ISSN-2277-8780 G

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9635359025, 9434552238, 9434165623, 9635508115
e-mail : sanjitdhanicha@rediffmail.com
sarmiladas16@rediffmail.com
amiarani@rediffmail.com

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_K| 20 eQi eqm, Qvvevq i KiwQjb evsjv mvwnZi BwZnvm iPbvi
kgmva MelYv| eBwUi bvg efvlv I mvwnZ (1896)| `xbkP` mbi (1866
- 1939) efvlv I mvwnZ (1896) Awemsevw`Zfve evsjv mvwnZi mec_g
mywjwLZ BwZnvmI| cuvPeQii Kwb `xbk P`i m ZLbI iex`bv_i cwiPq
nqwb| mvvr nqwb evsjvi evN mvi AvZvli mI| efvlv I mvwnZ(1896)
cKvki cuvP eQi ci iex`bv_i m c_g cwiPq nq 1901 Lxt| AviI cuvP
eQi ci 1905 Lxt mvi AvZvli m c_g mvvr nq| wK Avgv`i gb
ivLZ ne `xbkP` mbi efvlv I mvwnZ MwU cKvki AvM mvwnZi Abykxjb `ywU L cKvk Kijb evsjv mvwnZi c_g mv_K BwZK_v; efvlv
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BwZnvm PPv ay evsjv fvlvZ bq, BsiwRZI nqwQj|
1820 RqbvivqY Nvlvji KiYvwbavb wejvm|
1830 Kvkxcmv` Nvli On Bengali Works and Writes.
1852 ijvj e`vcvavqi evOvjx KweZv welqK ce|
1853 Ckii Av`k kZvxi evsjv mvwnZ (msev` cfvKi cKvwkZ)
1853 we`vmvMii msZ fvlv I msZ mvwnZ kv welqK cve|
1869 nwigvnb gyLvcvavqi Kwe PwiZ (c_g L)
1871 gn`bv_ Pvcvavqi efvlvi BwZnvm(c_g L)
1871 ewgP` Pvcvavqi Bengali Literature (Calcutta Re-
view-Z cKvwkZ)|
1873 ivgMwZ bvqiZi evOvjx fvlv I evsjv mvwnZ welqK cve (wkvi
we`vmvMii AbyciYvq cKvwkZ)
1877 igkP` `i The Literature of Bengal.
1878 ivRbvivqY emyi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ|
1879 MvPiY miKvii (AqP` miKvii wcZv) e mvwnZ I efvlv|
1881 nicmv` kvxi eZgvb kZvxi evsjv mvwnZ|
1896 `xbkP` mbi efvlv I mvwnZ|
9 10
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Ki Zzjjb| wZxq msiY cKvwkZ nq cuvP eQii ga|
c_g msiY 14 m^i 1896|
wZxq msiY 14 m^i 1901|
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BwZnvm M evOvwji Rb efvlv I mvwnZ Dcnvi w`qQb| wZxq msiY 1910 Lxt `xbkP` KjKvZv wekwe`vjqi mbUi m`mc` gbvbxZ
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11 12
Zuvi efvlv I mvwnZ MwU 1896 _K 1941 Lxt ch 7wU msiY nqwQj|
wZwb RxweZ wQjb 1939 Lxt ch| wZwb `L MQb Zuvi efvlv I mvwnZ
MwU mg msiY nZ hvQ| Avi Ag msiYwUi f~wgKv wjLwQjb Zuvi cy
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Av`cv cvV Kwiqv GKwU msw cwiwk iPbv KwiqvwQjb, Zvnv Ag msiYi
klfvM mshvwRZ Kiv nBqvQ|
`xbkP` I iex`bv_ t
1896 Lxt hLb `xbkP` efvlv I mvwnZ MwU cKvk
Kib; ZLbI ch Kwei m cwiPq wQj bv| cuvP eQii QvU `xbkP`i m
iex`bv_i c_g cwiPq nq 1901 Lxt| evsjvi evN KjKvZv wekwe`vjqi KYavi
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ivgvqYx K_v Mi iZc~Y f~wgKv wjLwQjb wekKwe iex`bv_|
KweK_vK fi fvlvi Avew Kwiqv wZwb Avcb fwi PwiZv_Zv
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GB DcvqB GK `qi fw Avi GK `q mvwiZ nq| ...... f `xbkP` mB
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13
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cPvi BsiwRZ M cKvk Ki weki `ievi mvwbZ nqQb| wekl Ki civaxb
fviZel GKRb ^`kcwgK gvbyli ^`kPPv KiwQjb, mviv Rxebi AvZZvMi
ga w`q| BsiwRZ M wjL cgvY Kijb, fviZxqiv AvRvwZK gvbi jLK
MelK nZ cvib| BsiwRZ Zuvi Mwj nj -
1. Mediaeval Vaishnava Literature.
2. Chaitanya and his companies.
3. Folk Literature of Bengal.
4. Bengali Ramanayas.
5. Glimpses of Bengal.
6. Chaitanya and his age.
7. Bengal prose style.
8. Eastern Bengal Ballades.
9. History of Bengali Language and Literature.
10. Typical selections from old Bengali Literature.
DcwiwjwLZ 10 b^i MwU Zuvi cavb KxwZ| `xN f~wgKvmn KjKvZv wekwe`vjq
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cksmvc~Y mgvjvPbv cKvwkZ nq| 6 b^i MwUi f~wgKv jLb cLvZ divwm
cwZ wmjfuv jwf| 1 b^i Mi f~wgKv jLb KgweR wekwe`vjqi AavcK
R.wW. Gvimb| 4 b^i Mi f~wgKv jLb ^qs fviZi mwPe jW RUjv|
evsjv I BsiwRZ bq Eastern Bengal BalladesMwU divwm fvlvZ
cKvwkZ nq| cLvZ divwm mvwnwZK ivguv ivujvi evb c~eei cj-xMxwZKvi
divwmZ Abyev` Ki cKvk Kib| 1922 Lxt wc Ad Iqjm& mgvU Ag GWIqvW
KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K `xbkP` mbK wW.wjU. Dcvwa `vb Kib| 1911 Lxt
Zuvi History of Bengali Language and LiteratureMwUI AviI
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AvPvh `xbkP` c_g civaxb fviZxq huvi MelYvM wekLvwZ Gb w`qwQj|
evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi BwZnvmK K` KiB GB mvb ARb KiwQjb|
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23
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24
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25
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BZvw`| ZvB wkxi mvgwMK PZbvjvK I cKiY ixwZi ga AweQ` hvM eZgvb|
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K`hZv Zuvi mvwnZK k Kiwb, G hb Pig Paradox|
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my Abyf~wZF I KweZgwZ| wKZ `v t
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26
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c_ GKvKx Mgb KwiZwQj| w`bgwY AvPj Mgbv`vMx `wLqv Akvivnx `ZeM Dwbk kZKi wZxqva evsjv Dcbvmi AvZcKvk| ewgP`i HwZnvwmK Dcbvm
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Kwiqv Mvwj w`ZQ, KlvYKI wKQy wKQy fvM w`ZQ| gbvfvei cv_K ay Dcbvmi fvlvi evK MVb, evKi `N, k eenvi,
wef~wZf~lbi Dcbvm gyLZ wZbwU welq gvbyl, cKwZ I Cki| Zuvi mijZv ev evMe` BZvw`i ZviZg NU _vK| kxivgcyi wgkb, dvU DBwjqvg
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wewQb Kvb mv bq| Aciw`K gvbylK fvjvemB Ckii AwZi mvb cvIqv gvag nq DVj|
27 28
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29 30
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31
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33 34
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35 36
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37 38
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Kivi Pv KiQb| wK gvwbK e`vcvavqi Dcbvm wdDWvj I cuwy R KvVvgvK
wbgvY kjxi AviK Kvjvii evZv wbq nvwRi nqQ GB Dcbvm| bvqK bvwqKvi
fO ZQbQ Ki `Iqv nqQ| `cY (1944) Dcbvm ew Avi Mvgi gvbyli cgi Lvjv evZv GB Dcbvm bB, cgi cZvLvbI gbvwK RwUjZvq gvov
msMvgi Kvwnbx Dvj nq DVQ| Zviv Rqx nqQ| wK kniZjxi hkv`viv welv` AveMi evSv nq AvQ|
civ nqQ| ^vaxbZvi mgKvji cvi `ywU Dcbvm wP (1947) I ^vaxbZvi
^v` (1951) Av`vjb,wgwQj, mgvek Uvb Uvb| wPt `pPZv RbZvi Dcbvm wP Ges wPjKvVvi mcvB t
Avi ^vaxbZvi ^v` gywKvgx RbZvi wei agxq fveveM DrKw`K Pvc wav wP Dcbvmi cUf~wg I c-Ui eveZvUv AwaK iZcY~ | Avevi
KiZ Pvq, wK Zviv Rqx nq| wPjKvVvi mcvB DcbvmI GB evcviUv gyL| 1945 mvj wekhy kl nevi
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hLb gvbyli K_v dvUwb, hLb Zv`i ebRxeb, Bkvivq I bvbv D&rKU k wZbRb bvqKi wePvi I ` nIqvq mgM `k wevf PigvKvi aviY Ki| GB
KvRKvg PvjvZv, Avb RvjvZ hLb kLwb ZLbI Zviv AwZ wUwKq ivLvi wevf g cywjk I mb evwnbxi gaI Qwoq co|5 GB evweK NUbvi
jovB Rvwi iLQ| Zviv KZ jovB KiQ| Avwg ejwQ bv h mUv wQj Struggle icvqY nj wP| GB Dcbvmi NUbvi MwZ AwZ `Z, Pwi msLv AMbb| cLi
for the fittest Kbbv msMvg Ki KiB gvbeRvwZK hvMZvi cwiPq w`Z NUbvi cevn Pwi wgwQji mvZ Aek GKgyLx| gvwbK eRbi `q aZ `kcxwZ
nqQ| gvbe RvwZi ga hviv msMvg Rvwi ivLvi Zi AvZZvM Kij ZvivB Zv I Av`kK wbixY KiQb wbRi Rxebv`ki AvjvK|6
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wnmve| AvR mfRMZi AbK gvbyyl jovB msMvgi K_v bj bvK wmUKvq, wK nq IVvi c h_ AbyKj| 1966 mvji 19 Gwcj kL gywRei ingvbK
gvbemgvRi jovB Zv _g hvqwb| eis Avgiv AvR Aviv KwVb jovBZ co hkvi MdZvi Kiv nq| Rvwgb gyw w`q 23 Gwcj cybivq ZuvK Rvwgb AhvM
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39 40
_vK| GK Rj _K AviK Rj vbvwiZ nZ _vKb wZwb| kl ZuvK wbq
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loh gvgjvi gagwY nq IV Ges ZvK gy Ki Avbvi Rb Rbgbi cwZw`b
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41
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cywjki MvwoZ mIqvi|
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Ryvbi gv I ingZDj-v || wLwRi I AvjvDwb || Ryvbi gv I Kvgiwb ||
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I Zvi cwievii Abvb m`m|| Imgvb, kIKZ, Avbvqvi, AvjZvd I wmKv`vi
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I nvmb Avwj dwKi || Avbvqvi, PsUz I Avwje || beRDwb, Kigvwj I
cPvi evev (Kiv gj)|| Avbvqvi, bv`y I PsUz || Avbvqvii eo PvPv I gRvgvgv
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mshvM iLv, m nj AvbvqviK jLv Rvjvj gvvii wPwV| GB wPwVZ Rvjvj
42
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evwoi gvwjK ZvK iZ `q| `vZjvi fvovU gKeyj nvmbi AbycwwZZ Zvi Avwj ZLb H RRmvneK LuyRwQjv nb nq| (ct 226)||
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43 44
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45
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wMq cvifR I digvwj gvi Lvq| GZ Zvi gvbwmK Aev Aviv wecb nq|
AvjvDwb wgqv Gm ivMi gv_vq gyL GKUv Nywl w`qwQj, Avevi iyi eov
evbi nvvRev GmwQj, Imgvbi Kcvj mI GKUv e-v jvMvq| (ct 284)||
GZ Zvi Kcvj I VuvU KvU| GUv Imgvbi Av`jMZ cwieZbiI GKwU cqvm
eU| wK NUbv NU Mj| wK njv bv njv Imgvb Zvi wKQyB Dcjw KiZ cvi bv|
m aygv GKwU AveM cwiYZ nq|
AvLZvivgvb GB AmsjM KvwnbxfvMi ga GK jngvq GKwU welv`i
Qwe AvuKb| Avbvqvi mB Qwe `L| jUeni wbq VjvMvwoi m Mj gKeyj
nvmb| 1wU wiKkvq ivby I ivbyi gv| Avbvqvi Qv`i iwjO SyuK Zv`i `Ljv|
PvL gyQZ gyQZ ivbyi gv evievi Ici w`K ZvKvwQjv| ivbyI ZvwKqwQj GKevi|
w`b eov nQ, weKvj 5UvZI ivbyi Pzj iv` coQ, wK Zvi gyLi Ici
weKvjejvi Qvqv| ivbyi gyL Svcmv| (ct 285) Avbvqvi wK Ki gqwUK
`LZ cj bv| wea ImgvbI `LZ cj bv| GKwU welv`g~wZ m~hvi gZv
w`M Wye Mj|
Kigvwj Pj Mj h ImgvbK `Lvkvbv KiZv| Avbvqvi GKjv co
46
hvq| Imgvbi m Avbvqvi iziU LZ hvq| Imgvbi Rb Lvevi I Ab`i
Pv wbq Avbvqvi wPjKvVvq cek Ki| AvjZvd wePwjZ| Ryvb Gm Kx hb
Bkviv Ki Avi Imgvb Pj hvq Qv`| Szj wLwRiK z -WvBfvi Avvi c-vqvi w`Z
Pvq m| wK bvMvj cvq bv| wLwRiI k Ki bv| Imggvb Ijv PvBZB Ryvb
w`q `q| Imgvb Quyo `q h`yUv| wLwRi aiZ cvi bv| zy - WvBfviUv co
Qv`i KvY| Avi c-vqvi co hvq wbP| wbP wMq Ryvb mwU LuR
y Z _vK| `ovZ
`ovZ Imgvb nuvwcq hvq, acvm Ki Qv` em co| Avbvqvi wMq Kuva nvZ
w`ZB myeva evjKi gZv Zvi m Pj hvq| Imgvb IK weQvbvq ewmq `q| GB
NUbvq Imgvbi gbvRMr Aviv cwiewZZ nq| Avbvqvi Avi AvjZvd Zvi AcwiwPZ|
Zviv `yRb Kbj| m gy nZ Pvq| A_vr m ej AvMWyyg evMWyg Bb Lvjv
gvV| wK e KcvU| m Avew Ki `yBRb Kbj GKLvbv LvU, e KcvU
Bqm e KcvU| m evBi eivZ Pvq| wLwRii m wgjZ Pvq|
Imgvbi Qov Aviv eo nq| m bb Ki| Imgvb wiwjR Pvq| Avbvqvi
ZvK evwoZ `e ejwQj ej gb Ki| Avmj m evwoZ hZ Pvq wKbv Zv m
RvbZ PqwQj|
me wKQy wVKVvK e| Avbvqvii Lye Nygy cvq| m Af wb`vq AvQb nq|
Zvi cvqi avvq Imgvb RM IV| wLwRi ImgvbK Zvov `q evwoZ hvevi
Rb| Imgvbi cQve cvq| jyyw Zzj i Ki m, cvBc w`q cvwY Xvjvi gZv
Nywiq Nywiq Nii gai me wKQyi Dci cQve Ki wfwRq `q, evwK hUzKz wQj
mUzKz w`q wfwRq `q Dcyi nq kvqv mwUi(Avbvqvii) bv`ymby`ym cvQvLvwb|
wK Avbvqvii GZI Nyg fvOwb| Imgvb evwjki Zjv _K PvweMvQv wbq bq|
`iRvi Zvjv Lyj dj| wKy ewiq hvevi KcvU LyjZ cvi bv| Aekl Rvov
cvqi jvw_Z Imgvb KcvU Lyj dj| Imgvbi GB me ZrciZv Avbvqvii
Kvb wbqB avv w`wQj| wK m ZLb Avg~j Nyg we| (ct 301)||
KcvU Rvov cvqi jvw_Z KcvU LyjZ wMq MwZ mw nq,dj Imgvb
wMq co ivvi Dci wPrcUvs nq| wLwRii agK Imgvb jvd w`q IV| Imgvb
cv evovq| ivvi RbmvZ fm m PjQ Rbmb ivWi gvnbvq| m wLwRii
m cvj-v w`q cvi bv| m ej, Avnb! ...Gz Rjw` Kib Imgvb mve! GB ch
Imgvb gvbwmK wegi AveM Pj| Gici g~j Kvwnbx Avevi euvK bq|
wfvwiqv cvK Gm `yPi `Iqvi ci Imgvbi m wLwRii mshvM
KU hvq| ZvK Gevi GKvB c_ LuyR wbZ ne| eywoMv cvi nZ cvij ZvK
VKvq K?
