in concentric-tube airlift loop reactor when the ratio of draught tube
diameter to column diameter is equal to 0.5 and the air is dispersion into the center of
the riser.
2. Experimental Section
A schematic diagram of the experimental setup used in this work is shown in Figures
1, 1a and 1. A concentric a plexiglass tube airlift reactor of an inside diameter of 0.9 m and
about a total height of 1.3 m with draught tube dimensions inside diameter of 0.045m and a
total height 0.9 m was used. The volume of the reactor was 8 liter and Ad /Ar=0. 249, where
the Ad is the downcomer superficial area (m2) and Ar is the riser superficial area (m2). The
water level in the reactor was 0.75 m. The draught tube was fitted with three support legs in

495
the upper and the lower end of the column so as to locate it in a central position at any
distance above the base. The column consists of two main sections, namely: the gas
inlet section and the liquid recycling testing section. The gas inlet section consists of a
gas distributor. At the bottom of this section, two lines are connected together before
entering the distributor section each line has a valve to be opened or closed as
required. One of these lines is the air inlet flow. Air compressor supplied the line with
the desired amount of air needed; in the experiment, the amount of air was measured using a
gas meter. The other line is the nitrogen gas inlet flow. The nitrogen was supplied from a
cylinder. A gate valve was used in the nitrogen flow, which must be shut off when
the air was sparged to the column, and must be opened during the desorption process.
The liquid testing section contains two openings, one for liquid out-flow and the other for
liquid in flow. The circulation of liquid in the column was achieved using a dosing
pump placed in the recycling line. A ball valve placed in the middle of the recycling
line was used to take various samples at various times to measure the concentration of
the dissolved oxygen during the operation. The water is fed to the top of the column
and discharged from the bottom of the column using a dosing pump. Compressed air at
(100-150)psig was supplied using a reciprocating compressor.The desired air flow rate
was set-up using gate valve and the amount was measured with a gas meter. The dissolved
oxygen concentration in the liquid phase was measured using oxygen meter device type
a (YSI-5100), which consists of a probe metal electrode. The liquid phase (batch)
consists of the following systems (only water, water-iso-propanol, water-CMC).The gas
distributor in Fig (1.c) was constructed from a ceramic material and the type is a multi
hole tuyere. The distributor has an equivalent pore diameter of 0.15 mm and a free section of
80%.

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a)
c) b)
Figure 1. (a) Experimental apparatus; (b) column; (c) gas distributor

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TABLE A1-Physical-properties for pure liquids at T = 20 oC
L
(Kg/m3)103 (CP) (dyne/cm) cm2/sec)
Water 0.998 1.002 72.86 1.004
CMC 1.008 K=0.012 ps.sn 73 1.23
n=0.8
Iso-Propanol 0.785 0.85 66 0.9792
The solution of CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) shows non Newtonian, pseudo plastic
behavior, which can be described by the power law of Ostwald and deweale:
t = K n
Where:-
K: Ostwald factor (consistency index)
n: flow behavior index
: shear rate 1/sec
T: shear stress
eff= n-1
where eff: effective liquid phase viscosity Pa.s
Y = 5000 Vg (Nishikawa et al., 1977)
Where Vg: gas velocity m/sec.
TABLE A2- Physical properties for mixtures used with various concentration at T=20oC
L
(Kg/m3) 103 (CP) (dyn/cm) (cm2/sec)
Water-Isopropanol 0.982 0.972 62.42 0.8932
10%
Water-CMC 2% 1.009 K=1.320 69 .09051
Pasn n=0.5
3. Mass Transfer Coefficient Measurements
The average gas hold up g was calculated from the equation (1) using the data of the clear -
liquid height (HL) and the height of the aerated liquid (HF) which was determined by visual
observation:

498
HF HL
g (1)
H F Vi / S o
Vi / So In Eq. (1) is a correction term for the volume of the draft tube (Kozo Koide, 1983b).
The physical absorption of oxygen in the air by the liquid was employed to determine the
mass transfer coefficient. A material balance of oxygen in the liquid gives:-
2.3031 g C Sa Ci
K La .Log (2)
t C Sa C o
Rearranging equation (3) gives
C Sa C i K La

C Sa C i 2.3031 g
Log .t (3)
Plotting the left hand side of equation (3) with (t), the average slope of the plot will give the
term K La 2.3031 g .The The value of (g) were determined as mentioned in (1), then (kLa)
can be calculated.
4. Mixing Time Measurement

Visual monitoring of acid - base reaction between HCL and NaOH was chosen among the
various methods presented in the literature for measuring mixing time.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H20
Methyl red was used as the indicator of the above neutralization reaction. Twenty milliliters
of 2N NaOH with about 30 ml of methyl red indicator were added to the liquid which turned
deep yellow. When the liquid was not deep colored, the further methyl red indicator was
added. After setting the operating conditions and at time = 0, an amount slightly in excess of
the stoichiometric quantity of 2N HCl solution (about 21 milliliters), placed in a small beaker,
was added to the surface of the liquid near the wall (Brennan - and Lehrer, 1976, Mavros, P.,
2001). The mixing time was taken at the time necessary to obtain a complete color change to
red. This technique is reliable (Brennan and Lehrer, 1976, Mavros, P., 2001). An average of
three measurements under the same conditions were taken. The technique has been used by a
number of workers [see for example the most valuable papers of Brennan and Lehrer (1976) ,
Hiby (1981) and Mavros, P., 2001].