GLb Avi cvmb bB, bB weg| RjRv GKUv kixi wbq Imgvbi
nuvUv Qvov Zv MwZ bB| Aekl Imgvb m~Y bZzb gvv cvq| m nq IV GK
cwiewZZ bZzb eZvi cZxK| Kviv mva bB h ZvK mB Imgvb MwZ ej
47
mbv Ki| (ct 304)||
GKwU `kev Av`vjb Pjj Kej mB `ki gv kni bMi ev
Av`vjbi cKwZ, ew I eZv Zzj aij Pj bv| ZvB H ev Av`vjbi
Kvjmxgvq Mvgvji cwiwwZI cvmwK| bPr m~YZ v Avm bv| ZvB wPjKvVvi
mcvB Dcbvm Avbvqvi`i Mvg I Abvb msjM Mvg I Zvi Awaevmx`i
RxebRxweKvi Qwe Zzj aiv nqQ|
knii Zzjbvq Mvgi wbwe wKsev evZ RbZvi Aev AbKLvwbB Lvivc
nq _vK| Kbbv Zzjbvg~jKfve Mvg mvgZvwK Pvc ewk _vK,Avi _vK bvbv
eg~j msvi I AjwKK avb aviYv, hv mvgZvwK kwK mg_b Ki| eivMx
wfUv Ggb GKwU ekeZx aviYvi welq|
Lqevi MvRx Mvgi gvZei, Zvi K_vZB mKj IV em| WvKvZ gviv
Pi Zvi wekvj eo Mii ev_vb nvmb Avwj dwKii Aaxb AvQ| m Zvi VKevwRi
mvKi`| cvkeZx bvbv Mvg _K ivZi ejv Zv`i jyUivevwnbx Mi ej` jyV
Gb Rgv Ki H ev_vb| beRDwb, Kiv gj (cPvi evc), Kigvwj, bv`y
civgvwbK`i Mi ej` Pzwi nq hvq| G aiYi Pzwi mKj Mvg PjZ _vKvq Mwie
gvbyliv Zv`i Pvli KvhgZv nvivq, mKj w nq IV|
Avbvqvi XvKv _K Zv`i Mvg Avm KwgDwb cvwUi msMVb Kiv hvq
wKbvv Zvi Rb| bv`y civgvwbKi Qj PsUz KwgDwb Av`vjb bZv Avwjei
AbyMvgx| Zviv Mvg Mvg wbcxwoZ gvbylK msMwVZ Ki Lqevi MvRx, Avdmvi MvRx,
nvmb Avwj dwKi`i wei PsUz Avwjeiv nvmb Avwj dwKiK cywoq gvi|
Rvjvj gvvi Lqevi MvRxi m AvbvqviK cwiPq Kwiq `q `yRbB
`yRbK gvc|
eivMx wfUv MY Av`vjZ eme| PsUz IB wfUvi Ici cmvwiZ eUMvQi
Wvj Szwo BZvw` cwivi Ki AbKB gb Ki GBRb Zvi Dci wRb wZKi
cfve coe|
eivMx wfUvq MYAv`vjZ em| Lqevii gZz` NvwlZ nq| Avdmvii
me mw RbMYi ga eU `evi wmv nq| PsUy avivjv KzVvi wbq Zix,
Av`k cjB m Lvjvm ne| Rvjvj gvvi Avi Avbvqvii Abyiva Lqevi
Ryvi bvgvR coevi Rb ek mgq cq hvq| Avi mB duvK w`q Lqevi cvwjq
hvq| Aek GB KvR AvIqvbx jxMi Qv msMVb kqvj eyw LvwUq cvnvivi
iYfvM AvjMv Ki `q|
kl gywRei ingvb gyw cvIqvi dj AvIqvbx jxM AvBqyecx MYZx`i `j
bIqv i Ki| mUv kni i nqQ AvM, ci MvgI i nq| myhvMi
menvi Ki Avdmvi MvRx| PsUzK jvK w`q gi `q| Avwje wdi Avm bv|
m aiv co Lybi gvgjvq| Avdmvi evRxi AvqvRb eivMx wfUvq AvIqvbx jxMi
mfv Pj| AvIqvbx jxMi Wvbvi Zjvq mvgcx cfyiv VuvB bq| Av`vjbi Zvov
48
kni I Mvg Kg hvq| Zviv kL gywReii evYx DZ Ki| GB Kqw`b Kvidz
w`qI Avb bfvbv hvqwb| AvR GZv gvbyl ewiq Gjv kvjvi Avb GKevi
wbf fvjv? (ct 259)|| nuv wbf Mj Zv| bZviv Rj XvjZ i Ki me
RvZxqZvev`x eZvq fvBme, ... eez kL gywRei ingvbK Avgiv cwg
cvwKvbx`i nvZ _K gy Ki GbwQ| GB Kve, GBme `vjvbKvVv - me GLb
Avgv`i mw| ... Gmei wZ mvab Kiv gvb wbR`i evwoZ Avb jvMvbv|
(ct 260)|| Avevi Mvg Mvg eivMx wfUvi RbmfvZI cvq GB K_viB iYb kvbv
hvq| fvBme, AbK msMvg, ZvM I wZwZvi dj Avgv`i Av`vjb AvR
mvdji vi cv| evOvjxi RvZxq bZv eez kL gywRei ingvbK evsjvi
gvbyl AvR cwgv`i KvivMvi _K gy Ki GbQ| ... Avgiv hw` wbR`i ga
nvbvnvwb Kwi| evOvjx nq evOvjx evwo RvjvB, GK nZv Ki, Ii dmj KU
wbR`i ga f`vf` mw Kwi Zvi myhvM be Kviv ? A_vr GBme bZv gvbylK
Zv`i eni gywi Av`vjbi c_ hZ wbla Ki Ges hviv Avb cvwL Zv`i
Av`vjb bvbv fve wbwfq `q|
AvLZvivgvb Bwjqvm 1967 _K 1969 ch, kL gywReii gyw
jvf ch, c~e cvwKvbi ivRbwZK cvcU webvm KiZ wMq kni I Mvgi
Dfq i mvgwMKZvi bvbv w`K Qwei gZv Zzj aiQb| GB KvRwU KiZ wMq
wZwb Zvi wPjKvVvi mcvB Dcbvm g~j Kvwnbx I DcKvwnbx ev mnKvwnbxi
ga mgvivj mK vcb KiQb Ges Zv njv evOvjx RvZxqZvev`x aviYvi
bkv aivbvi AveMmRb| Aek jLK GUv Pvbwb| wZwb Zv ImgvbK bZzb c_
PvwjZ KiQb| Imgvb I Avbvqvii Awfbe hyyMj Pwi we^ gawe kwYi
wbgvn I KVvi mgvjvPbv Kivi ciI wK jLK mB kwYi gaI bZzb `vM
Luy R cvb; wbeMxq wLwRi I PsUzi va I `vn, Zv`i mgqnxb ec-weK
Awfhvvq cwiewZZ gawe kwYi mse`bkxj Aski GKw`b kvwgj nIqvi mvebv
`Lb AvLZvivgvb Bwjqvm|13
^vgx weeKvb` Zuvi ` RvMiY ce h ` aviYv w`qQb,. g~jMZfve
Zvi ga kwYMZ eZv bB, AvQ mgwMZ Awfew; weMZ w`KwUI bB,
AvQ PZzeYMZ Aevbg| iex`bv_ Zuvi Kvji hvv ev i_i iwk bvUK h
``i wb`k KiQb, Zv g~jZ mgvRi wcwQq cov ev wcwQq ivLv gvbyli KZ Zi
K_v ejQb| Avi AvLZvivgvb Bwjqvm ejjb wcZcwiPqnxb wcwP`i K_v,
Mwie gvbyljvi K_v mnvbyf~wZkxj gawei GKwU Aski kvwgj nevi K_v|
wewUk kvmbvaxb mgM fviZevmxKB Zv weeKvb` ` ej AwfwnZ
KiQb, mgM fviZevmxi RvMiYI NUwQj, ZvB Zviv AvR ^vaxb, wK fviZxq`i
kvmbvaxb h mg fviZevmx AenwjZ cvevmx cvq ew ^vaxbZvnxb nq coQ,
Zv`iI GKw`b RvMiY NUe| Avi AvLZvivgvbI Avkv Kib h mnvqK kwi
mnhvM wbeMxq`i GKw`b DZb NUe|
49
cvPxb fviZi wkv eevi
weeZbi wewfb w`K
Wt kwgjv `vm
xy!y !%y# # x ~v%
mvaviYfve aiv nq cvPxb fviZi BwZnvmi m~Pbv NU Avh AvgY Gi mgq
_K|1 Avhiv fviZ Avmvi ci _K fviZ wjwLZ Dcv`vbi cvPzh j Kiv
hvq, Zvi Dci wfw KiB fviZi cvPxb BwZnvmi mgqKvjK g~jZ `ywU fvM fvM
Kiv hvq, h_v - c_g chvq A_vr 2000 Lxt c~e _K 200 Lxt c~e Ges wZxq
chvq A_vr 200 Lxt c~e _K Lxxq mg kZvx ch|2 GB chvq `ywU wefvwRZ
nqQ g~jZ agi wfwZ| evY ag Ges cieZxKvj e ag cvPxb fviZ
cvavb wevi KiwQj| ag ay hyM wefvRbB bq, Mfxi cfve djwQj gvbyli
RxebPhvq Ges mgKvjxb wkv eevq| Avh mfZvq mgvR Rxeb AbZg wQj
RvwZ eev| Y I Kgi wfwZ mgvR mw nqwQj evY, wq, ek I `
GB PviwU eYi| GB eY eevi GKwU A wQj PZzivkg eev| GB eev Abymvi
gvbyli RxebK PviwU chvq wef Kiv nqQ| GB PviwU chvqi c_gwU nj
ePhvkg A_vr wkv jvfi mgqKvj| Gici wQj Mvn , evbc I mbvm Rxeb|
ePhvkgi Dj-L cvIqv hvq FK - ew`K hyM _K|3 ePhvkgi c_g wZbwU
eYi gvbyl wkv jvfi myhvM cZ, wK cieZx ew`K hyM axi axi mgvR
RwUjZv ew cvIqvq evY Qvov Abvb RvwZi AwaKvi mzwPZ nq| ii Avkg
cvKwZK - kv cwiek, wkv_xK ePhvkg cvjb KiZ nZ| i I Zuvi cZx
wQjb wkv_xi wcZvgvZv ^ic, i ev wkKi m wkv_xi mK wQj wcZv I
mvbi bvq| Dcbqb Abyvbi ga w`q wkv Avi nZ, evY, wq I ek
cwievii Qjiv c_g w`K Dcbqbi AwaKvi cZb, gq`iI cyivKvj
Dcbqb nZ ej wZkvKvi hg I nvixZ ge KiQb| Ze evYvw` M
GaiYi Kvb Dj-L cvIqv hvq bv|4 evY wkv eevq mZ vb jvf I AvZvi
gywi DciB mevwaK iZ `Iqv nZ, GB wkv eev wkv_xi ew^vZZvi
Dci cwZwZ wQj|
ePhvkg wkv_x - wkKi KvQ _K wewfb vb jvf KiZb,
cieZxKvj AviI `yB aiYi wkvcwZvbi AwZi K_v Rvbv hvq (1) weZK
mfv ev cwil` - hvi AbZg iZc~Y mw nj Dcwbl`| AbK hv Zvi evBi,
wfZi gvbe RvwZ GK I GKvZ, GB g~j fvei Dci Dcwbl` iwPZ| (2) cwZ`i
mgvek mfv, AbK mgq ivRviv GB aiYi mfv Avnvb KiZb|5 Ze evY
50
wkv eevq cieZx ew`K hyM _K wewfb eYi gvbyli Kgi Dci iZ Rb Aby`vb c`vb KiZ, ay ivRv ev iv bq mgvRi wewfb abx ew ev
Avivc Ki RvwZMZ wef`K axi axi cKwUZ Kiv nq, dj ew`K wkv RvwZ DPivRKgPvix wkv eevi ccvlK wQjb| ag ev wkvi Rb wbi Rwg (AMnvi)
eevi Dci wbfikxj nIqvq, evY`i cvavbB cwZwZ nq| ev Mvg `vbi e wb`kb cvPxb fviZ cvIqv hvq|7 Ze GB Rwg `vbi ceYZv
AvavwZK I cvw_e RMr viv GB mgq gvbyli Rxeb AvewZZ nZ| wkvi hyMB mePq ekx j Kiv hvq|
viv gvbyl GB `yB RMZ Zvi AwZ eRvq ivLvi Rb DchvMx nq DVZ Pv cvPxb fviZ wkv eevi c_g chvq A_vr 2000 Lxt c~e _K
KiZb| Gi m iZ cZ wkv_xi Pwi MVb| evY wkvi j wQj g~jZ 200 Lxt c~e gaeZx mgq AvavwZK welq wekl iZ cvIqvi KviY GB mgq
wZbwU - mZ - vb AvniY, mvgvwRK KZe I agxq AvPvi - AvPiY cvjb wkvjvf wkv eevi Afy nqwQj hvM - h, wewfb agxq AvPvi Abyvb wkv Ges
Ges GB mei Da Pwi MVb| GB j cuQvbvi Rb civwe`v I Acivwe`vK KQmvabv| GB mgq gv ev gyw jvfB wQj Pzov j| mgq cwieZbi m m
evY wkvi Afy Kiv nq| gyKv cwbl` Awiv ejQb, FK, mvg, hRyi, ewMZ mwi De, ckvwfwK Rxebi RwUjZv ew, ivbwZK PZbv BZvw`
A_e e`, wkv, K, evKiY, wbi,Q` I RvwZl Ges GB aiYi mKj wKQyB gvbylK evegyLx Ki Zvj Ges Lxt c~e wZxq kZKi c~e _KB gk evY
nj Acivwe`vi Afy, civwe`v nj aygv cig cyil jvfi nZz|6 aygv agi cfve KgZ _vKvq AvavwZK wkvi cvkvcvwk iZ cvq evegyLx Ges
cyil wkv_xivB bq,gwnjvivI ew`K mvwnZ cVb cvVb KiZb, GgbwK e we`~lx nvZKjg wkv| weewZZ mgq cvPxb fviZ mvwnZ , evKiY, ivZ, `kb,
gwnjv ew`K mvwnZ iPbv KiQb Ggb cgvY e Dcv`vb _K cvIqv hvq, ZKkv, KvwiMix Ges wevbwfwK welq hgb - wPwKrmvkv, mvgwiKkv, Mn
ew`K hyM we`~lx gwnjv g iPwqZviv FwlKv Ges eevw`bx bvg cwiwPZ nZb| wevb, miwevb, MwYZ, A_bxwZ BZvw` GQvov hv`ywe`v I wkwfwK chyw
ew`K hyMi Dj-LhvM FwlKv njb - ivgmv, jvcvg~`v , Acvjv, Nvlv, cjgx welqic iZ cvq|8 GBme welqwji ga wPwKrmv wevb Lxt c~e PZz_ kZvxZ
cgyL| wK cieZx ew`K hyM _K bvix`i ^vaxbZv axi axi mzwPZ nq, Zv`i weklfve cmvi jvf Ki hv fviZi evBi _K AvMZ we`kx`i KvQ g~jZ
wkvjvfi AwaKviI nvm cvq, Gici gk Zviv Atcyi wewfb wewawbla Ave MxK`i KvQ wekl AvKlbxq welq cwiYZ nq| ew`K hyMI wPwKrmv wQj GKwU
nq cob| Dj-LhvM ckv| A_ee` cwKvwb m~vwY Aavq bvbvaiYi evwai I Zvi
ew`Kvi hyM agxq cwieZbi evZveiY mw nq, hvM-h cavb cwZKvii Dj-L AvQ| Ze wPwKrmKiv cqvRb mgvRi mKj ii gvbyli
I eqej ew`K ag Avi gvbylK Zgbfve AvK KiZ cvij bv| ew`K hyMi KvQ hZb ZvB mgvRcwZiv wPwKrmK`i wekl kvi PvL `LZb bv| ZLbKvi
kl ce cvwicvwkK Aevi Pvc evY ag Zvi iZ nvivq, g~jZ `ywU cwZev`x mgvR wPwKrmK`i Akvi welqwU kZ c_ evYi eYbv _K evSv hvq|9 Ze
ag e I Rb ag evY ag cvavb nvm Ki| GB `yB ag ay mgvR A_bxwZZ cieZxKvj wPwKrmK`i iZ wPwKrmvkvi RbwcqZvi mv_ mv_ ew cqwQj|
bq mgKvjxb wkv eevi DciI cfve wevi KiwQj| e I Rb agi ga RxeKi M _K cvPxb fviZi wevb mK Rvbvhvq| RxeK wbR Zkxjvq
e agi cfveB wQj wkvi Dci h_ ekx I my`~icmvix| e wkv eevq mvZeQi wPwKrmvkv AaqY KiwQjb|10
iMni Kvb AwZ wQj bv, GLvb wkv `Iqv nZ e msN I wenvi| GLvb Zkxjv fviZi cvPxbZg wekwe`vjqic LvwZ ARb KiwQj| Kw_Z
e `kbi Dci wfw Ki wkv c`vb Kiv nZ| Ze e wkvi m evY AvQ ivRv ZKi bvg Abymvi Zvi cy fiZ GB cwZvbwU Mo ZzjwQjb| GwU
wkvi Kvb mv`k wQj bv GK_v ejv hvq bv Ze emv`ki cwigvY wQj h_ cvPxb Mvvii ivRavbx Aj Mo DVwQj| wkv cwZvbic Zkxjv Lxtc~e
ekx| Dfq wkvi jB wQj gv ev wbevY jvf| Ze e `kbi cfve wkvi l kZK _KB LvwZi Pig wkLi cuQvq| Ze GB LvwZ AbKvskB GB
Dci evY`i GKQ cvavb LwZ nq Ges e wkv eev AbKvsk MYZvwK cwZvbi hvM wkK`i Dci wbfikxj wQj| cmbwRr, RxeK, cvwbYx Ges
wfwi Dci Mo IV| GLvb hvMZvB wQj wkvi cavb gvcKvwV, RvwZ ev eY bq| KwUj Giv mKjB wQjb Zkxjvi Qv|11 GB cwZvb evY I ewkv
Ze c_g w`K gq`i Rb Kvb eevB e wkv cwZvbwjZ wQj bv| GKB m iZ cqwQj| igkP` ` GB cm ejQb, e aggZ fviZi
cvPxb fviZ wkv eev cwiPvjbvq ivi Zgb Kvb f~wgKv wQj bv| cPwjZ agi Kvbic weivPiY KiZ Pv Kiwb| ZvB e kZvx ai `yB
cvVg iPbv _K wkv cwZ, wkv_x wbevPb ev fwZ mKj welqB wbfi KiZ aggZ (evY I e) cvkvcvwk Aevb Ki GK Acii cwZ mwnzZvi `v
wkK ev wkv cwZvbi Dci| GgbwK cvPxb fviZ wkKi bvgi Dci vcb KiQ|12 Ze GB cvPxb HwZnkvjx wekwe`vjqwU 455 Lxt bvMv` Y`i
wkvK`i RbwcqZv AbKvsk wbfi KiZ| Ze iv wkv cwZvbwj cwiPvjbvi AvgY asmcv nq|13
51 52
cg kZvxi ci bvj`v AbZg DPwkvi cwZvb ic Mo IV| Ze GB Central Book Agency (P) LTD,Calcutta,2001,PP. 17
cwZvbwU AkvK Zvi Rbvb mvwicy Mo ZzjwQjb ej Rvbv hvq| GB 3. fviZ BwZnvmi mvb(1g) w`jxc Kzgvi Mvcvavq, mvwnZvjvK,
wkvK`wU hyM, nlhyM GgbwK cvjhyMI Zvi AwZ eRvq ivLZ mg nq| KjKvZv,2000, ct 131 - 132
bvj`v wekwe`vjq vZKvi welqwjZ weklxKiYi myweav wQj| GB 4. cv, ct 130
wekwe`vjq fwZi eqm wQj 20 eQi| Ze GKgv hvM QvivB Zv`i gavex 5. Ibid B. R. Purkait, PP. 16
wfwZ bvj`vq covi myhvM cZb| Gi cVb cvVbi gvb GZ DbZ wQj h 6. Education in India: Past, Present, Future - Jyoti
we`ki e Qv GLvb wkvjvf Drmvnx nb| GLvb e Qv GmwQjb Pxb, Prasad Banerjee, Central Library,
wmsnj, mygvv, Rvfv I wZeZ _K| wK cvj mvgvRi cZbi m m bvj`v Koikata,2007 (7th Edition),PP. 48
wekwe`vjq asmcv nq|14 7. cvPxb fviZi A_bwZK BwZnvmi mvb - iYexi PeZx, Avb`,
bvj`v QvovI DifviZi AbZg cvPxb wkvcwZvbwj nj - KjKvZv, 1411 (2q gy.) ct 272 - 274
wegkxjv, ejfx, RMj cfwZ| GB wkvK`wjiI h_ mybvg wQj| `wY 8. Ancient India - R. C. Majumder, Motilal Banarasidass,
fviZ gw`ii Aby`vbi wfwZ Mo DVwQj DPwkv K`wj| cj-e, PvjyK, Delhi, 1971 (6th Edition),PP 452.
ivKU Ges Pvj`i wewfb ckw Ges ZvgdjK wkv cwZvbi Rb Aby`vb 9. cv, w`jxc Mvcvavq, ct 135
c`vbi wb`kb cvIqv hvq| `wY fviZi Dj-LhvM wkvcwZvbwji ga 10. WWW. Education System in Ancient India _
wQj ivKU ivRZ mvjvrwM, cj-e ivRv`i ccvlKZvq Mo IVv wkv cwZvb, SciForums _ com.htm (15th Nov.2009)
GQvov wQj wZifveivBDi I gvjKvcyig bvg DP wkvK`|15 11. Ibid , J. P. Banerjee,PP. 70
myZivs cvPxb wkv eev wQj wekl DbZZi, evY wkv eevi Avkg 12. Civilization in Ancient India - R. C. Dutta,PP. 127.
wkv mgM cvPxb hyM Zvi iZ m~Y nvivqwb| Zvi cvkvcvwk DPwkvi GKvwaK 13. Ibid, R. C. Majumder,PP 456 & WWW. Education
K` Mo DVwQj hLvb Dfq agiB h_ cfve wQj| Ze evY wkv eevq System in Ancient India _ SciForums _ com.htm
AvavwZK welqwjK wekl iZ `Iqvq evY`i h cvavb cwZwZ nq, 14. Ibid , J. P. Banerjee,PP. 72
eag I `kb mB cvavbK AbKvsk Le Ki wkvq MYZvwKiY NUvq| 15. Ibid , J. P. Banerjee,PP. 77
GQvovI wkvi cvVm~wPZ `kb mvwnZ QvovI eenvwiK welqwj wekl iZ
cvq Ges cw_exi wewfb cv wkvbyivMx gvbyl I chUKiv GB wkv eevi
AvKlY cvPxbKvj wewfb mgq fviZ Avmb| Ze cvPxb fviZi wkvi GB
Ygvb I wekLvwZ ewntk cavbZ gymwjg AvgY AbKvsk asmcv nq|
mgM gahyM wkv eev I wkv cwZvb mB YMZgvb cybtcwZv me nqwb|
cieZxKvj Dwbk kZK RvZxqZvev`x fveavivq Avc-yZ nq `kevmx hLb cyivZb
HwZnK wdwiq Avbvi Pv KiwQjb ZLb ac`x hyMi wkvi iZ cybtcywZwZ
nq Ze ZvK m~Yic wdwiq Avbv Avi me nqwb|
m~wb`k t
1. The Making of Early Medieval India - B.D.
Chattopadhyaya, Oxford,New
Delhi,2005 (4th Impression) PP.4
2. Milestones in Ancient and Medieval Indian Educa
tion - Biswa Ranjan Purkait,New
53 54

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56
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57
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58
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nqwQj| weklZ gymwjg bvix mgvRi GB AbMmiZv `~i Ki Zv`i ga bZzbfve wK zj cwZvi i _KB ZuvK ewaz Mvov gymwjg mc`vqi Zxe
wkv PZbv I vbi Avjv Rj `evi gnxqmx eMg ivKqvi Ae`vb mgvjvPbv, weivwaZv I bvbv cKvi evav weNi myLxb nZ nq| GgbwK ZuvK
hgb Ab^xKvh ZgbB AweiYxq| cwZwbqZ nZvkv I AwbqZvi ga w`q gv^q zjwUK DbwZi w`K GwMq
gymwjg bvix mgvRi ga wZwbB c_g gnxqmx bvix, whwb mgM gymjgvb wbq hZ nqwQj| ZvQvov ZLbKvi iYkxj gymwjg mgvRi Nvi weivwaZvi
mgvR cyili bvq bvixRvwZiI mgvbvwaKvii `vex RvwbqwQjb Ges bvix wkv dj mLvb evsjv wefvMwU Lvjvi Pv KiI mdj nZ cviwQjb bv| GQvovI
I bvix ^vaxbZvi GK ewj c`c wbqwQjb| GgbwK bvix wkv cmvi zj wkwKvi Afve, cvVcyK mieivn Ges mevcwi Qvx msMn mgmv eMg
GK mwq f~wgKv MnY Ki wn`y gymwjg wbwekl mgM bvix mgvRK gywi c_ ivKqvK AbKvsk wePwjZ Ki ZzjwQj|
`wLqwQjb| Aekl 1917mvj gywgq wKQymsLK Qvx`i H we`vjq eMg ivKqv
gnxqmx eMg ivKqv 1880 mvji 9 wWm^i Aaybv evsjv`ki A evsjv wefvM Pvjy Kib| wK cieZx `yeQii ga mwU Avevi e nq hvq|
MZ iscyi Rjvi cvqive` Mvg GK mv Rwg`vi esk RbMnY Kib| Zuvi Aekl 1929 mvj cybivq mLvb evsjv wefvM Pvjy Kiv nq| BwZga gymwjg
wcZvi bvg gn` Avey Avjx nvq`i| ivKqvi evjbvg wQj iveqv LvZzb| weklZ mgvR AbK cwieZb cwijwZ nq| Zv mI KzmsvivQb mgvRcwZ I agv
GB bvgB wZwb mgM evsjv`k evcK cwiwPwZ jvf Kib| gjexiv Af eywi cwiPq `vb Ki we`vjqi wZmvab Zrci njb| wK
ZrKvjxb gymwjg c_vbymvi nvq`i cwieviI c`vc_vi KVvi Abykvmb eMg ivKqvi mrwPv I feyw Ges AKv cPvi dj we`vjqwUi Divi
cPwjZ wQj| ivKqvmn Zuvi Abvb mn`ivMYivI wbggfve Gi wkKvi nqwQjb| kxew I DbqYg~jK KvR mb nZ _vK Ges kl ch mwU miKvix Abygv`b
ivKqv kkeKvj Aviex I dvmx fvlvq wKQyUv cv_wgK wkv eZxZ Zuv`i fvM jvf Ki mycwZwZ nq|
KvbI cwZvwbK wkvjvfi myhvM NUwb| Ze Zuvi we`vrmvnx AMRv Kwigybmvi gnxqmx eMg ivKqv GBfve we`vjq cwZvi gvag AbMmi gymwjg
nhZ ivKqv evsjv fvlvq wekl eyrcw ARb Kib| evwjKv`i Dchy wkvi myhvM`vb Ki bvix wkvi DbwZ mvab KiZ PqwQjb|
gv 16 eQi eqm 1896 mvj ZrKvjxb wenvi c`ki GK mv hvZ Zviv wkv PZbvq DP Av`ki AwaKvwib~x nq Ges myKbv, myMw nbx Ges mygvZv
gymwjg cwievi ivKqvi eevwnK mK Mo IV|Zuvi ^vgxi bvg wQj mq` ic wbR`i cwiPq `vb mg nq| ZvB `pK wZwb ejwQjb Our girls
kvLvIqvr nvmb| wZwb wQjb wecZxK Ges cvq cpZi wbw` mxgvq cuQ should not only obtain university degree,but must be ideal
MQb| Ze Zuvi cyilvwPZ ic hebi PvBZI ivKqv Zuvi Y gy nqwQjb| daughters,wives,mothers or in must say obedient daugh-
myZivs ivKqv Zuvi `vZ Rxeb KLbI AmyLx wQjb bv| GK_v wbwavq ejv ters loving sisters beautiful wives and intractive mothers.
hZ cvi| `ki bvix mgvRK wewfb Dcvq `k I RvwZi mev Kivi g~jg
kvLvIqvr nvmb Zuvi wkvRxeb h_ gavkwi cwiPq w`qwQjb| `xwZ Ki `ki mevxb DbwZ mvab KivI Zuvi AbZg cavb Dk wQj|
wZwb cvUbv KjR _K mMie vZK DxY nb| BsivRx mvwnZI wZwb wQjb gnxqmx eMg ivKqv ZvB wbwLj e gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZi cwZv KiwQjb|
wekl cvi`kx| Kwl welqK DP wkvjvfi Dk kvLvIqvr wejZ hvv Kib| GB mwgwZi eg~Lx Kgaviv wQj| weklZ GB mwgwZi cavb KvR wQj ^vejw^Zv I
mLvb _K wkv mgvcb Ki wZwb DPc` miKvix PvKzix MnY Kib| Zvici AvZwbfiZv m^ gwnjv`i mPZb Ki Zvjv Ges Zv`i hvMZvmbv Ki
61 62
Dchy RxweKvi myhvM`vb Kiv| GQvov Kbv`vqM AwffveK`i wewfbb KvR
mnvqZv Kiv|
eMg ivKqv cZ ivRbxwZZ AskMnY bv KijI Zuvi mgKvjxb
ivRbwZK mvZaviv _K m~Y wewQb wQjb bv| `ki ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi
Aivj _K wZwb bxie ^`ki Rb AbK DbqYg~jK I mevg~jK KvR KiQb|
1917 mvji KsMmi KjKvZv Awaekb h ^QvmweKv `j MwVZ nqwQj
ZvZ emsLK gwnjv AskMnY Ki mwUK mvdjgwZ Kivi Zuvi f~wgKv
wQj mwekl iZc~Y| cKZc eMg ivKqv wQjb GKRb RvZxqZvev`x
gwnjvbx| wZwb wQjb ^vaxbZv Av`vjbiI GKwb gywhvv I c~Y mg_K|
Ze wewQbZvev`x KvhKjvci Nvi weivax| Kbbv wewQbZvev`x`i cwZ ivKqvi
we`ygv mnvbyf~wZ wQj bv| wZwb Zv`i NYvi PvLB `LZb| hnZz Zviv `ki
k|
cmZt GKwU ce eMg ivKqv wjLQb Avgiv aygv wn`y,
gymwjg ev cvmx, Lxvb A_ev evOvwj, gv`vRx, gvovqvix wKsev cvvex bB, mec_g
Avgiv fviZevmx, Zvici Abvb RvwZ| eMg ivKqv evsjvfvlvK h_
fvjvevmZb| Ges gymwjg`i gaI evsjvfvlvK evcKfve cPjbi iZc~Y
f~wgKv MnY Kib| Zuvi iwPZ AwaKvsk ceB evsjv I BsivRx fvlvq jLv| evsjvi
gymwjg mgvR bvix gyw Av`vjb I bvix RvMiYiI wZwb wQjb gnvb AM`~Z|
weklZ gymwjg bvix mgvRi c`vc_v, Awkvi AKvi Ges KzmsvivQbZv BZvw`
mvgvwRK evwa `~i Kivi Rb mviv Rxeb msMvg Pvwjq 1932 mvji 9 wWm^i gv
52 eQi eqm wZwbwnavg ZvM Ki cijvK Mgb Kib| aygv evsjv bq, wZwb
wQjb MvUv fviZeliB Me I AnsKvi| Gevi 135Zg cqvYel GB gnxqmx
Av`k bvixi cwZ Avgiv Mfxi kv wbe`b Kwi|
63
BwZnvmi cvcU bexci
eweeya Rbbx mfv
Wt wkniY PeZx, Awbi mvnv, mZg ivR mvnv
Objectives of the Study
Kvb GKwU cK MnYi wcQb wKQy gnr Dk _vK| Local His-
tory Project wnmve e weeya Rbbx mfvi BwZnvm Abymvbi wcQbI mBiKg
wKQy Dk iqQ| h_v
1| e weeya Rbbx mfv BwZnvmi c_ Aejycvq GKwU cwZvb| GB cwZvbi
Drcwi BwZnvm Avgiv Gi _K RvbZ cvie|
2| AZxZ fviZel bexc wQj msZ PPvi GKwU cxVvb| e weeya Rbbx mfv
bexci msZ PPvi MieK AviI KZUv Mievw^Z KiwQj Zv Avgiv Rvbe|
3| GB mfvq wewfb fviZweLvZ we` cwZmg~n wKfve fviZi PZzvVxKw`K
ac`x wkveevK Azb ivLZ cqvmx nqwQjb m welq Avgiv AeMZ ne|
4| e cvPxb Ges Mievw^Z GB mfv wKfve axi axi Aejycvq nq Mj Zvi
KviYwj RvbZ cvie|
5| GB mfvi cybixebi Rb bexci cwZgjx Z_v msZvbyivMx eweM
eZgvb wKfve cqvm Pvwjq hvQb, Zv Avgiv RvbZ cvie|
6| GB mfvi fwelr cwiKbv wK Zv Avgiv RvbZ cvie|
Importance of the Study
HwZnvwmK w`K _K e weeya Rbbx mfvi iZ ejvi Acv ivL
bv|
1| `xN cvq GK kZvx ai bexci msZ PPvi HwZnK Ges PZzvVxKw`K
wkveevK AvMj iLwQj HwZnevnx GB e weeya Rbbx mfv|
2| mvi AvZvl gyLvcvavq AvgZz GB mfvi mfvcwZ wQjb|
3| GB mfvi cwiPvjbvq wbqwgZ Av`, ga I Dcvwa wefvM cixv bIqv
nZ Ges KZKvh`i iZ Dcvwa c`vb Kiv nZ|
4| GB e weeya Rbbx mfviB feb 1949 mvji 3iv bf^i bexc ivxq
msZ gnvwe`vjq cwZwZ nq|
5| GB gnvwe`vjqi PZzvVxKw`K cvV MnYi Rb cwgei evBi _KI
AbK wkv_x GLvb AvmZb|
64
6| 2002 mvji Gwcj gvm GB wkv cwZvbwU cyivcywi e nq hvq| Gi Z Analysis and Interpretation
Mie cybivii Rb Ges cybtcwZvi Rb 2014 mvji AvM gvm MwVZ bZzb
cwiPvjb mwgwZ AvcvY Pv Pvwjq hvQ| mgM fviZel msZ PPvi AbZg cxVvb wnmve bexci GK wekl
LvwZ wQj| bebvq, bewZ, beZ, ee`kb Ges ee mvwnZi gZv msZ
PPvi Dj-LhvM wjZ bexci Aev wekew`Z| wewk bqvwqK evmy`e
Use of Sources
mvefg, Zvi myhvM Qv ZvwKK P~ovgwY, iNybv_ wkivgwY I mvaK P~ovgwY, Zmvi
bexci e weeya Rbbx mfvi GB AvwjK BwZnvm AvjvPbv KiZ wMq Avwg cYZv Kvb` AvMvgevMxk, vZ wkivgwY iNyb`b fvPvh cfw Z bexci MieKZ
`yB iKg Drmi mvnvh wbqwQ| h_v - Primary Source Ges Secondary mvb`i e` `ywZ AvRI mgyj| ^bvgab AavcKMYi Aevmx nq wewfb
Source. kv cvig nIqvi gvbm `k, we`ki e Qv mgeZ nZ GB bexc| bvj`v,
Zkxjv, gnvwenvii gZv bexci wewfb Uvj PZzvVx m^wjZ wekwe`vjq
Primary Source `kx - we`kx Qvi KjZvb m`v gyLwiZ _vKZ| cvPxb mvwnZ Ges HwZnvwmK`i
iPbvq Gi e Dj-LB Avgv`i `wMvPi nq| G cm e`veb `vm VvKzi iwPZ
1| mvsLZx_ cwZ Mvc`yf~lY (1371 mvj), bexc msZ PPvi BwZnvm, c_g
kxPZbfvMeZ Gi GKwU DwZi Dj-L KiZ cvwi|
L, Kvw cm, bexc|
bvbv`g nBZ jvK bexc hvq
2| AvwjK BwZnvmi GKRb mPZb wkv_x wnmve Avwg e weeya Rbbx mfvi
bexc cwo jvK we`vim cvq|
eZgvb mv`K gvbbxq Wt AiYKzgvi PeZx gnvkqi m mvvrKvii gvag
Rxebi DbwZmvab KiZ nj we`v wkv AvekK| Kejgv KZKwj
wewfb welq RvbZ cvwi|
cyK K Kivi bvg we`vwkv bq| h we`v wkv Kij gvbyl `efve aviY Ki
3| GQvov ivxq msZ
gnvwe`vjqi ZrKvjxb KiwYK gvbbxq myeva Kzgvi gnvkqi
I Akl Yivwki Avavi nq mwUB nj cKZ we`vwkv| PZyvVxi iMY mB
KvQ _KI mB mgqi gnvwe`vjq mK AbK wKQy RvbZ cvwi|
wkvB Qv`i w`Zb| Zviv RvbZb Qv`i AtKiYK wbgj KiZ bv cvij
Ai I evn welqi c~Y cwZwe^ ZvZ coZ cvi bv I we mi iY bv nj
Secondary Source ZvZ vbvwZKv eyw Drcb nq bv| GBRb vbvc`ki c~e gvbwmK wbgjZv
AvekK|
1| myeY Rqxi cvvj bexc ivxq msZ gnvwe`vjq; GKwU mgxv| Wt 1886 Lxt we` cwZgjx msZ wkvi evcK cmvi wekl D`vM
f`yKzgvi wmv| MnY Kivi Rb msZ we`v weeabx we` Rbbx mfv bvg GK cwZvb MVb Kib|
[ bexc cyivZ cwil` viKM (1999 mvj), ZZxq el msLv, cKvkK, bexc cvBK cvovi ivRv B`P` wms Ges wewk cwZ i`K fvPvh gnvkqi R
cyivZ cwil`, bexc ] cy Aemicv WcywU gvwRU gn`bv_ fvPvh gnvkq h_vg mfvcwZ I
2| wekKvl ( Encyclopaedia indica , mg fvM) mv`Ki c` AjsKZ Kib| 1897 Lxt IB mfvi bvg cwieZb Ki e weeya
[ Publisher : BR Publishing Publication, Delhi, 1886] Rbbx mfv ivLv nq Ges wbevwPZ mfvcwZ I mv`K wnmve b`xqvi gnvivRv
xwZkP` ivq Ges we` cwZ meki mvefg Kvhfvi MnY Kib| GB mfvi
Delimitation of the Study cwiPvjbvq wbw` cvVg Abymvi wbqwgZ wewfb wefvM Av`, ga I Dcvwa cixv
MnY cwZi m~Pbv nq| Ges KZKvh`i iZ Dcvwa `vbi eev Kiv nq| wewfb
mgq e wewk eweM GB e weeya Rbbx mfvi mfvcwZ I mv`Ki c`
1| bexc msZ
PPvi BZnvmb| AjsKZ Kib| Zv`i ga mfvcwZ wnmve mvi AvZvl gyLvcvavq, mvi viKvbv_
2| e weeya Rbbx mfvi D`vM bexc msZ PPv, wewfb mvswZK I mvi^Z PeZx, mvi gb_bv_ gyLvcvavq, Wt weRbKzgvi gyLvcvavq I igvcmv` gyLvcvavq
mvabv| (mvi AvZvl gyLvcvavqi cy) cfw Zi bvg mwekl Dj-LhvM| Dj-L Kiv
65 66
hZ cvi h, mvi AvZvl gyLvcvavq AvgZz GB mfvi mfvcwZ wQjb| 1907
mvj e weeya Rbbx mfvi evwlK mgveZb Abyvb mvi AvZvli HwZnvwmK
fvlYwU wekl cwbavbhvM| wZwb ejwQjb - bexci Z MieK iv
Kivi Rb Avwg vi vi wfvcv wbq hZ cZ| Ckii Avkxev`
Avwg e Yxmfvq Avmb AjsKZ KiwQ, m^waZ nqwQ, wK bexci
GB cwZ mgvRi mfvcwZi Avmb AjsKZ Kiv Avgvi KvQ wekl
Miei I Abyfei welq| `ki ivRvMY, Rwg`vi kYx I e abx ew GB
mfvK A_ mvnvh Kib Ges Zvi viv `ycvc cuyw_ I cyK msiY I mw
q me nq| cwZ ivgbv_ ZKwmvi evwfUvq h PZzvVx wQj, Zv jevmx Rbbx mfv BwZnvm m^vabvhvM cwZvb|
RbK abx eveyjvj AvMiIqvji UvKvq BUi Ni Zix nq hv cvKvUvj bvg
bexc cwiwPZ wQj| mB RxY evwowU ZKwmv gnvkqi GK Aatb eskai
hLb wewi cve `b, ZLb 1935 mvj e weeya Rbbx mfv H evwowU wKb
bq Ges cqvRbxq msvi I bZzb feb wbgvY Kivq|
e weeya Rbbx mfvi m~Pbv jMi KvhweeiYx g~w`Z AvKvi A`vewa
Mvc`yf~lY mvsLZx_i M ( ct 34) g~w`Z AvQ hv wb ewYZ nj|
g~jZt eYvkg - a I msZ wkvi cmviB mfvi gyL Dk| wK Bnv
QvovI mfv `yt evY cwZMYK bvbvfve mvnvh `vb Kib|
mfv, zj KjRi GgbwK cv_wgK we`vjqiI QvQvxMY ga msZ
wkv cPviv_ mfvi cvb mfvcwZ uweRbKzgvi gyLvcvavq gnvkqi wZ iv_
weRbwZ cwZhvwMZv ceb KwiqvQb| cwZ ermi msZ AvewZ, iPbv I fvlY
cwZhvwMZvq c`K I cyivivw` c` nBqv _vK|
mfvi cvVvMvi msZ Mvw` I cyuw_ cfwZ msMni eev AvQ| Dchy
Mni Afve GB Kvh Avkvbyicfve cwiPvwjZ nBZ cvwiZQ bv| m`q `kevmxi
`w cv_bxq|
wewea `e I cKvhi Rb hvnvZ cyivwnZMY Dchy wkv jvf
KwiZ cvib, Z`yk mfv wbR^ feb GKwU ciwnZ wkv `vb msv MVb
KwiqvQb| GLvb wbqwgZfve wkv_xMYK nvZ Kjg civwnZ wkv`vb Kiv
nBqv _vK| GB msvi cwiPvjK cwZ kxgbvib wZZx_|
msZ
fvlvq fvlY`vb hvnvZ `kevmx A mgqi ga ` nBZ cvi,
Z`yk mfv GKwU msZ fvlY`vb msv cwiPvjb KwiZQb| Bnvi cwiPvjbv
KwiZQb - cwZ kxwbZvb` wZZx_|
GZ`eZxZ msZ kvvw`i MelYv Kvh cwiPvjbvi RbI mfv AvekK
eev KwiqvQb| A_vfve GB wefvMi Kvh Avkvbyic AMmi nBZ cvwiZQ bv|
G welq gvbbxq miKvi evnv`yi I msZvbyivMx `kevmxi mnhvwMZv Kvgbv Kiv
hvBZQ|
67
^vaxbZv jvfi AewnZ ciB e weeya Rbbx mfv K K` Ki bexc msZ
PPvi cevnK Azb ivLZ wewfb gnj _K D`vM MnY i nq| bexci KZx
mvb wewk msZvbyivMx mywcg KvUi gvbbxq wePvicwZ ivLvjP` gyLvcvavq
gnvkqi myhvM cy Wt weRbKzgvi gyLvcvavqi cZ mnhvwMZvq, cwgei
ZrKvjxb wkvgx gvbbxq nib Payix gnvkqi AvwiK mnhvwMZvq Ges bexci
cwZgjxi HKvwK cPvq e weeya Rbbx mfviB feb 1949 mvji 3iv
bf^i bexc ivxq msZ gnvwe`vjq cwZwZ nq|
myZivs bexc msZ gnvwe`vjq vcbi Drmf~wg wnmve e weeya
GB e weeya Rbbx mfv q PZzvVxKw`K wkveevq cvVgi ga
h mKj welqwj covbv nZv, mwj nj evKiY, Kve, wZkv, cvPxb bvq,
be bvq, ee `kb, nwibvgvgZ evKiY, e`v `kb cfw Z Dj-LhvM|
h mKj fviZ weLvZ cwZ e weeya Rbbx mfv q wewfb mgq wewfb
wefvM Aavcbv KiZi Zv`i ga Dj-LhvM njb cwZ wc_bv_ wZZx_,
cwZ gbvib wZZx_, cwZ AvZvl bvqvPvh, cwZ hvZe` bvqvPvh,
cwZ AvZvl wmv, cwZ myi`P` cZx_, cwZ wngvs`vm wZZx_, cwZ
ebgvjxPiY ZKZx_, cwZ KvbvBjvj AwaKvix, cwZ c~YP` AvPvh|
cvq GK kZvx mvdji m mg wefvM Aaqb Ges Aavcbvi AMMwZ
j Kiv MjI wesk kZKi mvZi `kK _K GB mfvi Z_v bexci
PZzvVxKw`K wkveevi gvebwZ NUZ _vK| wewfb wefvM k~b AavcK
c` wbqvM e nq| gavex QvQvxi msLvI nvm cZ _vK| mevcwi mgM ivR
msZ wkvi cwZ miKvix Aenjv Ges wbqwgZ cixv MnYi MwZ nIqvq
mgM ivRi Abvb msZ PPvi cwZvbi gZv e weeya Rbbx mfvi AaMgbI
Zivw^Z nq| Dchy fwelZi c_ e nIqvq wkv_x I AavcK Dfq cB
wbirmvwnZ nq co| eZgvb GB Awg Aev GKevi kl jM cuQQ|
BwZnvm Abymvb Ki Avgiv RvbZ cvwi e`ki msZ wkvi Dci
AvNvZ BwZc~eI GmQ| mb ivRv`i Avgj gymjgvb AvgYi mgq bexci
e cwZ gnvkqK ........... nbv mn KiZ nqwQj, e g~jevb cyuw_ web
nqwQj| msZ PPvi c_ cvq i nq cowQj| Z_vwc wK bexci `pPZv
cwZgjx Drmvn nvivqwb| mg cwZKzjZvK KvwUq msZ PPvi cevnK engvb
iLwQjb| eZgvb miKvix D`vmxbZvq e weeya Rbbx mfvi wkv cwiKvVvgvwU
g wqzgvb nq coQ| AavcK wbqvMi Afve 2002 mvji Gwcj gvm
_K GB cwZvbwU e nq hvq| wK GB cwZKjZvi gaI cvq wbf hvIqv
c`xcwUK Rvwjq ivLvi Rb bxie wbijm cPviZ iqQb bexci `yB cexY
wewk msZ ewZ - Giv njb cwZcei Wt Kzgvibv_ fvPvh Ges AavcK
68
Wt AiYKzgvi PeZx| 2014 mvji AvM gvm MwVZ eZgvb e weeya Rbbx
mfvi cwiPvjb mwgwZZ cwZ fvPvh Ges PeZx h_vg mfvcwZ Ges
mv`Ki Avmb AjsKZ KiQb| Zv`i HKvwK cPvq bexc mcwZ 7 I GKgv mnvqK kw (Guiding Force)| e weeya Rbbx mfvi h mKj
8B g mb nq Mj cvP we`v mjb(Conference on Orinetal
Studies) hvi gyL Dk bexci msZ PPvi cybixeb (Rejuvena-
tion of Chatuspathi-centric studies in Nabadwip)|
e weeya Rbbx mfvi eZgvb mv`K Wt AiYKzgvi PeZxi KvQ
_K GB mfvi cvPxb, eZgvb I fwelr cv mK hUzKz vb jvf Ki Avgiv
mg njvg, Zv wbic
1938 mvji `wjj Abyhvqx e weeya Rbbx mfvi Aevb wQj 1 GKi
5 kZK RvqMv Ryo, eZgvb hv gv 15 KvVv RwgZ cwiYZ nqQ| evwK Rwg
e`Lj I nvi nqQ| bexci GB HwZnvwmK I HwZngwZ vb cwi`kb
Ki Ges Wt PeZxi KvQ _K Rvbv Mj h GB gnvwe`vjq cvV`vbi Rb
GKwU eo nj Ni wQj hLvb GKmv_ fvM fvM Ki wewfb cwZ gnvkq wewfb
welq covZb| GQvov wQj Aa gnvkq, Awdm jvBeixi Rb GK GKwU K|
GB gnvwe`vjq evBi _K Avmv wkv_x`i Rb 7wU K wQj| GQvov e weeya
Rbbx mfvi wewfb ckvmwbK I wkvmsv Kvhvejxi Rb GKwU Awdm wQj|
wKQyUv msvi Kiv njI AwaKvsk Kwj eZgvb fM`kvcv iqQ| cwZcei
eybv ivgbv_i wZ weRwoZ ZuZzj MvQ AvR Avi bB| AvQ aygv GKwU Kzqv|
AZ ZveRbK evcvi GB h GZ ^bvgab GB cwZvb AavcbviZ cwZiv
mB mgq _K 2002 mvj e nIqv ch lower division clerk- Gi
eZbg Abyhvqx eZb cZb| MZ eQi e weeya Rbbx mfvi D`vM GLvb
msZ K_v ejvi GKwU AeZwbK cwkY `Iqv nq| eZgvb cwZ iweevi GB
mfvi Kvhvjq MxZvPPvi AvqvRb Kiv nqQ| Avkvi K_v, gvbbxq gyLgx ggZv
e`vcvavq GB vb cybivq gnvwe`vjq vcbi Rb gwLK cwZkwZ w`qQb|
MAJOR FINDINGS
Dciv MelYvg~jK wbe _K h gyL Avweviwj (major findings)
wPwZ KiZ cvwi, mwj nj
1| fviZel Z_v cwgei mvi^Z mvabvi GKwU Drmwe`y nj ( epicentre)
bexci e weeya Rbbx mfv|
2| AZxZ Miei HwZn enb Ki eZgvb Pig cwZKjZvi gaI Zvi `xcwkLvwU
wbf hvqwb, mRxe cwZvb ( living institution) wnmve weivR KiQ|
69
3|AvaywbK wkveevq Education K ejv nq Behaviourial Science|
G Counselor (wkK) wnmve wkK`i AvPiY wkv_xi AvRxeb MVbi
AvPvhi bvg Dwj-wLZ nqQ Zviv Rxebi AvPiYi ga w`q wkv_x`i wkv `vb
Ki wkv bvgi mv_KZv eRvq iLwQjb|
4| AvRKi wkvwevb Curriculum, Syllabus Ges Text Book ^Z
wZbwU cqvRbxq KvVvgv wnmve mZZ weivR Ki| wK fviZeli ac`x wkv
eevi wb`kb wnmve PZzvVxKw`K wkveevq wkK wbRB wQjb cvVg
(Teacher was himself a curriculum)| e weeya Rbbx mfvi AvPvh`i
ga Gic e D`vniY j Kiv hvq|
5| e weeya Rbbx mfvi AvPvh`i cvV`vbi cwqv (Pedagogy) _K h
wekl cqvRbxq w`KwU mZZ DvwmZ nZ, Zv nj Ethology (Science of
Character) | Example is better than precept- GB gnvevKwUi
Ce weMn nq IV Zuviv wkveevq h cvYi mvi KiwQjb, Zvi msiY
Av cqvRb|
References
1| myeY Rqxi cvvj bexc ivxq msZ gnvwe`vjq; GKwU mgxv| Wt
f`yKzgvi wmv|
[ bexc cyivZ cwil` viKM (1999 mvj), ZZxq el msLv, cKvkK, bexc
cyivZ cwil`, bexc ]
2| wekKvl ( Encyclopaedia indica , mg fvM)
[ Publisher : BR Publishing Publication, Delhi, 1886]
3| mvsLZx_ cwZ Mvc`yf~lY (1371 mvj), bexc msZ PPvi BwZnvm, c_g
L, Kvw cm, bexc|
70
 D`vmxbZvK NYv Kwi| A_vr Mvgwki K_v Abyhvqx mgvRi mKj eywRxweivB
eywRxweiv hLb ^v_v^lx I Kvb bv Kvb c eQ bb| AekB mUv Zuvi gwjK AwaKvii AvIZvaxb|
myweavev`x t eZgvb cvcU Zvnj Avgiv Gi _K wbicY KiZ cvwi h, eywRxweiv `yB cKvi| GK hviv
AvZghv`vmb, wbR^ wePvi weePbvi AvIZvaxb, ^Qvaxb, wbR^ weeK - eva
myfvl fvPvh - eywi Dci wbfi Ki kvmK - weivax Kvivi PvL ivOvwbK fq bv Ki gv_v DuPz
GB cei GKevi MvovZB Avgvi gb eywRxex cm KZwj KZznj I ck Ki ^Q` I mvejxjfve mgvR Z_v `ki mvgwMK KjvY wbR^ gZvgZ wbfq,
RM IV| ZvB ce Avwg Avgvi gb RM IVv ckwji AeZvibv KiwQ Ges wbw, AKcU cKvk KiZ wav - ev Kzvevai wkKvi nb bv| AviK`j
Zvi h_vh_ gxgvsmv Kivi GKUv xY cqvm KiwQ| AvkvKwi ck I Di gxgvsmvwj hviv eywRxwei fvM Ki `j fvix Ki Rbmg wbR`i RbwcqZv evivevi
Rb evi evi wcU wgwWqv, BjKUwb wgwWqvi mvgb bvq Abvqi jvMvg Qvov
meRbMvn I ^xKvh nq cewUK ^qsm~Y Kie| ck I Di gxgvsmvq
`vex Zzj kl ch awi gvQ bv QuyB cvwb -i myhvM myweav gZvi QQvqv, A_i
AvjvPbvi cvmwKZv I AcvmwKZv wePvii `vqfvi cvVKeMi DciB eZvq|
jvjmv A_ev gni fvMev`x ^v_ kvmK`ji ccvlK I `j`vm icvwiZ
AvkvivwL cei Mvovq ck I Zvici wek-lYagx AvjvPbv cewUK eySZ I
nb| G eywRxweeMi gb ivLv DwPZ Zuv`i K_vq nvRvi nvRvi, j j,
Gi mgvb cvmwK hwKZv wePvi AMwY f~wgKv cvjb Kie| cvmwKZvi wbwiL
AcvKZ AwkwZ, wbii, bxwin mvaviY gvbylwj cfvweZ nq wbR`i gb
ckwj wb gv^q Zzj aiv nj
1) eywRxwe ejZ Avgiv Kx eywS ? AvjvP mB welq GKUv KvwbK aviYvi Rb w`q gwjK AwaKvi cqvM Kib
mvaviY wbevPbi mgq| ZLb Kx Zuv`i DwPZ bq mgvR Z_v `ki eni ^v_
2) GB eywRxweiv KZ cKvii nq ?