499
5. Gashold Up And Mass Transfer Coefficient Results

Figure 2 shows the influence of gas velocity for different liquid phase systems (water, water-
isopropanol, water-CMC) on gas hold-up when the down comer-to-riser cross-sectional area
ratio = 0.249. The gas hold-up increases with increasing gas throughput (gas velocity), but
interact mutually, depending on liquid phase properties. The gas hold-up of isopropanol
solution is roughly twice that of pure water.
In the presence of alcohols, the bubbles become more rigid and hence have low rise velocities
resulting in a bubbly flow regime up to surprisingly high gas velocities (0.08-0.1 m/sec). The
viscous solution of CMC shows only slightly higher gas hold-ups than water, due to
accompanying coalescence inhibiting. In general, Low viscosity liquid exhibit bubble
disintegration behavior. Where as, a trend towards bubble coalesing behavior has been
observed with increasing the viscosity of the liquid media. Figure 3 shows the influence of
gas velocity for different liquid phase systems (water, water-isopropanol, water-CMC) on
(KLa) when the down comer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio = 0.249. The volumetric-mass
transfer coefficient (KLa) is a function of gas hold-up and mean bubble size. The Kla values
for water increases with increasing gas velocity because of the increase of the axial
dispersion coefficient DL. On account of the strong coalescence inhibition the volumetric
mass transfer in (water- isopropanol) system reaches twice the values of pure water.
The presence of alcohol surfactants increased the gas hold up in riser (gr). This was mainly
due to the suppression of bubble coalescence i.e. number of small bubbles produced in the
riser had an insufficient bubble rise velocity to escape from the liquid. The addition of small
amounts of normal aliphatic alcohols (iso-propanol) changes the hydrodynamics of a draft
tube air loop reactor (DT-ALR) while decreasing the surface tension. This leads to an
increase in the gas holdup and a decrease in the down comer liquid velocity, in all
investigated systems, in comparison to water.
6. Mixing Time Results

It appears that mixing time depend on many interacting (or interrelated) parameters, e.g.,
bubble size, bubble rise velocity and gas hold-up in addition to the physical properties of
1iquid. Figure 4 shows the effect of gas velocity for different liquid phase systems (water,
water isopropanol, water-CMC) on Tm when the down comer-to-riser cross-sectional area
ratio = 0.249. The figure reveals the following:

500
1. The mixing time for (water-CMC) decrease with increase gas velocity. Because of
increases viscosity and (water-CMC system which has a non Newtonian behavior) therefore
the tm larger than that in water.
2. The water - isopropanol system represents a strongly coalescence inhibiting system this
leads to a higher gas hold-up in the annular space which decreases the hydrostatic driving
force for liquid circulation, therefore the effect of gas velocity at the liquid circulation time is
approximately similar to that for water.
3. At high values of gas velocity about 0.1 m/sec the Tm of different systems become equal
because of the liquid velocities approach a constant value.
7. Conclusions
For the present study the following conclusions were made:-
l. The gas hold - up and mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing gas velocity, for
Vg 0.1 m/sec, when the down comer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio = 0.249 in the 8 liter
volume of lift loop reactor.
2. The mixing time decrease with increasing gas velocity for Vg 0.l m/sec in the air lift loop
reactor when the down comer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio = 0.249, and the reactor
volume equal to 8 liters.
Nomenclature
a Specific gas-liquid interfacial area based on aerated liquid volume m-1
Ci Concentration of dissolved oxygen at any time p.p.m
C0 Initial Concentration of dissolved oxygen p.p.m
CSa Saturated concentration of dissolved oxygen p.p.m
DC Column diameter
Di Diffusivity of oxygen in solution m2/sec
DL Axial dispersion coefficient (liquid) m2/sec
g Acceleration of gravity m/sec2
HL Static liquid height (m)
HF Aerated liquid height (m)
KLa Overall mass transfer coefficient, based on aerated liquid volume. (Sec-1)
t Time (min)
Vg Gas velocity (m/sec)

501
Greek letters
g Gas hold up
L Liquid phase density kg/m3
L Liquid phase viscosity (Cp)
L Kinematic viscosity of liquid phase (cm2/sec)
L Liquid phase surface tension dyne/cm
Subscripts
G gas
L liquid

502
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Figure 2. Gas hold up versus gas velocity for different liquid phase system
Figure 3. Mass transfer coefficient versus gas velocity for different liquid phase system

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Figure 4. The effect of gas velocity on mixing time for the different liquid phase system

508

Effects of Adding Propanol and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose

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AARJMD VOLUME 1 ISSUE 17 (JANUARY 2014) ISSN : 2319 - 2801

A Peer Reviewed International Journal of Asian

EFFECTS OF ADDING PROPANOL AND CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Figure 1. (a) Experimental apparatus; (b) column; (c) gas distributor

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

TABLE A1-Physical-properties for pure liquids at T = 20 oC

3. Mass Transfer Coefficient Measurements

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

4. Mixing Time Measurement

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

5. Gashold Up And Mass Transfer Coefficient Results

6. Mixing Time Results

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Frijters, C.T.M.J., Eikelboom, D.H., Mulder, A. and Mulder, R. 1997. Treatment of

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Separator. Chemical Engineering Journa.l 121: 1726.

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary

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