Avmj mZ cKvk Ki ^v_v, myweavfvMx bv nq Abvqi wei wav - nxbfve
3) Giv ckvMZ w`K _K Kx Kib ?
GK GKmyi MR DV cwZev` mvPvi nIqv ? hw`I c_vMZ eywRxwe mK
4) mgvR Giv Kv`i DcKvi jvMb ev DcKvi Kib ?
M v gwk ejQb c_vMZ eywRxweivI Kvb , ^Z, ^vaxb kYx
5) G`i AvweviK K ev Kviv ?
6) mgvR G`i Kx cqvRbxqZv ? bq, Zuv`i kYx cwiPq Z_v kYx AvbyMZ cQb nq AvQ gv|
ckvMZ w`K w`q GK GKRb GK GK ckvi AMZ | Gu`i KD mvwnwZK,
GKK_vq ejZ Mj eywRxwe ejZ Avgiv hv eywS hviv wbR`i eywK
KD Kwe, KD bvUKvi, KD bvU AwfbZv, wP cwiPvjK, wPwkx, wewfb
RxweKv wnmve MnY Kib ZvivB eywRxwe| AviKUz weZZ cwimi ejj ejZ
ckvi Af y | A_vr GKK_vq ejZ Mj GB eywRxweiv mgvR LvwZ, hkmb,
nq mgvRi GK`j DPwkwZ, ew^vaxb, iwPkxj, bvqbxwZ civqb, wbfxK
^bvgab, ^Mievw^Z, DPwkwZ gvbyl hviv wbR`i eywK DcRxe ev RxweKv
GKkYxi gvbyl hviv kYx Z_v mgvRi ^v_ eni wZ ev AivRK mgvR eevi
wnmve MnY Ki wbR`iK mgvRi GK mvbxq wewk kYxi bvMwiK wnmve
wei mevM , mev wekvi` nq KjywlZ mgvRK KjylZvi nvZ _K euvPevi
Rbmg `LvZ mg nqQb| hw`I eZgvb ewkifvM mgq `Lv hvq Guiv
Rb Dcvq ev c_ evZj `b| hviv wbicZvi `wKvY _K kvmKi Ackvmbi
wbR`i Avmj KvR ev wbw` Kg Qo Kvb ccwKv ev MYgvagwUi I
wei wbR^ gZvgZ ev cwZev` Rbmg cKvk KiZ wav - - Kzveva Kib
wbR^ RbwcqZv evovZ bvq- Abvqi wbqwgZ weavb w`q eovb| ZLb Zviv mvaviY
bv| A_vr GKRb eywRxwei wePvi nIqv DwPZ Zuvi ewK cKvk, wPvi MfxiZv
gvbyli ^v_i K_v fyj wbR`i ^v_wmwi Rb myweavev`x c Aej^b Ki
I ^ QZv w`q| jwjbi gZ, cu y w Rev`x ee v q k Y x Avby M Z I
cPvii wkivbvg _vKZ D`Mxe nq _vKb|
ivRbwZK wP v avivq ey w RxweKz j e Z wewfb Dcv`vb MwVZ Ges
eywRxweiv Avmj Kv`i DcKvi Kib m welq Avwg LyeB mw`nvb I
kvmK I kvwlZ Dfq kYx _KB Zuv`i MVb cwqv NU| eywRxwe`i
mskqvZxZ| GKUv welq j Kij `Lv hve eywRxweiv hKvb cwZwqvq c
wewfb Mvx Mo IV mvgvwRK wewfb kYx I i _K hv`i gZv`kMZ,
wbZ KzwZ nb bv| Zuviv KLbv `ki gvbyli ^v_, gvbyli wkv cmvi, wbiiZvi
ivRbwZK I ZMZ icB Zuviv cKvk Ki _vKb|
eywRxwe`i kYx wefvRb KiZ wMq AvbZwbI Mvgwk Zuvi iPbvq Awfkvc _K gvbylK gy Ki gvbyli gyL Ab Zzj `Iqvi eev Ki| gvbe
m` Dbqbi m~PK ew Kivi Rb KLbv Kvb mgq eq KiZ Ges wbR`i m
ejwQjb - euP _vKv gvbB c eP bIqv ... Avwg euP AvwQ| Avwg
aiYi KvR wbhy ivLZ KLbvB cqvmx nb bv| G GK wkx mvwnwZK Kwe
c eQ wbB| ZvB h c eQ bq bv, ZvK Avwg NYv Kwi| Avwg
71 72
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bvbv KvR hy AvwQ Zv`i Muvq - M Kv`vgvLv gvbyl`i ga wkv wQjb, Zv`i GKvsk civ njI nq DVjb ivRbwZK|
cmvii ^v_ mviZv cmvi wKQy KvR Kiv DwPZ| mwZB Zv eZgvb Dw`i eo DVZ Mj Rj, Avjv,gvwU, evZvm cqvRb, wki eo DVZ
eywRxweiv wbR`iK eywRxwe cwiPq w`q Kvb wbw` welq MRb Kib, Zuviv Mj gvqi cqvRb, cvwLi DoZ Wvbv cqvRb, `oZ Mj cv cqvRb Zgwb
KZRb gb Kib h Zuviv MR` wgbvi em Kv`vgvLv gvbyli c K_v ejb? mf bvMwiK mgvR eywRxwe`i cqvRb| hw`I Guiv Rb _K eywRxwe nq Rbvq
Zuviv KLbvB GB wnmve Kib bv| Zuviv wbR`iK Rbwcq Ki ZzjZ wcU wgwWqv, bv| wbR`i Kg, gwjK wPvaviv, kwK mv, ^vaxbPZv,DPwkv mevwb
BjKUwb wgwWqvq wbR`iK Rvwni KiZ ewZe _vKb| GB cm AviI w`K w`q wbRivB wbR`iK mgvR cwZwZ Kib| Avevi AbK msev`c
GKRbi K_v ejv hvq wZwb njb gvI m - Zzs| wZwb ejwQjb Avwg GK_v ev MYgvag G`iK Avwevi Ki _vK| GB w`K w`q wZxq kYxi eywRxweiv
Abyfe Kijvg h kwgK I KlK`i Zzjbvq bZzb wkvq wkwZ nq fqi jvfx, myweavev`x wMiwMwU cKwZi nq _vKb| AvRKvj cwKvq
IVwb Ggb eywRxweiv gvUB cwiQb bb Ges kl wePvi kwgK I (08.12.2007) eywRxwe cm ejv nqwQj, Avgiv mB wZZv wbq wPw
KlKivB nQ mePq cwiQb jvK, Avi hw`I Zv`i nvZ Kv`vgvLv, Z hv wKbv cvewjK mK (bvMwiK cwimi) `yfvM fvM Ki w`qQ|
cvq jM iqQ Mvei Zey Zviv eyRvqv I cwU eyRvqv eywRxwe`i AmZme `~iZ Zv`i ga Zix nqQ, hviv g~jZ GKB g~jevai
Zzjbvq AbK ewk cwiQb| A_vr ewkifvM B `Lv hvq Avgv`i kwiK Ges GUvB Avgv`i cxwoZ KiQ| jwbb Aviv GK K`g GwMq
`ki eywRxwe`i GKUv eo Ask myKkj mvaviY KlK, LU LvIqv gvbylwji ejQb, eywRxweiv Zuv`i wbw` Rxeb I Kgavivi ewk wbe`i
cwZ cgcxwZZ M`M` nq KLbv mLbv kixii Nvg SivZI Kzveva ev cv`Mvgx Pq AbKewk ew^vZev`x| Zuv`i Rxeb I Kg cZfve Kvb
nb bv| hw`I mgvRi mKj eywRxwei GK_v meRbMvn I mgvb chvR bq| enr h_ cqvmi m hy bq| msMwVZ, mgwMZ kgi ga w`q Zv
eywRxwe kYx nj mgvRi AjsKvi ^ic| Avi Avgvi cevbyhvqx G`i mivmwi mgI nq bv| GB cm gvwg MvwKi gZ,...... Avgiv wkx
AvweviK K ev Kviv ? Kx DU ck ZvB bv? mwZ AvgviI ZvB gb nq| wK GB eywRxweiv wewfb gvbwmKZvq Pwj| Abfve ejZ Mj wkx eywRxweiv
ckwUI mgvb cvmwK| AwaKvsk eywRxwe wbRivB wbR`i Kg _K h_ c v qkB AveMi ekeZ x nq KvR Ki hv Ab me weePbvevaK
cksmbxq, mybvg LvwZi AwaKvix nq eywRxwe wnmve mgvR cwZwZ I meRb Ae`wgZ Ki `q| A_vr GB eywRxwe Mvxi gewj mvaviY gvbyli gb
kq nq AvQb| Avevi wKQy eywRxwei AvweviK wnmve AbK mgq AbK GK evcK I ej cwigvY cfve wevi Ki Zv`i gwjK wPvavivK bvov w`q
msev`c ev MYgvagi GK wekl AMYx f~wgKv eZgvb| G AbK mgq `Lv wfb c_ PvwjZ Ki| Gu`i mK ejZ wMq iex`bv_ VvKzi ejwQjb - GKUz
hvq msev` gvag wbw` wKQy eywRxweK wbR`i Pvbji RbwcqZv evovevi Rb Pzc Ki, GKUz wi nI, AZ evwoq evjv bv, Agb gvv Qvwoq Pjv
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cwZcb nb| G bvqvg gwi K_vq, ...... eywRxweiv GZB Av`kev`x eKwUi AeZvobv Kiv nj,
h, Zvuiv eySZB cvi bv Zuviv kwi mev KiQ| Zuviv gb Ki, Zuviv mevB `LQ h, ivRv Dj,ZeyI
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ej| GB gb KivUv mee wg_v| GLvb AviKUz mshvRb Kij welqwU mevB PuwPq ejQt kvevk,kvevk
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Ki cv_wgKfve KvRKg i Kib|4 Aiwe` Zuvi vZv evix`K 1902 mvj Mv`jcvov jvBeixi f~wgKv wQj AZ mwq| GwU knii `wY w`K AewZ
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1902 Lxt 24 k gvP ZvwiL `vjc~wYgvi w`b KjKvZvq cg_bv_ wec-ex `ji Af y Kiv nqwQj| Mv`jcvov mwgwZ Mv`jcvov eve mwjbx
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Nvl wbR 1902 I 1904 GB `yB& mvj evsjvq Avmb| GB `yBeviB wZwb P`bbMii Dicvovi Agi` Pvcvavq I kxivgcyii lxKk Kvwjvj Ges bi`bv_
Wyc- KjRi AavcK PviP` ivqi m mvvr KiwQjb| wec-ex Av`vjb e`vcvavqi GKv ez kxkP` Nvl eve mwjbxi m Nwbfve hy wQjb|
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P`bbMii Dci nc KiZ cviZ bv| divmx kvmbi Afy _vKv mI wKkvix wQjb evix` I Awebvki ez| Zv`i civgk Abyhvqx divmx `k _K
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GLvb mnRB wbR`i Mvcb ivLZ cviZ| wewfb vbi mv_ ec-exK mK KvR nqwQj|15
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wec-ex`i cqvRbxq A GLvb _KB Avg`vbx Kiv nZ| iv wec-e msMvg iZc~Y f~wgKv wbqwQj|16
AvMqv Qvov evcKfve A mieivni Rb h AwUi K_v fvev nwQj Zv nQ 1905 mvj wec-ex Av`vjbi AbZg bvqK wQjb Dc`bv_
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Nvl evgv Zixi Kkj gbx`bv_ bvqKK c`vb KiwQjb| wZwb myikeveyi gvwbKZjv evMvbi KvR m^ KvbvBjvji mv_ Dc`bv_i AvjvPbv nq| GB
evmMn _K DbZZi evgv Zixi Kkj wkL P`bbMiK evgv Zixi K` Mo mgqKvj Dc`bv_ hyMvi `jfy wQjb Ges evix`Kzgvi Nvli bZZ
Zvjb| gbx`bv_ bvqKi Zix evgv fviZi wewfb vb cvVvbv nq wewfb gvwbKZjv Aj 32, gyivwicyKiz ivW Zv`i wec-ex Av`vjb msv h KvhKjvc
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Aiwe` Nvli wb`k wec-ex Awebvk fvPvhi cwiPvjbvq I ^vgvx AvjvPbvi gvag KvbvBjvj hyMvi `ji wec-ex Kgaviv m^ RbwQjb Ges
weeKvb`i vZv Wt f~c`bv_ `i (1880 - 1961) mv`bvq KjKvZvi 27 Zvi cwicwZ wZwb Zuvi fwelr KZei nw`k cqwQjb| Aek wZwb i
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kvx iwPZ mvgvwRK Dcbvm _K| hyMvi cwKvK Aej^b Ki h mKj 1907 mvji kli w`K Dc`bv_ e`vcvavqi gvidr hyMvi `ji
wec-exiv mgeZ nq KvR i KiwQjb cywjki bw_c Zvi cwiPq nj hyMv m KvbvBjvji hvMvhvM nq| ZuvK KvRi wKQy fvi `Iqv njI gvwbKZjv
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cvjb Ki| cmvii Rb KvbvBjvj wKQy kvLv mwgwZ vcb Ges gvwbKZjv evMvbi KvRi Rb
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Kiv nqwQj ZvZ AbZg RvZxq bZv kvgmy`i PeZx AvnZ nq GmwQjb|
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mfvi KvR e Ki `q| dj z nq IV ZiYiv| Zviv wmv bq jvwV, mowK
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wec-ex NuvwUwj Zj-vwk welq civgk nq| 2iv g mKvj _KB wewfb wec-ex NuvwUwj
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1908 mvj KvbvBjvj ` I Abvb`i Mvii dj P`bbMii wec-e cPv
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GB mgq _K|24
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Dicvovi Agi` bv_ Pvcvavq I mLvivg MYk `Dii fvM eveyivg civKi|
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mekYxi gvbylK nqZ GB wec-ex Av`vjbi m hy Kiv me nqwb Z_vwc 12) J.C.Nixon,op.cit, chapter v,vide A.K. Samanta, op.cit,
PviP` ivq I gwZjvj ivqi bZZ wec-ex Av`vjb GK bZzb gvv jvf KiwQj| vol.ii, p - 548.
Zv`i bZZ P`bbMi hgb divmx AaxbZvfy nqI wewUk kvmbi wei 13) Wt wekbv_ e`vcvavq, P`bbMii msw BwZnvm P`bbMi ci wbMg,
cwZev` gyLi nqQ| e wec-exK vb w`qQ| e ZiY hyMvi `ji m hy cv - 45|
nevi myhvM cqQ| ay myhvMB cvqwb wewfb wec-ex KgKvi m Zviv hy 14) Confidential Report, Home (political), file no. (234 of
nqQ| fviZi wewfb cvi mwgwZi m Zviv hy nqQ| mBm Zviv 1911), entitled ....... return of Arabindo Ghosh.
KviveiY KiQ GgbwK duvwmKvV cvY w`ZI Zviv waveva Kiwb| ewUk AaxbZvi 15) c~ev
evBi _K civaxb fviZi gvbyli Rb Zviv Suvwcq coQ| AvR fviZel ^vaxb, 16) c~ev, cv - 51
GLvbKvi gvbyl gy Zv meB GmKj gvbyli Kgdj me nqQ| P`bbMii wfZi 17) Confidential Record, POLL (poll) department, file no.
iqQ AbK ARvbv BwZnvm| AbK ARvbv gvbyli iZc~Y f~wgKv ZviB wKQyUv (No file no. / 1909), page - 1-6 Note on Jugantar Gang.
wb`kb GLvb cwZdwjZ nqQ| 18) bi`bv_ e`vcvavq, iv wec-ei GK Aavq (c_g msiY), 1361
mvj, cKvkbv Rvbv bB, cv - 19.
Z_m~ t 19) c~ev, cv - 20
1) binwi KweivR, ^vaxbZv msMvg evsjv (cwigvwRZ I cwigvwaZ ZZxq msiY, 20) gwZjvj ivq, wec-ex knx` KvbvBjvj (ZZxq cKvk, deqvix 1967),
RyjvB 1961), cv - 228| cKvkbv, ceZK, cv - 34-35.
2) nwini kV, msw P`bbMi cwiPq, cKvkbv, ceZK, cv - 70| 21) F.C.Daly, Note on the Growth of the Revolutionary Move
3) Wt wekbv_ e`vcvavq, P`bbMii wec-e gvbmi MwZc_ (1882 - 1916) ment in Bengal, op.cit., vol.i. p - 20.
ce, MYcMwZ, ^vaxbZvi myeYRqx msLv, 1997| 22) c~ev
4) c~ev 23) c~ev
5) J.C.Nixon,op.cit, chapter v,vide A.K. Samanta, op.cit, 24) Confidential Report, Home (political) department, file
vol.ii, p - 548 no. (194A of 1910),page (14 - 16) entitled Maniktalla
6) gwZjvj ivq, Avgvi `Lv wec-e I wec-ex, ceZK cvewjkvm, KjKvZv 1957, Bomb Case.
cv - 19| 25) c~ev
7) Bipalabi Sahayogi Chandannagar part ii by Amal kumar 26) c~ev, cv - 50 - 51
Mitra in Smaranika published by Bipalabtirtha Chattagram
Smriti Samstha on the occation of the in anguration of Sahid
Surya Sen Bhavan, january 18, 1987, p - 41.
8) c~ev, cv - 22
9) Wt AwRZ wbqvMx wjwLZ ce wesk kZKi c_g P`bbMii ivRbwZK
cwiwwZ, KvbvBjvj RbkZevwlKx viK M KvbvBjvj kZeli cYvg 1888
- 1988, cv - 78|
10) C.A. Tegart, Note on the Sitnation in Chandannagar, dated
March 10,1917,vide A.K. Samanta, op.cit, vol.iii, p - 282.
11) mycK
vk ivq, fviZi ec-exK msMvgi BwZnvm(1955), cKvkbv, KjKvZv,
83 84
 GLvb Zzj aiv `iKvi Avevi KweZvK ev G Kvei KweK wbRb ev wbRbZg
Rxebvb` `vk - KveexY - 2 evLv `Iqv nqQ, KD ejQb G KweZv cavbZ cKwZi ev cavbZ BwZnvm I
weKvk g mgvRmPZbvi, AbgZ wbZbvi, KviI gxgvsmvq G Kve GKv cZxKx; m~Y
AePZbvi,mywiqvwj, Aviv bvbviKg AvLv PvL coQ| cvq meB AvswkKfve
Rxebvb`i Kve msMni GKUv msKjb Aviwe cKvkbx 2001 RvbyqvwiZ I Zvi mZ - Kvbv Kvbv KweZv ev Kvei Kvbv Kvbv Aavq m^ LvU, mgM
c~Y g~`b 2004 Gwcj cKvk KiQ| G ch hZ eB cKvwkZ nqQ gvUvgywUfve Kvei evLv wnmve bq, wK KweZv mw I KvecvV `yB-B kl ch ew gbi
h_vh_ cKvk ejB gb nq| GB eBwUK K` Ki Avwg Kve AvjvPbvq wbRK evcvi; KvRB cvVK I mgvjvPK`i Dcjw I gxgvsmvq GZ ZviZg| GKUv
hy ivLZ PvB| `Lv hvQ gvU evsjvq jLv Kve I KweZv KiQb (G ch hv mxgviLv AvQ G ZviZgi mUv Qvwoq Mj eov mgvjvPKK AewnZ nZ nq|
cKvwkZ nqQ Ges GLbI AbK jLv evew` nq AvQ - bwQ) 658 wU Ges Bsjvi wcivdvjvBU Ges ivgBUK Kwe`i gZv Rxebvb`i Kve
BsivwR KweZvi msLv 10wU| KweZvjv wbwjwLZfve KveM MwZ nqQ Bw`qvbyfw~ ZZ MfxiZv evw GbQb| ki eenvi kvbyfw~ Zi mshvRbv KiQb
Siv cvjK 1927 cKvk (Avwkb 1334) gvU KweZv 35 Zvi Bw`qvbyf~wZ m~YZB hy KiQb| ey`e emy Rxebvb`i GB w`KwUK
a~mi cvywjwc 1936 (AMnvqY 1343) gvU KweZv 17 mwVKfveB wek-lY KiQb| wZwb ejQb, Avgv`i Kwe`i ga Rxebvb` mePq
icmx evsjv 1957 (Avwkb 1364) gvU KweZv 61 Kg AvavwZK, mePq ewk kvixwiK; Zuvi iPbv mePq Kg eywMZ, mePq ewk
ebjZv mb 1942 (cl 1349) gvU KweZv 12 Bw`q wbfi| Zuvi GB weklZB KxUm& I wcivdvjvBUi K_v gb Kwiq `q|
ebjZv mb (Gici mshvRb Ki cKvk) Rxebvb`i KweZv mK iex`bv_ ejQb wP^ic| Rxebvb`K
1952 (kveY 1359) gvU KweZv 21 ejv nq evsjv Kvei RMZ Bgckwb ; Avmj Bgckwbiv hyweywi Dci
gnvcw_ex 1944 (kveY 1351) gvU KweZv 25 wbfi bv Ki gvbwmK AbylK ewk iZ `q| Subjective Naturalism
mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi 1948 (AMnvqY 1355) gvU KweZv 40 KB cavb gb Kiv nq G | evsjv mvwnZ Rxebvb` cieZxKvji Kwe`i
k KweZv 1954 (ekvL 1361) gvU KweZv 51 KweZvi h cwieZbi aviv ZvZI wK Subjective Naturalism Gi
AMwZ KweZv 396 cvavb cqQ| GgbwK GKwesk kZKi KweZvi H GKwU avivevwnK
BsivwR KweZv 10wU cevn j Kwi|
KveiPbv Qvov 11wU Dcbvm 100wU M,38wU ce (evsjvq)| GQvov ebjZv mb KveMw U GK cqmvq GKwU bvg KweZv feb 202 ivmwenvix
9wU BsivwRZ jLv ce cKvwkZ nqQ| Aviv wKQy jLv _vKe ejB gb nq GwfwbD KjKvZv _K cKvwkZ nq wWm^i 1942 (cl 1349)| `vg Pvi Avbv|
Ze Zv fwelZi Dci Qo `Iqv Qvov Avi Dcvq bB| QvUv M Rji bvq eBwU Kwei RxweZKvjB cKvwkZ| c_g msiY gvU 12wU KweZv| Gi ci
Kib Zvi jLv KweZvi Av`jB iLQb| bvgKiY Avi KweZvq eeZ ki 1952 (kveY 1359) Aviv KweZv mshvRb Ki eBwU cKvwkZ nq| ZLb ZvZ
..... AmvaviY| AvKvLv - Kvgbvi wejvm,m - wbtm, igvsmnxb, wbvg mv, 21wU KweZv mshvRb Kiv nq| c_g h 12wU KweZv msKjb _vK mwj nj
gq gvbyl, gq gvbyl`i NvY, gq gvbyl`i igvsm BZvw` Dj-LhvM| 1| ebjZv mb - cl 1342, 2| Kzwo eQi ci - cl 1342,3| nvIqvi ivZ -
Rxebvb` `vk Zuvi RxweZKvj KweZvi eBZjvK wbwjwLZ wewk P 1342, 4| Avwg hw` nZvg - P 1342, 5| Nvm - H 6| nq wPj - H, 7|
ewi bvg DrmM Kib| Avi Gi ga w`q Kwei Ai RMZi wKQy cwiPq AekB eybvnuvm - Avlvp 1343, 8| kLgvjv - H 9| bM wbRb nvZ - Avwkb 1343, 10|
cvIqv hvq| wkKvi - H, 11| nwiYiv - cl 1343, 12| eovj - P 1343
SivcvjK -Kjvbxqvg, a~mi cvywjwc - ey`e emy, icmx evsjv - Gici Aviv 21wU KweZv mshvRb Ki ebjZv mb bvg w`q 1952
Avengvb evsjv, evOvjx; ebjZv mb - GK RvqMvq GKwU KweZvfeb cKvwkZ nq| mvj mshvwRZ msiY cKvwkZ nq| A_vr AvMi 12wU I cii 21wU gvU 33wU
gnvcw_ex cg` wg, mq fvPvh wcqeily, mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi gvqyb KweZvi msKjb ebjZv mb KveMw U hv GLb cvIqv hvq| cii 21wU KweZvwj
Kwei ezeily| nj 1| my`kbv - 1358 Avlvp, 2| AKvi - 1356 P, 3| Kgjvjey - 1344
Rxebvb` `vki KweZvcvVi AvjvPbvi ^v_ Kwei wbR^ wKQy ee cl 4| kvgjx - 1356 (kvi`xqv `k - G cKvwkZ) 5| `yRb - 1357 ekvL, 6|
85 86
Aekl - 1348 ekvL, 7| ^ci awbiv - 1344 cl 8| AvgvK Zzwg - 1358 AvRKi Rxebi UzKiv UzKiv mvai GB e_Zv I AKvi| ebjZv mb bvgi
Avlvp, 9| avb KvUv nq MQ - 1358 Avwkb, 10| wkixli Wvjcvjv - 1358 KweZvwU hw` nq ivgvi Kzqvkv Ze Avwg hw` nZvg KweZvwU eveZvi `pZv
Avlvp 11| nvRvi eQi ay Ljv Ki - 1343 Avwkb 12| myibv - 1354 kvi`xq wbq Rxebi Mvb| ebjZv mb Gi KweZvq Rxeb mgy`mgvb -wK GB KweZvq Kwe
(hyMvi) 13| wgZfvlY - 1355 kvi`xq (Avb`evRvi) 14| mweZv - 1354, 15| AvKvki icvjx kmi fZi Mv fvmvbv A_ev wji k,m_vq wcbi Dj-vm
mPZbv - 16| ANvb cvi - 1358 Avwkb, 17| c_ nuvUv - , 18| Avengvb - - Kwei K nvRvi Mvb|
1958 mshvRb Aviv KweZv, 19| wfwLwi - 1347 cl (wbi), 20| ZvgvK Ze ck RvM, ebjZv mb KweZvwU Kx cgi KweZv bq? wKsev Acgi
- 1348 ekvL (cwiPq)| KweZv ? KweZvwU cojB evSv hvq cg GB KweZvi g~j welq bq wK Kwei
KweZvwji iPbvKvj A_ev cKvkKvj ai wePvi Kij `Lv hvQ c_g AwiZv Rxeb cgi Avkqi AvKvLv AvQ| cKwZ BwZnvm cyivbi QQvqvq
cKvki mv_ mshvwRZ msiYi ga wei dvivK AvQ| c_g cKvki KweZvwji cgi kvw weivRgvb| mB cgi KvQB GB KweZvi kl `ywU Q
iPbvKvj / cKvkKvj 1342 G QqwU KweZv evwK 5wU KweZv 1343 Gi mgqKvj| me cvwL Ni Avq, me b`x dzivq G Rxebi me jb `b,
wK 1952 mvj mshvwRZ KweZvwj jLv nqQ 1344 _K 1358 Gi ga| _vK ay AKvi, gyLvgywL ewmevi ebjZv mb|
ebjZv mb KweZvwU jLv nqQ 1342-1358 mvji jLv / cKvwkZ KweZvI evsjv Kvei BwZnvm ebjZv mb bvgK KweZvwUi GKUv wekl vb
GB KveMi AMZ| hnZz GwU GKwU KveM - myZivs GB KweZvjvi ga AvQ - wekl vbwU wbw`KiY KiQ Kvj ev mgq| evsjv Kvei KweZvi BwZnvm
Kvb gvayh AvQ wKbv mUvI AvjvPbvi ga Avmv DwPZ ejB gb Kwi| KviY wbQK Kg bq| ARm Kwei cwZfvi weQyiY evsjv KweZvi avivK Aviv Mievj
1342 I 1358 Gi ga mgqi eeavb wei| nq Kvb AvwK wKsev welqi KiQ, m`n bvB| wK GmeK Qvwoq Rxebvb`i ebjZv mb -Gi `xNZg Pjv
weePbv Gi ga mvRv m`q cvVKi ga ^vfvweK ejB gb nq| gvbyli gb I gbbK Qvwoq hvQ| AwZv mgq KweZvwUK Aviv cj KiQ
ebjZv mb cgi Avkq| Ze m Avkq kLwjZ bq - gy| Lye mvcb m`n bvB| wK Kx AvQ GZ? KbB ev AvaywbK gbK Avwe Ki ivLQ GB
Abyfe AvQ ZvZ - GKv wbR^| Qvqv cQvqv AvQ wK Kvb wavq we`xb bq KweZv| Avwg cPwjZ h mg AvjvPbv Mw_Zhkv mgvjvPK AavcKMY KiQb
mB cg| mB A_ Agi cgI bq Zv| KweZvq kixix M Ub GbQb eU Ze mmei cwZ kv iLB KweZvwUi wbwe cvVK wnmveB welqwUK `LwQ| Wt
wK Zv kixix nqI kixix M gLI Zv wbRjv| Akixix cg Zv bqB| Rxebvb` mykxjKzgvi evsjv KveexY M Rxebvb`i ebjZv mb mK wjLQb
iex` cgi gvayh LuvRv wbj| wbivc AvuPnxb cg - mKj Rxebi Avkq wK - ebjZv mbK Acg ev cgnxbZvi KweZv ejv mZ bq, Kbbv Gi wfZi
mLvb BwZnvm cyivbi evZvm Nviv Avmw wbq DcwZ| cgi kixix M _vKjI cgi ^xKwZ I cig cvwi wbweo I Dj BwZ eZgvb| AvcvZ weini Mfxi
Zvi `~iZ wbq _vKv| bv nj ebjZv mb Avcwb m^vab `~iZ iv KiQb| cwZkZ I cvw_Z wgjb Ges wemb I Awbevh `~iZi Aivj wbwZ I Awbw`Z
ebjZv mb hyM mgxvi KweZv - cgi eb GB KweZvi AvjvP welq bq| hw`I mvwba ebjZv mbi BwZevPK cgi ewk| ebjZv mb KweZvq cgi ^xKwZ
cgi ivgvwUK Aven KweZvwUK GKUv Ab gvvq eis Ab gvayh wbq MQ| AvQ wK cig cvwi wbweo Dj BwZi Aevb Kv_vq ? mUv `Ljvg bv|
Zzjbvq Kwei PZz_ KweZvwU Avwg hw` nZvg, - G dvybi ivZ AvKvk icvjx cKwZ - cg - mgq - BwZnvm - cyivb Avi mme Qvwoq gZz Avevi gZyi Aevb K
kmi wfZi Mv fvmvj ebnsmx ic cwgKv I ebnsm ic Kwe ^qs cwgKi Qvwoq RxebPZbv Rxebeva - wbq Rxebvb`| Rxebvb`i ebjZv mb I Abvb
K nvIqvi Mvb AbK ewk Rxebi AbK ewk eveevai mv_ aiv co| AbK KweZvZ hLvb cgi AwZi BwZ eZgvb - mwjK Avwg wbwjwLZ
cgi kw wcbi Dj-vm - Gi Dcjw KweZvi DcRxe welq| cg aiv Quvqvi fve mvwRq `Iqvi Pv KiwQ|
Avkq nq DVQ Kwe hLb ejb, Zvgvi cvLvq Avevi cvjK / Avevi cvLvq 1| cg AvQ Ze cg wwZ bB| Kv_vI cg `uvwoq _vKwb|
Zvgvi ii `b| Zzwg - Avwg, ebnsm - ebnsmx, dvybi ivZ, AvKvki icvjx 2| cg AZv AvQ| AbKUvB Svcmv aymiZv|
kmi wfZi Mv fvmv - Rxebi ^v` Kwei eve cgi Av^v` Gi k jM AvQ| 3| we`yrjZvi gZb PgK IVvi gZb cgi DcwwZ PgwKZ Ki wK
Rxeb GLvb mePq mRxe, mPj| gZzi Kvb kB GB c_g Kvbv KweZvq Avevi Zvi wewjbZv AvQ| wewjb nq hvq|
Rxebvb`i ga cvB bvB| cvkvcvwk - bB eis cwZmgqi gZzK wZwb AwZg 4| cg wbweZv bB| eve _K `~i - A AvjvZ Luy R cZ nq|
KiQb - cgi k Rxebi GB UzKiv UzKiv gZz Avi _vKZ bv| _vKZ bv ek LvwbKUv `~iZ AvQ|
87 88
 5| eveZvi gvwUZ cgi Aevb ivLb wb| Ges AZxZi jy Kvb
Mwigvq - welv` - gZzi cvLvZ ZvK Aevb iLQb|
6| h Kvb KweZvi gZb cg cKwZi mnvevb Rxebvb`i Kvei
mvaviY ewki ga j Kiv hvq|
7| cg gZz Lye KvQvKvwQ Aevb|
8| cg BwZnvm cyivb Lye KvQ cvq nvZ aivawi Ki _vK|
9| BwZnvm cyivb cg A~Z ivgvi mw KiQ|
10| cg igvsmi gvbyli h_ PZbvi viv Avv bq - Avevi cg
BDUvwcqvq bq| cgi Aevb kl ch `y ` v kvw cvwLi
bxoi Avkqi kvw - ckvwZ|
cw_exi me is gyQ hvIqv - AKvi (bvg Avmj LvwbKUv Aemi Avm)|
Aemii Avkq cg| cgi wwZZ Kvb cwiYwZ AZ ebjZv mbi Kwei
bB| me cvwLi, me b`xi cwiYwZi mv_ Kwei cwiYwZ H GKB Avme|
Rxebi jb`b dzivj cg _vK wK? eve cw_exZ? cg Kv_vq? gyLvgywL
ewmevi ebjZv mb AbycwZv - igvsmi bvix bB - cyilI bB| GKgv GKUv
Aemii ckvw _vK Kwei myL|
avb KvUv nq MQ - AvU cswwUi KweZvi c_g eK Pvi csw)
AwZv mgqi msKZ| NygvZQ KqKwU cwiwPZ jvK AvR hgb wbweo|
Kvji wbqg AwZv Rxeb| Rxeb Avi mgq| kl ch gvbyli Aemi AKvi
kvwZ GKv GKv kvwi cZvkvq| wZxq eK HLvb GKRb q AvQ - AbKi iex`bv_K nZvi loh KiwQjb| wK wbR`i ga gZweiva DcwZ nIqvq
ga H GKRb - Kwe wbw` Kijb| wZwb q AvQb| gZz i Kvjv Pv`ii AKvii
Rvrv AvQ Kuv_vwUi ga| wK K H GKRb? Zvi m Kwei `qi Ljv -
Ljv cg? AekB cg| H GKRb K nZ cvi? ebjZv mb ? NygvZQ KqKwU
cwiwPZ jvKi ga wekl Ki H GKRb - Gi gyL Kwe gb KiQb| `qi
Ljvq wKQy Aciva KiQb? Rxeb wbq Kwe Kvb mZK Mvcb Kivi ccvZx
wQjb bv| cg wbq Kvb Acivax Kwe Kb cg cg Ljv Ki AbKB Acivax
nb| evm HUzKBz ay mZB cKvk| wK GLvb Akl wZZB Zvi Avkq - cKw ZZB
Zuvi Avkq - Aevb| cg Avm, cg hvq; wK gvbyl cg Pj hvIqvi ciI ZvK
ai ivLZ Pvq ev Pv Ki| wK hvK Pv Ki ai ivLZ nq mUv Zv Awbevh
cg bq| cgi Awbevh webvk Zvi cwiYwZZ| cgi AgiZv Avmj Kvb GKK
cgi cwiYwZ bq| cwZw`bi m~h IVvi gZ mUv cwZw`bi mZ nq IVv| m~hv
ch cgi Aevb ev AewwZ bq| Avi mUv Agi cgI bq| cZK cg
Avjv`v mZK enb Ki| Rxebvb`i cg mw`K _K cwiYwZi cg bq eis
wbK kvwi Aevb GKK mv|
89
iex`bv_i ivRbwZK gZv`k I wkvwPv
msMxZv PeZx
!yy y!y
iex`bv_ VvKzii ivRbwZK `kb AZ RwUj| mvgvRev` I DM RvZxqZvev`i
weivwaZv KijI wZwb fviZi ^vaxbZv Av`vjb RvZxqZvev`x bZeMK mg_b
RvwbqwQjb| 1890 mvj cKvwkZ gvbmx KveMi KqKwU KweZvq iex`bv_i
c_g Rxebi ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK wPvfvebvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wn`y - Rvgvb
loh gvgjvi Z_ cgvY Ges cieZxKvj cKvwkZ Z_ _K Rvbv hvq, iex`bv_
M`i lohi K_v ay RvbZbB bv, eis D loh Rvcvbx cavbgxi mvnvhI
cv_bv KiwQjb| Avevi 1925 mvj cKvwkZ GKwU ce ^`kx Av`vjbK
PiKv mswZ ej we`c Ki iex`bv_ KVvi fvlvq Zvi weivwaZv Kib| wewUk
mvgvRev` Zuvi PvL wQj Avgv`i mvgvwRK mgmvwji ivRbwZK DcmM| ZvB
weK eev wnmve eni RbmvaviYi ^wbfiZv I ewK DbwZi Dci AwaK
iZ Avivc Kib wZwb| fviZevmxK A wec-ei cv ZvM Ki `p I cMwZkxj
wkvi cvwUK MnY Kivi Avnvb Rvbvb iex`bv_|
iex`bv_i GB aiYi gZv`k AbKKB wez Ki Zvj| 1916 mvji
klw`K mvbdvwmKvi GKwU nvUj AevbKvj GK`g Pigcx wec-ex
Zv`i cwiKbv e_ nqwQj| 1919 mvj RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZvKvi cwZev`
iex`bv_ bvBUW eRb Kib| bvBUW cZvLvb c jW PgmdvWK iex`bv_
wjLwQjb. Avgvi GB cwZev` Avgvi AvZwZ `kevmxi gbhYvi Awfew|
iex`bv_i wP m_v fqk~Y I GKjv Pjv i ivRbwZK iPbv wnmve
RbwcqZv jvf Ki| GKjv Pjv i MvbwU MvxwRi wekl wcq wQj| hw`I
gnvZv Mvxi m iex`bv_i mK wQj A-gayi| wn`y wbeMxqi Rb c_K
wbevPb eevK K` Ki MvxwR I Av^`Kii gZweivai m~cvZ nq, Zv
wbimb iex`bv_ wekl f~wgKv MnY KiwQjb| dj MvxwR Zuvi Abkb Kgm~Px
cZvnvi Ki wbqwQjb|
90
 Avgiv hLvb mLvb wbRK wewjq w`wQ| cvq Mwoq cowQ, Avi wfv PvBwQ|
wfLvix Zixi KviLvbv AvR wek mePq ekx `wi`i msLv fviZ, A_P fviZelB wek mePq myRjv
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KiwQ PvKwi `Iqvi Rb| GUv wK GB AvaywbK fviZi Ab GKiKg wfvew|
Avwg AiwY GKwU mvwnZ I MelYvg~jK cwKv| Avwg wbR GB cwKvi GKRb dj Avgiv `LZ cvwQ Ggb GK kYxi gvbyli hviv UvKvi jvf `ybxwZM nq
wbqwgZ jLK ev cvVK wnmve `vex ivLZ cvwi bv| GB cw_exZ kvi Avmb gv - hvMZv wePvi bv KiB PvKwi cvBq `Iqvi Rb DV co jM hvq| dj
evevi ciB Avwg huvK vb w`qwQ, Avgvi mB wkK, Avgvi Rxebi Av`k kx AwaKvsk hvM cv_xiv AvR ewZ, jvwZ nQ UvKvi Rvj| GBiKg GKwU fqsKi
Mvcvj ` gnvkqi nvZ aiB GB cwKvi m Avgvi mK Zix nqQ| cwKvwUi cwiwwZ _K Avgiv wKfve gyw cvev ev eZgvb GB AevK wKfve cvvbv
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hy Kivi Rb Avwg ewMZfve Zuvi KvQ wPiKZ| eZgvb Avgv`i cvwicvwkK wbR`i AwaKvi wbR`iB cwZv KiZ ne bBj we`kx Kvvbx Avgv`i Rj
evweK cwiwwZi bxwiL Avgvi GKv ewMZ GKwU `wfw Avwg Avwg AiwY Avgv`iKB wew Ki Avgv`iK wfLvix evwbq hve ev nqZv hvQ| cwikl,
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1| mg fvPvh, Gwkqvi eng wkewj eZgvb cwKv KjKvZv 11/10/2009|
2| mywRZ Kzgvi ivq,iZMfv b`xqvi gvRw`qv Kwl mvwnZ cKvkK, gvRw`qv,
1999,(1405 ev)|
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dvivg,KjKvZv, 1989| cv bs - 191
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cg msiY) cv bs - 4-5|
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`R cvewjwks, KjKvZv 2012, cv bs - 500 - 501|
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112
 into commodities, selling themselves to the buyers who of-
eZgvb wkveevi msKU t GKwU g~jvqY fer the maximum prize.4
AjvK wekvm GB wkvcwZvbwj wkveevK aygv cY icvwiZ KiB v nqwb| The
y!hs% private education section converts education into a com-
modity and takes all creativity out of it.5
GKwU mgvRi DbqYi GKwU wbw` chvq wbqYg~jK A_bwZK eev wfw 1947 - G gZv nvii c~e wkv eev hiKg wQj GLbI g~jZ
wnmve KvR Ki Ges GB wfwiI GKwU Dcwima _vK| wbw` A_bwZK wfwi miKgB AvQ| ^vaxbZvi c~e wewUk wkveev mvaviY gvbyl I DPkwYi ga
mKj Dcwimai ga wkv eev Kvbv kwYi c~eK
wZ aviYv _K gy _vKZ mxgve wQj| ^vaxbZvi ci `xN mgq AwZevwnZ njI mvaviY gvbyli ga wkv
cvi bv| enr cyuwRev`x kwY D`vixKiY, emiKvixKiY, wekvqb BZvw`i bvg wevii nvi LyeB Kg| DP wkvi GKPwUqv AwaKvi cKZ c DPkwY I RvwZi
A_bxwZK eua iLQ| AwaKvi iqQ| DP wkv eqej I DPwkv cwZvbwjZ cwZhvwMZvg~jK
The Human Development Report 2002 fwZi Zzjbvq DPkwYi Qj-gqiv AwaK myweav cvq| AavcK bvi wgiWvj
(UNDP) -G ejv nqQ, eq wkvi nvi, cv_wgK I gvawgK wkvi eZgvb wkv eev mK wjLQb, conformed closely to the old
fviZ cw_exi 173wU `ki ga 141Zg vb iqQ| ^vaxbvi fviZel colonial pattern of building up a highly educated elite with
wkv chv A_ ewqZ nqwb| AavcK cfvZ cbvqKi gZ, Infact an attached lower rank subalterns,while leaving the popu-
the proportional GDP that the white supermaclist South Af- lation at large in a state of ignorance.6
rica State spent on the education,of the black majority even wevfb kwYi ga wekl Ki abx I Mixe, wkwZ I AwkwZ kwYi
during the apartheid period,notwithstanding the massive ga mvgvwRK `~iZ eoB PjQ| hnZz mvaviY RbMYi HwZni g~j wkv
drain on its excuequer that the maintennance of the highly cvw_Z bq, ZvB wkwZ mgvR Zvi mswZ _K wewQb nq hvQ| eZgvb
Oppressive Police Military and intelligence apparatus en- wkveevq wewfb Kvm GKNqgx jKPvi evei msk _K AbK `~i|
tailed at the time, was higher than what the Indian State has APj gyL we`v, cvkdj c_v Ges wekwe`vjqwji bwZK Aeq AvR wkv
even done throughout its entire post independence history.1 eevi AbZg ewk| Kgmsvbi xY cZvkv we`v_x`i MvUv wkveev
mvcwZKKvj wkveevi emiKvwiKiYi nvi ew cqQ| dj mK nZvk Ki ZzjQ|7
wkv GKwU cY icvwiZ nqQ| myKv Payixi gZ, Education itself
becomes a consumer industry, starting from kindergarten.2 M c x:
G cm Agj ni ge cwYavbhvM| Zuvi gZ, But we should keep in
mind that education is not a hpmogenous good, like steel 1. Prof.Prabhat patnaik : convocation address, seventh
or cement. It is rather fundamentally heterogeneous.3 convocation, Nov.14,2003,University of Kalyani, in Amal
eZgvb Avgv`i mgvR wkv mvc`vwqK I iYkxj kwi cfve Guha : Types of allienation towards Marxs Perception,
ew cqQ hv cKZ evwbK Abymwrmvi gvivZK wZKviK| Gi dj Readers service,Kolkata, first published 2016, p - 224.
DP wkvi Aeg~jvqb NUQ hv cKZc mvgvRev`x gZv`ki AvgYi wei
`kK ewKfve wbi Ki ZzjQ| 2. Sukanta Chaudhury : Education and equality, The Tele-
eZgvb emiKvwi wkvcwZvbwj evOi QvZvi gZv MwRq DVQ| graph, 17 june & 18 june, 2013. In Amal Guha : Types of
GB wkv cwZvbwji GKgv j gybvdv ARb| They charge exorbi- allienation towards Marxs Perception, Readers
tant fees,which often force students to take education loan service,Kolkata, first published 2016, p - 224.
and to pay back these loans they have to turn themselves

113 114
3. Amal Guha : Types of allienation towards Marxs Per-
ception, Readers service,Kolkata, first published 2016, p -
224.
4. Prof.Prabhat patnaik : Learning as commodity. The Tele-
graph, 17th April, 2014.
5. Prof.Prabhat patnaik : Learning as commodity. The Tele-
graph, 17th April, 2014.
6. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, vol. iii, p - 1669
7. Amal Guha : Types of allienation towards Marxs Per-
ception, Readers service,Kolkata, first published 2016, p -
226.
115
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KvhKi Kiv nj gvbyli GB euvPvi ^c _vK bv| KvRB KcvnZv Abvq I AbwZK|
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KLbB bwZKfve mg_b Kiv hvq bv| Ggb mebvi K_v Dwoq `Iqv hvq bv h
ivM RxY Amnvq e wcZv gvZvi mwi jvf cy Kbv giYi BQv Av`vq Ki
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gvivZK Ges hviv hYvwK Zv`i K jvNe Kivi Pv Kiv Avgv`i KZe| ZvB
KcvnZv bwZK w`K _K gvUB Kvg bq|
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Rxebnvwb Kivi ev b Kivi AwaKvi bB| weki Kvb agB Kvb gvbylK RxweZ
Aevq nZv Kwievi AwaKvi KvDKB c`vb Kibwb| gnvZv Mvxi K_v DZ Ki
ejv hvq h,God alone can take life because he alone gives it.
fMevbB ay GB Rxeb wbZ cvib, Kbbv wZwbB GKgv Rxeb`vZv|myZivs GK_v
ejv hZ cvi h KcvnZvq Kvb bwZKZvi vb bB|
cwikl G K_vB ejv hvq h, KcvnZv bwZK A_ev AbwZK hvB nvK
bv Kb, Avgv`i DwPZ mKjiB my I mej _vKv, hvZ Avgv`i Rxeb KcvnZvi
gZv Awg wmv wbZ bv nq| gZz Zv Rxeb AvmeB Ze mB gZz gvbyli Ggb
nIqv DwPZ - hv GKvavi iYxq Ges eiYxq nq _vK|
mvnvhKvix Mvejx t
1| ZMZ bxwZwe`v I eenvwiK bxwZwe`v Wt mgi` fvPvh
2| bxwZkv `xwZ
3| ZvwK I eenvwiK bxwZwevb AavcK igkP` gyx, AavcK Wt eYyjvj
ai, AavcK ixZb miKvi|
4| MfcvZ Kivbv wK DwPr ? AvcwbB fe `Lyb MxZv cm, Mvicyi|
5| gaym~`b iPbvejx mvwnZ msm`, KvjKvZv- 9
6| fviZxq `kb Wt mgi` fvPvh
124
 Avw`evmx bvixi hbZv ejZ mgvR Zv`i AwaKvi I KZei welqK iZ `Iqv nq| Abw`K Avevi
Avw`evmx bvixi mvbKI A^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| A_P GZw`b Avw`evmx`i c_K
bxj`y wekvm GK RvwZ wnmve wPwZ KiB hveZxq MelYv Kg cwiPvwjZ nq GmQ| Gi KviY
wnmve ejv hvq Avw`evmx mgvRi hveZxq AvPvi eenvi I wqvKjvc cPwjZ mf
y# xy z!y !y ~ ~ ! mgvRi wbKUnxb I bxP wnmeB cwiwPwZ jvf KiQ| g~jmvZi wecixZ Avw`evmx
^vaxbvi cwge mvZ `kK AwKv nZ PjQ, AvR Avw`evmx bvix`i Aevi mgvRi Rxeb hvcb cwZ cPwjZ mgvRi PvL GK Ab gvv cq GmQ| ZvB
cwieZb nqwb| AiY wbfi Avw`evmx mgvR AvaywbK mfmgvRi jvjmvi wkKvi Avw`evmx mgvRi bvix`i ghv`vi ck wbq AvjvPbv Kij AbK cmB AvjvwPZ
nq AKvii Mfxi Mnb nvwiq hvQ| cUi Uvb Zv`i wfbivR cwihvqxi nevi mvebv `Lv `q| wK h welq Avgv`i `w Avw`evmx bvix`i cwZ ewk
Rxebhvcb KiZ nQ| KvR `evi bvg Ki e Avw`evmx bvix nvwiq hvQ| hv`i AvKwlZ nq Zv nj Avw`evmx`i hbZv Ges WvBbx c_v| Giga hbZv ejZ
Kvb mwVK cwimsLvb cvIqv hvq bv| Dci Avw`evmx mgvRi wbR^ mswZKI Avw`evmx bvix`i hb Rxebhvcb cwZi K_v evSvbv nq| Avgiv Rvwb h Avw`evmx
bvix`i Aev Lye myLKi bq& SvoMvg _K euvKzov, cyiwjqv _K exif~g, `ygKv bvix hb Rxebi hiKg ^vaxbZv jvf Ki, Zv mf mgvRi wbKU Kvg Zv
_K eagvb, Kvjbv, KvUvqvZ GBfve e Avw`evmx bvix cwZwbqZ hb wbhvZbi bqB eis evwfPvii bvgvi| wKy Avw`evmx bvix`i hb Rxeb cwZ mK
wkKvi nQ| A_P gZvnxb I cwZivanxb Avw`evmx bvixi Dci hb wnsmvi h_v_ wPv fvebvi Afvei dj G welq miKg MelYv nqwb, njI Zv m~Y
mgmvwU ivRbxwZ, MYgvag I mgvRwevbi KvQ DcwZ _K MQ| cwZKvii wfb `wfwi AvjvK Kiv nqQ| ZvB Avw`evmx bvix`i hbZv wbq miKg wP
Dcvq bB Rb bvixi wbtk mg AZvPvi mn Ki hvq| mvgvwRK Acev`i v fvebv bv nIqvq mf mgvRi wbKU Zv Dcbxq nq _KQ| Avw`evmx bvixK
fq Zviv GgbwK cywjki KvQI AwfhvM RvbvZ cvi bv| Avevi DbqYi bvg ZvB `Lv nqQ wfb PvL, h PvL bvixK nxb Ges hbZvi bvg evwfPvi ej
miKvix ZrciZv Avw`evmx`i RxebK Ki ZzjQ AviI `ywemn| miKvix DbqYi cwZcb KiQ| wK Avw`evmx bvix Zv`i ewebvm, weevn, weevnc~e hb mK
Rb eiv A_ ev cKwj Avw`evlx AaywlZ GjvKvq cuQZ cvi bv| ZvB vcb, weevn weQ` wKsev msRbb hfve ^Q` MwZZ AMmi nqQ, hv mf
Avw`evmx bvixK cwZwbqZ jovB KiZ nQ Zv`i AwZ ivq| mgvRi wbKU ghv`v cvqwb| A_P G welq Avgv`i cqvRb Avw`evmx bvix`i
Avw`evmx bvixi Av_-mvgvwRK cvcU wek-lY ^vfvweKfveB AiYi hb Rxeb mK h_v_ I mvweK mgxv wbfi vb|
m Zv`i mKi K_v DV Avm| AiYwbfi A_bxwZK Avw`evmxiv wKfve
Zv`i DbqYi gvag wnmve MnY Ki, mK_v wek-lYi cvkvcvwk `LZ ne hb Rxeb mK Avw`evmx`i aviYv t gvbyli `n I gbi ga mymvgm
miKvix DbqYg~jK Kgm~Px Zv`i Rxebhvvq Kvb cwieZb AvbZ cviQ wKbv| eRvq ivLvi ^vQ`gq hbRxebi cqvRb AekB AvQ| Rxe wekl
eni ivxq DbqY Kgm~Pxi myhvM Avw`evmx`i Dci Av` Kvb cfve djQ cwZwU cvYxi B GK_v chvR| gvbyl hnZz cvYxKzji ga mevwaK vb I
wKbv ev Kx Kx mgmv G `Lv w`Q Zv chvjvPbv Kiv `iKvi| Avevi Avw`evmx PZbv mb nIqvq m Abvb cvYxi Pq kZ ARb KiQ| wKy gvbe mgvR
bvixi mvgvwRK ghv`vi ck Zv`i hbZvK hfve AvaywbK mf mgvR Dcvcb hbZvi mK cvYx mgvRi bvq ^vaxb I meRbxb bq| mvgvwRK wewawbla,
Kiv nQ Zv Avmj AvaywbKZvi weKZ icwUB cwZdwjZ KiQ| nqZv GB KviYB wbqgbxwZ I AvBbKvbyb ZvK gb PjZ nq| ZvB hbZvi bvg h_QvPvi ev
Avw`evmx bvix AwZgvvq hb wbhvZbi wkKvi nQ| Avw`evmx bvix`i GB wewP ^QvPviK mLvb evwfPvii bvgvi ej gb Kiv nq| weevnc~e hb mK
A_bwZK I mvgvwRK mgmv Zv`i AwZi c_ Aivqi mw KiQ, hv `~i Kiv vcbK ZvB KLbB mybRi `Lv nq bv| weevnc~e hb mK vcbnxb bvixKB
bv Mj fviZi Avw`g RbMvxi AwZB wejy nq hve| mfmvgR cwe ej gb Kiv nq| wK Avw`evmx mgvR hbZvi aviYv mf
mvgvwRK Avw`evmx bvixi vb ev ghv`v wbq MelYv nqwb Ggb bq, mgvRi Pq c_K|
weevn c_v, ii mK, wkv, AvPvi Abyvb, agxq wekvm, DivwaKvi BZvw` Avw`evmx bvixi hbZvi mK wek-lYi ck h mg welqi Dci
welq Avw`evmx`i wbq h mg MelYv Kg nqQ Zv _K Avw`evmx bvix`i `w c`kb KiZ nq Zvi ga GKwU iZc~Y welq nQ NvUzj ev Dormi-
mvgvwRK ghv`vi K_v Dcjw Kiv hvq| wK mgvR Avw`evmx bvix`i ghv`v ejZ tory club | NvUzj ejZ evSvq Avw`evmx mgvRi Ggb GKwU hb mK
wVK wK evSvbv nq Zv wbq weZK AekB AvQ| GKw`K Avw`evmx bvix`i ghv`v g~jK cwZvb,hLvb Avw`evmx hyeK hyeZxiv weevni c~e GK emevm KiZ
125 126
cvi| weevni c~e hyeK hyeZx`i ga hb mK vcbi cqvRb GB NvUzj- wbwl bv nIqvq Avw`evmx bvix Zvi wbRi BQv I cQ`gZv Rxebmx wbevPb
Gi AvqvRb Kiv nq| RvwZ wekl Avw`evmx mgvR NvUzj wfb bvg cwiwPZ| KiZ cvi| Rxebmx wbevPbi Ggb cwe mK eRvq _vK h wKQy wKQy
IivIu`i NvUzjK ejv nq aygKzwiqv, gyv`i NvUzjK ejv nq wMwUIiv| Avw`evmx hyeK hyeZx`i ga weevn ev eevwnK mK vwcZ bv njI
NvUzj-G wKfve Avw`evmx hyeZx`i hb mK vwcZ nq m cm `Lv hvq, Zv`i Ai mK vcb Kvb evav _vK bv| eZ NvUzj Rxeb Avw`evmx mgvR
gyv`i Mvg GKwU Uvjv ev evmvb wbw` Kiv _vK hLvb gyv hyeK GZB Rbwcq h A eqm _KB D`vniY I eenvwiK wkvi cwkYi gvag
hyeZxiv GK wgwjZ nq| GB Uvjv ev wbw` Kiv evmvb Kvb ev ev weaev Qj gq`i hb wqvi Kkj kLvbv nq| Kvb Kvb Drmei w`b
gwnjvi MnI nZ cvi| mvi Lvevi ci GK GKwU Uvjvq gyv hyeK hyeZxiv Avb`, bvP Mvbi gvag cYq wqvi m~cvZ NU Ges Zvici Kvb wbRb ev Mfxi
wgwjZ nq| mLvb Zv`i wewfb jvKKvwnbx kvbvb nq Ges Zvici hyeK hyeZxiv AiY Zvi wgwjZ nq| A_vr weevnc~e hb msmMK Avw`evmx mgvR KzbRi `Lv
hbwqvq wj nq| GBfve NvUzjB gyv hyeK hyeZx`i hb wkv nq| IivIu`i nq bv| muvIZvj`i gaI `Lv hvq kvnivB I mij Drmei w`b hyeK hyeZxiv
`Lv hvq IivIu gqiv mvaviYZ NvUzjB ivx hvcb Ki| Avi mRb ^vaxbfveB hb msmM wj nq| GB hb msmMi dj muvIZvj gqwU Atmv
hyeZx`i NvUzji Dci KVvi bRi`vwii eev Kiv nq| eZ Avw`evmx hyeK nq coj ZeB weevni cqvRb nq| mswk- hyeK weevn mwZ bv w`j Aci
hyeZx`i weevni c~e wZb eQi wbw` Kiv _vK| GB wZb eQii ga NvUzjB Kvb cyili m gqwUi weevn `Iqv nq|
Zv`i hbwkv mb KiZ nq| AvaywbK mgvR hb mK vcbi NUbvK weevn cieZx Aavq wnmve
NvUzj-G Avw`evmx hyeK hyeZx`i hb wkv mK fwiqvi GjDBb wPwZ Kiv njI Avw`evmx mgvR Gi wfbZi cwqv cwijwZ nq| mLvb weevn
iZcY~ Z_ iL MQb| gywiqv RvwZi ga NvUzj Rxeb mK GjDBb ejQb, ev hyeK-hyeZx`i mvsmvwiK Rxebi mvcvb ^ic Kvb agxq Abyvb nqbv| GwU
The Murias had a simple,innocent and natural sex.In Ghotul nj GKcKvi Pzw, agxq wbqg Kvbyb mLvb chvR bq| weevni e cvB Avw`evmx
this was strengthened by the absence of any sence of guilt mgvR cPwjZ AvQ| ciii mwZg, cvwjq wMq, wewbgqi gvag, ew`bx
and general freedom from external interference .... this be- Ki, GgbwK q KiI weevn Kiv nq _vK| Gmei cvkvcvwk wcZvgvZvi viv
lief in sex as something good and normal gave the Murias AvqvwRZ weevni cPjbI AvQ| hyeK hyeZx Dfqi mwZg wcZv gvZv weevni
as light touch .... Sex was great fun; it was the best of Ghotul AvqvRb Ki| wK G KbvcYi GKwU iZc~Y f~wgKv AvQ| nv mgvR
games, it was the dance of enraptured bodies; it was an hw`I `Lv hvq h ^vgxi Zzjbvq xi eqm AbK ewk nq| nv mgvR gvNx cie
ecstatic swinging in the armes of the beloved. It ought not Dcj hyeK hyeZxiv Aeva hb wgjb NUvq Ges G AbK weevni NUbvI
to be too intense; it must not be degrated by possessive- NU| Ze nv mgvRi GKwU weklZ AvQ, bvix cyili `xNKvjxb cYq mKK
ness or defiled by jealousy. It was belief that the best and wUwKq ivLvi Kvb evaevaKZv c_v GLvb bB| wK A_ DcvRbi Rb Ab
most successfull sex relations were to be had in the mod- hZ nj `xNKvjxb mK Mo IV| A_vr bvix cyili ga wbqwgZ hb msmM
ern Ghotul where partners often changed ....we may also NUj ZeB Zv`i ^vgx x ej MY Kiv nq|
consider how the Ghotul boys and girls were almost com- Avw`evmx bvix`i GB hb ^vaxbZvi aviYvwU hw`I Abvw`evmx mgvRi
pletely freedom those furtive and unpleasant vices that so PvL wfbZi A_ enb Ki| AvaywbK mf mgvR Avw`evmx bvix`i MwYKv wnmveB
mar our modern civilization. There was unknown, unthink- MY Ki| hKviY `Lv hvq Kvb Avw`evmx bvix Kgi Rb Ab Mgb Kij
able. No motiary would ever give her body for money. Abvw`evmx cyil KZK alYi wkKvi nq| GgbwK KbUvi ev KgiZ kwgKivI
hb mK vcb Avw`evmx hyeK hyeZx`i NvUzj eZxZ AviI wKQy ejc~eK Avw`evmx bvixK alY Ki _vK| GB hb mK ev alYi dj Avw`evmx
cv cPwjZ wQj| wKQy agxq DrmeI (evnv I kvnivB) Aeva hb mK vcbi bvixwU Atmv ev MfeZx nq coj Avw`evmx mgvR ZvK gb bq bv Ges m
ixwZ cPwjZ wQj| Avevi AvLivi Mvb I bvPwjZ ivgvwUK hb Avfvl cvIqv Avw`evmx mgvR _K ewnKZ nq| Avw`evmx cyil Kvb Abvw`evmx cyil KZK
hvq| G miKvwi k cKvk Kiv bv njI Avfvl BwZi gvag hb Kvgbv eeZ bvixK weevn KiZ ivwR nq bv| hw` mB bvixi wbR^ Rwg _vK Ges cPzi
cKvk Kiv nq| ZvB `Lv hvq weevnc~e hb mK vcbi NUbv Avw`evmx mgvR A_ c`vb Ki, ZeB ZvK Avw`evmx mgvR MnY Kiv nq|
127 128
 weevn weQ` Ges cybweevn c_vi cPjb Avw`evmx mgvR cPwjZ AvQ|
weevn weQ`i cvZ ek wKQy KviY _vKZ cvi| mvaviY KviYwji ga
mvsmvwiK Akvw, AmyZ v,wekvmNvZKZv,hb msmM AgZv, mvb aviY AgZv
BZvw`| Ze weevn weQ`i viv Avw`evmx mgvR bvixiv Zv`i c~eZ
b ghv`v nvivq|
mgvR Zv`i wbPz PvL `Lv nq| cyil`i cybweevn mnR njI bvixi
gvUB mnR wQj bv| mvaviYZ weevn wewQbv Avw`evmx bvixK Kvb cyil
weevn KiZ ivwR nq bv| mgvRi PvL cwiZv Kvb Avw`evmx bvixK Kvb
Avw`evmx cyil weevn KiZ ivwR nj ZvK h_ `yfvM cvnvZ nq| Kbbv,
weevn wewQbv Avw`evmx bvixK mgvR AbwZK wec` wnmve MY Kiv nq| ZvQvov
Avw`evmx mgvR A wekvm I Kzmsvii cPjb _vKvq Lye mnRB Kvb weevn
wewQbv bviwK WvBbx AvLv w`q mgvR _K ewnvi ev nZv Kiv nq| m
mB bvixK weevn KiZ ivwR nIqv cyilKI invB `Iqv nq bv| Avw`evmx
mgvR Gi e `v cvIqv MQ| hvBnvK nv, muvIZvjiv GK weevn wekvmx
njI f~wZqv, bvMviv RvwZ e weevn Ki _vK|
Avw`evmx bvixi Dci cy i li hb kvlY I wbcxoY t hb mK
vcbi Avw`evmx bvix mf RMZi bvix`i Zzjbvq ewk gZv I ghv`vi
AwaKvix njI bvbv fveB bvixi hbZvi Dci cyil`i wbqY vcb Kiv nq|
GB wbqY _K Avw`evmx mgvR bvix`i ghv`vi ^ic Dcjw Kiv hvq| mvaviYZt
ek wKQy Avw`evmx bvixiv cyil KZK wbqwZ nq _vK| iRt^jv, Atmv
I wk Rbvbvi mgq Avw`evmx bvixi Dci wewawbla Avivc Kiv nq| Avevi
KwlRwgZ jvOj Pvjvbvi I bvix`i Dci wblavv Pvcvbv nqQ| GB
wblavv Aek Avw`evmx mgvR wekl wfb aiYi nq _vK| hgb - gvZZvwK
mgvR iRt^jv _vKvKvjxb wblavv gvb Kiv nq bv| Avevi muvIZvj, IivIu,
Lvwiqv gq`i jvOj Pvjvbvi Kvb evav bB| Abw`K A Pvjbv, Mni
QvDwb Zix Kivi evav _vKjI h me cwievi Kvb cyil m`m bB,
mLvb gqivB me aiYi KvR Ki| Lvwiqv gq`i iRt^jv _vKvKvjxb Kvb
Drme hvM w`Z `Iqv nq bv Ges AwZw_ meb KiZI evav `Iqv nq|
GB aiYi wblavvi KviY wnmve `ebv_b I Mvwe` KjKvi KqKwU
welqi cwZ `w wbc KiQb| Zv`i gZ jvOj Pvjbv,QvDwb Zixi gZ Kg
cyiliv AvbylwK wnmve bvixK eenvi Ki _vK| bvix mnhvwMZv bv Kij
cyili KvR mb nq bv| wK Gmei viv cyil cgvY Kivi Pv Ki h bvix
kl ch cyili Dci wbfikxj nq| Avevi Drmei w`b bvixK Drme AskMnY
KiZ bv `Iqvi gvag Avmj ejx `Iqv ci Dci bvixi AwaKviK A^xKvi
Kiv nq| A eenvi wblavv ev wewawbla Avivc Ki A eenvii AwaKvi
129
Kej cyil`i mwZ cwiYZ Kiv nqQ| GB fve wblavv Rvwi Ki mvgvwRK
mK wji f~wgKvK evLv Ki Ges hbZvi m ^vaxbZv I wbfiZvi mKi
mZZvK cgvY Ki|
bvixi hbZvK Avw`evmx cyil AbfveI wbqY Ki _vK| Kvb
Avw`evmx bvixi weevn ewnf~Z mK _vKj Zv Zvi ^vgxi wbKU wekvmNvZKZvi
cwiPq enb Ki| IivIu mgvR Kvb bvix Zvi ^vgxK cwiZvM Ki Aci Kvb
cyili m mK vcb ev weevn Kij mB bvixi wcZvgvZvK KbvcY cwikva
KiZ nq| Avevi gvj cvnvwoqv Avw`evmx mgvR x hw` ewfPvii AwehvM cwiZ
nq Zvnj mB wZxq cyilK KbvcYi mKj A_ mswk- bvixi ^vgxi nvZ
cZvcb KiZ nq| A_vr Avw`evmx mgvR bvixi weevn ewnf~Z mKK m iKg
Aciva ej MY Kiv nq bv| Avw_K wZ c~iY Ki w`jB mgmvi mgvavb nq
_vK| Avw`evmx hb Rxebi Avi GKwU weklZ GB h Avw`evmx bvix cyili
GKvwaK weevn| Kvb Avw`evmx cyil hb Rxeb AZw eva Kij Aci Kvb
bvixi m hb mK Ave nZ cvi| G weevn nZI cvi, bvI cvi|
c_g xK Avw_K wZc~iY w`q w`jB nq, mgvRi ZvZ Kvb Avcw _vK bv|
nv mgvR nv cyili `ywU weevn nq _vK| c_g x ^vgxK KwlKvR mvnvh Ki
Ges wZxq x msmvii `vwqZ cvjb Ki|
myZivs A^xKvi Kivi Dcvq bB h Avw`evmx bvixi hbZvK cyil wji
ewnivKwZi viv wbqY Kivi Pv Ki| wbRi `n Ges hbZvi Dci Avw`evmx
bvixi AwaKvinxbZvK cyil kvmbi eni w`Ki cwZB Aywj wb`k Ki| bvixK
`gb Kiv cyili AbZg nvwZqviB nj hbZv| ZvB Avw`evmx mgvR Ges cyili
wbKU hbZv I wji aviYv Avjv`v wKQyB bq| ZvB Kv_vwib gvKwKbb ejZ
ciwQjb, Sexuality ..... is a form of power. gender as so-
cially of constructed embodies it. not reverse. Women and
are devided by gender. made in to the sexs. as we know
them. by social requirements of heterosexually. which insti-
tutionalize male sexual dominance and female sexual sub-
mission. if this is true. sexuality in the linchpin of gender
equality. [Feminism, Marxism, Method and state : An
Agenda Theory - Catherine Mac Kinon.]
GBfve Avw`evmx mgvR `Lvbv nq Avw`evmx bvixi hbZvi Dci cyili
KZZ Pig| GB KZZ vcbi RvwZ wekl wKQy wekl ixwZbxwZ cPwjZ
AvQ| IivIu`i ga GKwU ixwZi Pj AvQ| MxKvj IivIu cyiliv wkKvi
Mj IivIu gq`i hb AvKvLv mseiY KiZ nq| cyili AbycwwZZ Mvg
AewZ gqivB cyili gZ cvkvK ci, cyil`i gZ AvPvi eenvi eRvq ivL|
130
GB ixwZi cvZ GKwU KviY nZ cvi, Mvgi evBi hvZ cKvk bv cvq h
Avw`evmx Mvg cyiliv bB| ZvB k AvgY cwZnZ KiZ GB cvi Avkq
bIqv nq| AviKwU gZ nj Mvgi Rxebhvv ^vfvweK _vKj c wkKviI mvdj
Avme| wK muvIZvj`i `Lv hvq cyili AbycwwZZ Aci Kvb cyili
m hb mK wj nj Zv GK Af jY ic weewPZ nq| gb Kiv nq xi
ewfPvii KviY Zuvi ^vgxK wnsm c Lq djQ| ZvB hbZvK wbqYi
A_B nj cK ek Avbv| bvix wbRi hb AvKvLvK wbqY iL ^vgxi mfvM
Ges mvdji c_ cwivi Ki `e|
hb mK vcb ev weevni Avw`evmx bvix ^vaxbZvi AwaKvix
njI ZvK e B cyili Aaxb _vKZ nq| wj elgi wkKvi Avw`evmx
bvix`i RxebKI eva KiQ cyili KZ Z _vKZ| Avw`evmx mgvR wbR^ gwLK
AvBb AvQ, hv Agvb Kij bvixK kvw cZ nq| wK GB AvBbi viv Avmj
cyili ccvwZZi myhvM Ki `Iqv nq| bKkvj Av`vjb, jvjMo Av`vjb
bvixi evcK AskMnYi Lei evi eviB msev`ci wkivbvg _KQ| mgvR,
iv Ges cyili KvQ Zv`i GKUvB `vex - ghv`v| wewfb DbqYg~jK Kgm~Pxi viv
Avgv`i `k AMmi njI Avw`evmx bvix`i DbqYi welqwU Av` wK Kvbw`b
mywePvi cve ?
Z_m~ t
1| muvIZvj ^vaxbZv msMvgi BwZnvm eyki UzW,y vbcxV cvewjkvm , KvjKvZv
-07, 2015|
2| c~e fviZi Avw`evmx bvix ev `ekx `, mZz cKvkbx, KvjKvZv-26,
2015|
3| gvbf~gi ^vaxbZv Av`vjb w`jxc Kzgvi Mv^vgx, cvwiRvZ cKvkbx,
we`vmvMi cj-x, cyiwjqv, 2012|
4. The Tribals World of Verrier Elwin : An Autobiography -
Verrier Elwin, Oxford University Press, London, 1964.
131
gbvkjx : mvwnZvjvKi
GKwU ZvwK cvb
v kvgjP` `vm
y# xy yy !y y !!y
ew iqQ ^Z Kbvkxj gb| GB gbi iwj nj mPZb (conscious),
AePZb (Subconscious), wbvb (Unconscious)| wbvbi Avevi wZbwU
i Ans (ego), A`m (id) I Awakvv(superego)| dqWxq gbi aviYv
Aek PZbvcevn ch weZZ| hvBnvK, wewP ewgbi bvbv w`K mvwnZi
evPbi m weRwoZ| ew`w (world view)I| Pwi, mv cvVKi GB
gbi iwj fvlvq DV Avm mvwnZi evPbi m RwoZ nq| Gi GKwU
GLvb msK|mc wek-wlZ ne|
gbvkjx t msv I weeZb
cwifvlvwUi mRb Kib 1977 Lxt Roger Fowler,Zuvi Linguis-
tics and the Novel M&| Gi evsjv cwifvlv Kiv hvq gbvkjx| AvjvPK
dvIjvi Gi msv w`qQb Gfve - Cumulatively, consistent struc-
tural options, agreeing in cutting the presented world to one
pattern to(an) other, give rise to an impression of a world-
view,what I shall call a mind style| evsjvq ZRgv Kij `uvovq -
wbevPwbi MVbg~jK mZ cmg~n, wQuo KU GK ev Ab Av`j DcvwcZ RMr,
GwKZ Kij DV Avm ew `wi GK GKwU ^Z Aeqe, hvK Avwg ejev
gbvkjx| GB BsiRx cwifvlvwUi msv I msw AvjvPbv cvwi Pvi eQi ci
GB gbvkjxi aviYvwU wek`xKZ nq G.N.Leech &M.H.Short viv, Style
inFiction M -Gi l Aavq| AZtci cvvZ mvwnZZ MelK`i bvbv
D`vM GB ZvwK cvbi mgw NUB PjQ bvbv `wKvY| hgb Louise
Nuttal,Elena Semino cgy Li MelYvg~jK ce cmZ KZe (AvMnx cvVK,
AvtRvj (internet)-Gi mRb jLvwj co wbZI cvib)|
`wKvY I gbvkjx t
Dfq aviYvB ew`wi iKgdi| mRb GB `yB aviYvK dvDjvi mgZzj
wnmve MY KiQb| wK Zv h_v_ bq| `wKvY nj avbaviYv,wPvPZbv (ideo-
logical) wbfi; hv Uspensky-i gZ, point of view on the ideo-
132
logical plane ev avbaviYv weKvki i| GwU g~jZ mvgvwRK, mvswZK, lexicalization) kmsvgvwaK ( over lexicalization), kNvUwZ ev
ivRbwZK avbaviYv BZvw` wfwi Dci wZ| Abw`K gbvkjx cv_wgKfve c`Q weKb BZvw` cmZ Ze| ay gvbwmK ev cwiekxq bq, evK&hi
ewMZ, AwfZvRvZ I vbMf (congnitive)wek` wbcqvRb| wUmn Abvb KviYI Gi m hy nZ cvi| Zvg cuvPvi bK&kv-i ijIq
Ask cv vbvb` evevRxi DPviY G jYxq - wVK eujuPuv `uv`uv, Iivu fuvi
AvjvwiK fvlv I gbvkjx t KvQ Dc`uk cuvwT buvwT, &IuTv`i iuvgv iuwKvi cuvV `ITv DuwPZ, `uv`uv bwP
mvaviY fvlxivI AbKmgq cqvM Ki _vK| hgb - Pz PoK MvQ, fq weweivu buvwK iuvgviuwKv coQu !, `uv`vu AvuKUv msKxb BuK,uay uay em Kuvj bv
KvV, Puv`gyLx, AwMkgv BZvw`| GKvji gyVvdvbvm fvlxiv AbKmgq dvbi niQ Tbv, `uv`uv mebvkT njv! mebvkT njv! Avgvi MuRwU bvB| Aek GB
fvlvq Mfxi A_ ebv mw Ki _vK,hgb UvIqvi, wWwjU BZvw`| mvwnZi wKQy AwZbvwmKZv(hyper-nasality) GLvb nvmimi LvivK nq DVQ| Abyic
wKQy eqvbi bvgI icK ev Ajvi Aw^Z nq c` nq| h_v - Mn`vn, PvLi weKvi ivYyi ZZxq fvM-Gi ei I bdi Ask j MYkv Pwi, ^Yj Zv Dcbvmi
evwj, wele, iKiex BZvw`| K_vmvwnZi jLK ev Pwiiv GB fvlv w`q MWvXi P Pwi, j^KY QvUMi jUei jj&w` BZvw` Pwi|
gbi GK GKwU aviYv ev ic e Ki _vK| Abvb fvlvMZ Dcv`vb I gbvkjx t
Kvb GK Pwi ev fvlxi K_v Ab Kvb Pwi ev fvlx mZ ev wg_v
cqvMZ I gbvkjx t cwZcb Ki bwZ,KUfvl, A^vfvweK fvlv Dcv`vb BZvw` eenvi KiZ cvi|
ew Abyhvqx vcbi iKgmKg nq _vK, nq _vK Pwivbyhvqx| h_v - KgjvKvi `i-G KgjvKvi Revbe`x| GB Ask KgjvKv Zvi
ewfvlx ev Pwii cv_K nq _vK g~jZ wbfvlv (ideolect), Afvlv (body eqm mK wePviKK Rvbvq Avgvi eqm 51 ermi, `y gvm, 13 w`b, Pvi NUv,5
language), Awaawb (suprasegments), kb BZvw`i cqvMi w`K wgwbU ...|Avevi AbK Am~Y evK, g~`v`vl (h_v gvb K_v, nj wMq BZvw`
_KI| Avevi GKwU K`xq Pwii gbi PvL RMZK `Lv nj Ab Pwii cybivew), AwZ weivg ev cvq Aweivg GKUvbv evK& eenvi BZvw` Ki _vK| G
gbv`kb nq hvq weK`xf~Z, Acavb| hgb G&KK Pwii `Lv I `Lvbv Rxeb aiYi fvlv Dcv`vb eenvi Avmj GK GKwU fvlx ev Pwii ewMZ ^Z
I RMr iqQ ivRwmsn, P`kLi, Mviv, `e`vm, gbi gvbyl (jvjb dwKi gbiB cwZdjK|
mwKZ) BZvw` Dcbvm KgjvKvi `i BZvw` iPbvq| Avevi wU Kq gbi
`kb iRbx (iRbx, kPx`, Agibv_)Ni evBi (wbwLjk, wegjv, m`xc) BZvw` mvwnZcvV gbvkjxi DchvwMZv t
Dcbvm cf~Z (wwZ, mvZw^bx, `xw, evg, mgxi I f~Zbv_) BZvw` iPbvq| AvLvb, bvUK, Kvwnbxg~jK KweZv BZvw` GB kjxi DchvwMZv
Ab^xKvh| cybiwj-wLZ nj DchvwMZvi KqKwU w`K msc Gfve Dj-L Kiv
fvlvsk fvlvwevbg~jK (corpus Linguistic) cwZ I gbvkjx t hvq|
c`Q ev A^qK fvOj cvB k ev iwcgi i| GB k ev iwcgi c_gZ, Pwi, mv GgbwK cvVKiI ew gb Ges Gi m fvlvi mK BZvw`
cybivew j Kij mv ev Pwii gbvkjx AbKLvwb Zv cvq| evsjv mvb Kiv hZ cvi|
mdUIqvi w`q eZgvb GKvR nqZvev Kiv hZ cvi| hw`I BsivwRi gZv bq| wZxqZ, ^vfvweK fvlvMZ Dcv`vb hgb awb, iwcg, c`Q, A^q BZvw`i m
AZ gvBvmdU& Awdm IqvWi gZv| hvB nvK cj-x mgvR Dcbvmi gZz ev ew-`wi h M~p eb iqQ Zvi AbymvbI Kiv hvq|
gib mwKZ kvimg~n ai wePvi Kij jLK kirP`i gZz mwKZ gbvgjx ZZxqZ, AvjvwiK fvlv BZvw` cqvMi m gbi mvgwqK I vqx iwji mvhyR
Abvqvm evSv hvq| mvb Kiv hZ cvi|
PZy_Z, fvlvi wePzZ - weKwZ Dcv`vbi m Pwivw`i gbi mK -m~ mvb Kiv
weKviZZ I gbvkjx t me|
gvbwmK ev kvixwiK fve mgmvhy fvlx ev Pwi`i ch
y fvlvMZ Dcv`vb
Avjv`v nIqvq DwPZ| mvwnZ GB RvZxq Dcv`vb eenvi Ki wecwiwPwZKiY AvjvP Zi mxgveZvmg~n t
(defamilairization) NUvbv nq _vK| h_v - AekmsvgvqY (Under GB Zi wUwePzwZi bvbv w`K AekB we`gvb| mwj Gfve msc
133 134
Dj-L Kiv hvq|
gbvkjxi e`j ew `w-B AwaKZi MnYhvM cwifvlv KviY K_vmvwnZi cvq
K RMZi m gvbvbmBI eU| hnZz ewPwii vb-wekvm, g~jeva, `wfw
BZvw` hy nq hvq| GB mvgvwRK mvswZK cm gbvkjxZ weaZ nq bv| Kej
ewwb AwfZvRvZ gb - gRvRUzKzB Kej aiv co|
AviI GKwU cvwifvwlK cm G Dvcb Kiv hvq, h_v - Palmer Gi fic-
tional mental functioning ev KwZ gbi wbevnb wqv| GB wqv aij
ewPwi ev jLKi gvbmwqv, h_v - wPvfvebv, Awfcvq, wZ, AvKvLv, myL-
`ytLi Abyf~wZ, cvf BZvw` mnRB evSv hvq| GB w`K gbvkjxi aviYvq
ZZUv Zv cvq bv|
Dcbvm ev M, bvUKi K_v aij mv I Pwii gbvkjx wK wQuo KU Avjv`v
Kiv me ? gb gRvR I fvlvMZ wbevPb GKvwaK Pwi think alike nj
gbvkjxi ^vZ wKfve c`kb me ? ZLb GKwU Pwii gbvkjxi m Ab iv`, Pvwiw`K AKviK mwiq Avjvi ic dzwUq Zvj| jveY AwgZi ga
Pwii gbvkjxi wefvRb Kiv hve Kxfve hw` GKi K_v Ab DPviY Ki?
GKwU AvLvb Aej^b GK GKwU Pwii gbvkjxi Kv_vq i, Kv_vq km,
Kv_vq GKxf~Z ev ^vZ `vZK Zv Ki `Lvbv wK memgq me ? meZ cgi Quvqv w`q Mj| Gici i nj Zv`i Avjvci Avi| kvfbjvjK
bq|
Aekli bUMvQwU t
GB cwifvlv ZwU cvq Pwj-k eQi nj mvwnZvjvPbvi jv nqQ|
cvvZ mvwnZvjvKiv AvRI mgwi Rb fveQb, fvexKvj AviI nqZv fveeb|
Gi Fw - mgw fvexKvj Dcnvi `e ejB Avgv`i cZvkv| Avevi GI nZ
cvi, GB ZvwK cv b _K Avjv`v Kvb mvwnZ wePvi cwZI nqZv mwRZ ne|
GBfve `Lj ZwUi g~j mvwnZvjvKbi A^xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
Z_FY t
jLKKZ KqKwU fvlvkjx welqK ce I MelYv wbe, wKQy Av
tRvwjK Z_, `yGKwU evsjv BsiwR Awfavb I cwifvlvKvl BZvw` G mnvqK
nqQ|
135
jveYi cgi ebv - fvmQ AwgZ
muvZvi KvUQ kvfbjvj
- mvgvkx miKvi
evsjv mvwnZ cg GmQ eve evi, be be ic, be be fve| KLbv ivavi wein
cg, KLbv PZb cg, KLbv Icy `yMvi cKwZ cg, KLbv ev ivwnbxi ciKxqv
cg nq| iex` mvwnZI cg GmQ evievi| be ic, be fve| KLbv Zv
webvw`bxi cg nq, KLbv bw`bxi cg nq, KLbv wefv iZb myfvi cg nq,
Avevi KLbv myPwiZvi cg nq| ZgbB iex`bv_i GK Abe` mw kli
KweZvi jveY| jveYi cgI nq DVQ eve I Kbvi gjeb mxgvi ga
Amxg, bv cvIqvi gvS AbKLvwb cvIqv| wPib GK kvkZ cg,h cgi cik
gbi A`i gnj|
jveY jveYgqx, m Abbv, Avcb ^ic Avcwb abv| Avi Zvi GB
^ici gaB Zvi cwgKv mv weivRgvb, h mKvjejvi GKdvwj iv`, h
cgi c`xc RvwjqQ, h c`xci wkLv nq m wbR RjQ| AwgZi mv_
jveYi c_g mvvr nq wkjs Gi wbRb cvnvo| mB wbRbZvB nqZv Zv`i c_g
cZvLvb Ki jveY hLb bZzb Ki wbRK cZ KiQ ZLbB AwgZi m Zvi
Avjvc Zvi Rxeb GK bZzb Aavqi m~Pbv Kij| gk AiZv cj Zv`i bZzb
Avjvc| Zviv wbR`i wbR`i KvQ bZzb cwiPq cwiwPZ Kij| AwgZ nq DVj
jveYi wgZv I jveY nq DVj AwggZi KvQ ebv - hvK kZ Pv KiI
AvUK ivLv hvq bv| me wKQy fvwmq Avcb ^ic m QyU Pj| jveY bZzb cgi
cik cj| m wbRi cwgKv mvK wbRB Avwevi Kij| AwgZi ga jveYB
cgi c`xc RvwjqwQj| ZvB AwgZi fvebv - Avgv`i mKji Pq eo h
cvIbv m wgjb bq, m gyw| jveYi ga cgi cwic~YZv AvmZB m cgK
Avcb mvq ea bv iL gyw w`Z PqQ| Zvi cg _vK wbib nqB| jveY
cgi Avmj ^ic eySZ ciQ| AwgZK ZvMi gaB jveYi cg nq DVQ
GK wPib kvkZ cg, hLvb Kvb Kvgbv evmbv bB, AvQ ZvM, gyw I wPib
GK `xw|
kli KweZvq mvsmvwiK cgi evBi GK wPib cgi ic cwZdwjZ
nqQ| ZvBZv wkjs G wbRb cvnvoi ga jveYi m`h mKvjejvi gZv, hv
wPib| jveYi cwgKv mvK RvwMq Zvjvi Rb `iKvi AwgZi cgi k,
AwgZi cgi kB jveYi mB mv RM IV| ZvB AwgZi gyL, For
136
Gods sake, hold your tongue / and let me love ! b jveYi
eyKi wfZiUv Kuc IV| `yRb `yRbK bZzbfve wPbZ i Ki| jveYi bZzb
cwiPq nq ebv bvg, Avi AwgZi bZzb bvg nq wgZv| wgZv A_vr ez, AwgZ
jveYi Rxebi wPiez nq IV| jveY eySZ cvi GB cg weevni Rb bq|
AwgZi h mnR wKQy cQ` nq bv, GB Zvi fq| m GK_v eySQ h iwPi Zv
gUvZB AwgZ Zvi m Pvq| wgZv Zvgvi iwP, Zvgvi eyw Avgvi AbK Dci|
Zvgvi m GK c_ PjZ wMq GKw`b Zvgvi _K e`~i wcwQq coe, ZLb
Avi Zzwg AvgvK wdi WvKe bv| jveY Zvi KZvgvKI RvwbqQ weq Ki m
`ytL w`Z Pvq bv, weq mKji Rb bq| weq Kij gvbylK gb wbZ nq, ZLb
Avi Mo bevi duvK cvIqv hvq bv| weq h cgi GK eb jveY Zv eySQ|
ZvB m mB eb _K cgK gy KiZ PqQ| weevni eb Zvi cgK
euvaZ Pvqwb| wK jveYI fvjvevm, mviv cw_exK m kvbvZ Pvq - kvbv
Zvgiv, Avwg fvjvevwm| jveY ^xKvi Ki h - Avwg Zv fe cvBb, Avgvi
Pq fvjvevmZ cvi cw_exZ Ggb KD AvQ| fvjvevmvq Avwg h giZ cvwi|
GZw`b hv wQjyg me h Avgvi jy nq MQ| GLb _K Avgvi Avi GK Avi, G
Avii kl bB| elYgyLi w`b jveY AvKzj `q Acv KiQ AwgZi Rb|
AwgZi m m cvq cv wgwjq c_ PjZ PqQ AwgZi nvZ ai
Avgiv hve hLvb Kvbv
hvq wb bq mvnm Kwi,
Wywe hw` Zv Wywe bv Kb
WyeyK meB , WyeyK Zix|
Dfqi cgi k Dfq c~YZv cj| AwgZi cwZ jveYi cgi AKcU
^xKvivw
wgZv, Zgwm gg Rxebs, Zgwm gg f~lYs,
Zgwm gg feRFwaiZg& |
Avevi ciYB jveY AwgZK ejQ h Zzwg Avgvi hZB KvQ _vK Zey Avgvi
_K Zzwg AbK `~i| jveY eySZ ciQ h AwgZ hZB Zvi AbK KvQ _vKzK
m Avmj Zvi _K AbK `~iB iqQ, h cgK `~i _K `Lv hvq, Abyfe
Kiv hvq wK Quvqv hvq bv| kl mvq jveY ZvB ej DVQ
Zvgvi w`Bwb myL, gywi be` Mby ivwL
iRbxi Aemvb| ..............
ay m gywi WvwjLvwb
fwiqv w`jvg AvwR Avgvi gnr gZz Avwb|
cg m Zv fvjvevmZ Pvq, fvjvevmv cZ Pvq, w`Z Pvq| ZvB mB
cg hLb c~YZv cvq, ZLbB mB cgK nvivbvi fq Mvm Ki| GUvB Zv cgi
ag, cgi cixv| jveYi cgI c~YZv cqQ, jveYI mB nvivbvi fq fxZ cgi kB jveYi mB mv RM IV| ZvB AwgZi gyL, For Gods
137
nqQ| Avi jveYi GB fxwZ mZ nq DVQ KZKxi Avwefve| jveY hLbB
bjv AwgZ KZKxK AvswU w`qQ ZLbB mB eb _K jveY AwgZK gyw
w`Z PqQ| nVvr mB mgqB kvfbjvji mv_ jveYi Avevi mvvr NU| AvR
Avi jveY Zvi fvjvevmvK A^xKvi KiZ cviwb| ZvB kvfbjvjK m ejQ,
Zzwg Avgvi mKji eovez| GKw`b jveY kvfbjvjK Acgvb KiwQj Ges
jveYi DwZ kvfbjvj h e_v Zvi Ai jywKq iLwQj ZLbB mB cg
wPib cgi AvKvi aviY KiwQj| hvK LyeB fvjvevmv hZ cviZ ZvK
fvjvevmevi Aemi hw` Kvbv GKUv evavq VK dmK hvq, ZLb mUv fvjvevmvq
`uvovq bv, mUv `uvovq GK A wel, fvjvevmviB Dv wcV| GKw`b kvfbjvjK
ei`vb Kie ejB eywS jveY wbRi AMvPiB Acv Ki emwQj|
AwgZi mv_ KZKxi weevn wi nq Ges jveY kvfbjvjK Zvi
fvjvevmvq Avcb Ki bq| AwgZ hwZksKiK Rvwbq wQj jveYi cg nj
w`wNi Rj, h w`wN KLbv Ni Avm bv A_P mB w`wNi Rj Novq fi Ni Avm,
Zv wbZ w`bi cqvRb gUvq| Zv cvb KiB euP _vKZ nq| mB Novq Zvjv Rj
nj KZKx, hv w`wNi RjiB mvgvb Ask wekl| wK w`wN m Zv Adzi, mLvb
gy evZvm, Lvjv AvKvk, mB w`wN hvK mvgvb ai ea ivLv hvq bv| jveY mB
w`wN, ZvB Zvi cg mvgvb mxgve bq, Zv Ab kvkZ| mB w`wNZB muvZvi w`K
AwgZi gb|
Avevi kvfbjvji cwZ jveYi cg ^c bq, m cg mZ eve,
c~Rvi AN ^ic| jveY ^xKvi KiQ
h Avgvi `wLevi cvq
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Zvgvi hv w`qwQby m Zvgvwi `vb
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wfo nvwiq dj fvMi mvgMx Ki Zvjwb| ZvB Zvi cg nq DVQ kvkZ|
KLbv AwgZ ZvZ muvZvi w`q Mv fvwmqQ, KLbv kvfbjvj bxie mB cgK
c~Rv KiQ| Avi jveY Zvi cgi ebvq fvjvevmvK fvwmq w`qQ| Zvi cg
Mgb KiQ fvejvK| ebvK hgb euva w`q AvUKvbv hvq bv, ZgbB jveYi
fvjvevmvI evavnxb| jveY evi eviB k~bK cwic~Y KiQ| ZvB jveYi cg
nq DVQ wPib, kvkZ, Ab, bv cvIqvi gvSI AbKLvwb cvIqv|AwgZi
138
sake, hold your tongue / and let me love ! b jveYi eyKi
wfZiUv Kuc IV| `yRb `yRbK bZzbfve wPbZ i Ki| jveYi bZzb cwiPq
nq ebv bvg, Avi AwgZi bZzb bvg nq wgZv| wgZv A_vr ez, AwgZ jveYi
Rxebi wPiez nq IV| jveY eySZ cvi GB cg weevni Rb bq| AwgZi h
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151 152
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`exi kl AmyLi mgq mijv AKv cwikg Ki w`bivZ RM mvi`v`exi mev Rvbyqvix mvi`v`exi RbwZw_Z ^vgx kivb` gV I wgkbi Uvw I cexY mbvmx`i
klv KiwQjb| ZvB 1920 mvj Ryb gvm mvi`v`exi gZz Zuvi KvQ GKUv eo mvgb kxfviZx I mvZRb ePvwibxK weiRv nvg c~eK mbvm eZ `xwZ Kib|
gvbwmK AvNvZ ^ic wQj| mvi`v `exi gZzi A KqKgvm ci mijvi cvYi kxfviZxi mbvm bvg nj cevwRKv fviZxcvYv|
myaxivw`I BnjvK ZvM Kib (24 bf^i, 1920 Lxt)| cici GB `ywU gZz 1959 Lxt ch kxmvi`vgV ejyo gVi GKwU kvLv K` icB cwiMwYZ
mijv`exK wbevK Ki w`qwQj| Zuvi wbRi K_vq, g GKUv kK& jMwQj| nZ| 1959 mvji AvM gvm ejyo gV KZc gVi mbvwmbx`i wgVi Uvw
mB mgq Zuvi gvbwmK Avkqj wQjb ^vgx mvi`vb` (kir gnvivR) Ges Mvjvc Ki Zuv`i Dci ^vaxb mvi`vgVi fvi AcY Kib Ges cevwRKv fviZxcvYvB
gv I hvMxb gv| wK Kvji Awbevh wbqg 1924 mvj ci ci hvMxb gv Ges Aav c` Avmxb nb| GK_v Ab^xKvh h mvi`vgVi Dk, Av`k I Kgm~Px
Mvjvc gv kl wbtkvm ZvM Kib| 1927 mvj kir gnvivRI BnjvK ZvM ivgKgVi mv_ Awfb njI Dfqi KvhcwiPvjbvi wU m~YB ^Z| A_vr
Kib| gvbwmK fve kv mijv ^vgx mvi`vb`i c~e Av`kvbymvi Kvkxhvv Kib| kxmvi`vgV ivgK fvev`k m~Y ^vaxbfve cwiPvwjZ GKwU msv icB AvZcKvk
Gici `xN 27 eQi wZwb KvkxZB mvab fRb Aixb nq iBjb - hb wbRK Ki| GBfve ^vgx weeKvb`i e KvwLZ xgV cwiKbvi mv_K ic NU
cZ KiwQjb GK weivU Kghi bx wnmve| cevwRKv fviZxcvYvi bZZ| GBfve cevwRKv fviZxcvYvi Rxebi GK m~Y
1954 mvji Gwcj gvm mvi`v `exi RbkZevwlKxi mgq mijv`ex bZzb Aavqi m~Pbv nj - m~Pbv nj GK be hyMi|
Kvkx _K RqivgevUxZ Avmb| mB mgq ^vgx kivb` mijv`exK WK 1960 mvji g gvm ejyo gV KZci civgk Abyhvqx kxmvi`vgVi
ejwQjb, gq`i gV nj ZvgvK hZ ne| mijv`ex ZrYvr A^xKvi U v wMY RbwnZKi Kvh Avi Kib| GB Dk ivgK mvi`vwgkb
Kij gnvivR cybivq ejbb, Avgvi viv hw` me nq _vK, Zvgvi vivI Avmvwmqkb cwZv Kiv nq Ges Zv h_vwewa bw_fy Kiv nq| GBfve be
ne| kx kxgvi Dci wbfi Ki _vKe| Zzwg h iKg kxgvi KvQ wQj kxgvi mB cwZwZ kxmvi`vgV I ivgK mvi`v wgkb ivgK gV I wgkbi mgghv`v
UwbsUv Zzwg GB gq`i `e| ^vgx kivb`i GB K_v cKZ c jvf Ki| GB msvi c_g kvLvK` nj GKwU wWwM KjR, hv `g`g Aj
ivgKv`vjbi GK weqKi w`Mi DbvPb Kij, i nj mijvi Rxebi gq`i DPwkvi Rb Mo DVwQj| wZxq kvLv vwcZ nq 1962 Lxt
ZZxq ce| AvjgevRvi eviBcvov cj-xZ| Z`vwbb miKvii A_vbyK j GKwU gv`vi Uwbs
eZt ^vgx weeKvb` cwiKwZ x gV mK ivgK gV KZci mUvi I Rywbqi ewmK zj cwZvi Rb Rwg wKb evwo wbgvYi KvR i Kiv
fvebvwPv i nqwQj 1951 Lxt _KB| mB Dk 1951 Lxt `wYkii nq| BwZga ivgK wgkbi AMZ wZbwU cwZvb nvwiZ nq ivgK mvi`v
Kvjx gw`ii KvQ Mvi Zxi myiaybx Kvbb bvgK evMvbevwo mgZ Rwg Kbv nq wgkbi AMZ nq, 1961 Lxt gvP gvm GUvjx Avkg, bf^i gvm gvZfeb Ges
Ges Zv emevmi Dchy Kivi Rb cwieZb I cwieabi KvRI i nq| 1952 1963 Lxt AvM gvm wbew`Zv we`vjq| GQvov c_g _KB mvi`vgV KZci
Lxt mvay mjb cve MnxZ nq h, mvi`v`exi RbkZevwlKx A_vr 1953-54 BQv wQj KjKvZvi evBii gwnjv fMY hvZ `y-Pviw`b gV evm KiZ cvib
Lxt xgVi cwZv KvhwU mymb ne| GB wmv Abyhvqx ivgK wgkbi wewfb Zvi Rb GKwU c_K AwZw_ feb wbgvY Kiv| 1964 Lxt H AwZw_ febi wfw
cwZvb h me ZvMeZx gwnjviv bvbv KvR wbhy wQjb Zv`i ePh `xv w`q ci vcb Kib cev wRKv fviZxcvYv| GBfveB cev wRKv fviZxcvYvi Zveavb
beMwVZ xgVi `vwqZfvi c`vbi welqwUI wi nq| Gici, 1953 mvji 27 k kxmvi`vgV I ivgK mvi`v wgkbi gmcmviY NU|
wWm^i mvi`v`exi Rb wZw_Z ejyo gVi Z`vwbb Aa ^vgx kivb` mvZRb Dvab mvi`v`exi msk _vKvi KviY fviZxcvYvi Rxeb GK bZzb
eZavwibxK ePh `xwZ Kib| G`i ga AbZg wQjb mijv`ex| Gici I DbZ `wfw jvf KiwQj| hvi cwZdjb `Lv hZ mvi`vgVi cZKwU KvR|
153 154
fviZxcvYvi my Rxebv`k, AvZZvM, KVvi KgRxeb ay h gVi Abvb mbvwmbx Rxeb Zvi m~PbvZB GK gnvc~YZvi w`K je nqwQj| .....
ev ePvwibx`iB AbycvwYZ KiZ, Zv bq,ivgK mvi`v fvev`ki mKjKB Zv evivYmx e`veb GKjv KvwUqQb wfvSzwj wbq gvayKix Ki| .....
bZzbfve c_ `LvZ, Zv`i gy KiZ| mvi`v`ex hgb mKjK wbq cig fvjevmvq
GK _vKZb| gVi cwZwU Aski cwZ Zuvi AKwg fvjevmv mKjK iY 78 eQi AvM GK Dvi_i w`b, mw`b wQj 21 RyjvB| Avwef~Zv nb
Kwiq w`Z mvi`v`ex~i ccvZnxb Abvwej ni K_v| mvi`v`exi hLb hgb GB gnvmvwaKv| `xv w`q, mbvm w`q, n, evYx Dc`k avivq kZkZ bibvixK
ZLb Zgb, hLvb hgb mLvb Zgb - GB K_vwji h_v_ fviZxcvYvi Rxeb AwfwmwZ Ki cqvZ njb 1973 mvji 30 Rvbyqvix|
cwZdwjZ nZ| h Kvb cwiek, h Kvb cwZKjZvi ga wZwb AwePwjZ _vKZb,
kvfve mg cwieki mv_ gvwbq wbZb Ges Zuvi D`vi I msvigy gvbwmKZv fviZxcvYvi gZzZ cevwRKv gvcvYv gvZvRx h_v_B wjLwQjb -
w`q ZzQvwZZzQ Kzmsvi wjK AwZg Ki GKwU mnR mij, hywc~Y gxgvsmvq Avgiv ~j RMZ kx kx gvqi Rxeb hvcb `Lvi mfvM jvf Kwiwb, wK Zuvi
DcbxZ nZb| GBfve mvi`v`exi gZ wZwbI gVevwmbx`i mvgb GKwU h_v_ GB KbvwUi Rxeb Avgv`i myL AvVviv eQi ai Rvjgvb wQj|
Av`kwb Rxebi `v vcb Ki Zvjb|
Ze ay gVevmxB bq, mg f gq`i `ytLKK wZwb Dcjw KiZb m~wb`k t
Ges bvbvfve mnvbyf~wZi mv_ civgk w`q bZzb c_i mvb w`Zb| wZwb wbR
gv Ag kYx ch covkybv KijI bvix wkvi mc wQjb| wZwb AvwiK 1| wbf q c v Yv c e v wRKv (mv) fviZxc v Yv w ZK_v, k x mvi`vgV,
fve PvBZb, gqiv hb jLvcov wkL wbRi cvq `uvovZ cvi| ZvQvov wZwb `wYki,KwjKvZv, 1988, ct 25|
cYc_viI Zxe weivax wQjb| KD cY w`q gqi weqi eev KiQ bj 2| Z`e ct 24
wZwb AZ Am nZb| gq`i Dci Kvb AZvPvi ev Aegvbbv NUj wZwb 3| Z`e ct 26
GKeviB mn KiZ cvi bv| e ^vgx cwiZv wKsev wbhvwZZv gq`i wZwb 4| Abbv myaxiv, ct 69
A_ w`q I bvbvfve mvnvh KiZb| gq`i cwZ GZ mnvbyf~wZkxj njI wZwb 5| Z`e
KvbiKg wg_v K_v ev JZc~Y AvPiY Kvb gZB ei`v KiZb bv| Gfve 6| Z`e
`Lv hvQ, mvi`v`exi AiZv I wkv meZvfve fviZxcvYvK mywkwZ Ki 7| fviZxcvYv wZK_vct 27 I fwMbx myaxiv - kZel kvjx, ct 185|
ZzjwQj, h wkvi cwZdjb Zuvi mg RxebB `Lv hvq| ZvB ^vgx gvaevb` 8| fviZxcvYv wZK_v, ct 39
gVevwmbx`i KvQ fviZxcvYv gvZvRx mK h_v_B ejwQjb, gv VvKiYi A 9| Z`e ct 40
i mweKv! GwK Kg K_v! Zvgiv KLbB ZuvK mvgvb gb Kie bv| Zuvi KvQ 10| Z`e ct 40
_K me Rb wkL be| eZ mvi`v`exi AvwiK mvnPh fviZxcvYvi RxebI 11| Z`e
mvi`v`exiB gZ Abvo^i, wbinvix, bxwZwb nq IV hv 1954 Lxt _K 1973 12| Abbv myaxiv, ct 76
Lxt ch my`xN AvVviv eQi kxmvi`vgVK AveZ Ki iLwQj, iv KiwQj GB 13| fviZxcvYv wZK_v, ct 52
bevziK cv_wgK So SvcUvi nvZ _K Avi GBfveB fviZxcvYvi RxebwU 14| Z`e ct 65
wbt^v_ ni `v wnmve wbew`Zv wwb myaxiv ei m~YZv mvab Kij| 15| Z`e
1911 mvj mi^Zx c~Rvi fvmvbi w`b MnZvMi ga w`q h Rxebi 16| Z`e ct 77
bZzb m~Pbv nqwQj 1973 mvji 30k Rvbyqvix Zvi cwimgvw NU| kl nq 17| e`vcv Yv cev wRKv (mvw`Z), cev wRKv gvcvYv, kxmvi`vgV, `wYki,
ivgKv`vjbi BwZnvmi GKwU iZc~Y Aavq| G cm Avb`evRvi cwKvi KjKvZv, 1408 ev, ct 33
31 k Rvbyqvix 1973 mvji wicvU jLv nqwQj, mB Ke G Rxeb GmwQjb
evMevRvii mijv bvg GKwU mijv evwjKv| .... Dvab kx kx mvi`v gvqi KvQ
iBjb Zuvi wklv nq, mweKv nq|
155 156
 KuvPvgvj
cvov Muv-i Ljv t eZgvb cvmwKZv AvMWyg evMWyg NvovWyg mvR
mvgbv_ `vm XvK g`s SuvSi evR|
evRZ evRZ Pjj Wywj
cvov Muvq wk`i Ljvi f~eb GK ARvbv Avb` DRbvq ficyi| Zv`i Ljvq Wywj Mj mB Kgjv cyix| ....
gvwU AvQ, iO bB| Ljbv AvQ, DcKiY bB| DcKiYnxb Ljvi f~eb wkiv Wyg A_vr Wvg `b`j| DZ Ljvi QovwU weMZ w`bi Rbmbvevwnbxi
Awff~Z nq ARvbv Avb`| AwZ mvgvb LjvB wki gbvRMZK cuQ `q RvKRgKwUKB Zzj aiQ|
icK_vi mvbvi cixi `k| Avb`i mxgvnxb RMZ ay c_Pjv| G c_ Pjvi
Avb` wPiKvji| c_i cuvPvwji Acy-`yMvi bvUvdj, iovi wewP Kzovbv, euvki Ab GKwU Ljvi Qovq cvIqv hvq mvneevey`i m BsiR I
abyK I cvUKvwVi Zxi w`q hy hy Ljv, `kjvB Gi Lvc w`q Zvm evwbq Pviv cvZywMR`i wgji Avfvm
Ljv gb Kwiq `q Avgv`i Qjejvi w`bwj| hLvb wQj Avb`, Avi eb DcbwU evBvc
gywi AvKvLv| bvBbUb UvBvc
AZxZ evsjvi cvovMuvq Ggb AbK Ljv cPwjZ wQj Zv AvRI evsjvi UzjUvbv weweqvbv
Kvb cvovMuvq Mj `Lv hvq| evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi Avw` wb`kb Phvi MvbwjZ mvneeveyi eVKLvbv
`vev LjvwUi Dj-L cvIqv hvq| evey ejQb hZ
cvwnju ZvwoAv ewoAv gvwoD| cvb mycvwi LZ|
MAeiu ZvwjAv cvRbv NvwjD \ cvov Muvqi Ljvwj AvwfRvZnxb, gyKUz nxb ivRvi gZv| MvgxY mijZv
gwZGu VvKziK cixwbwev| Gi wbR^ ewk| A_bwZKfve wcwQq cov cj-xgvqi mvb`i GB DcKiYnxb
Aek KwiAv feej wRZv \ LjvwjB RywUq w`Q Avb`i LvivK| wk gbi weKvk GB Ljvwji
gyKz` PeZxi Afqvgj Kve wk kxgi kke eYbvq jvKxovi wb`kb cqvRbxqZv Acwimxg| wki Ljvi fvvi MwQZ h Ljvwj AvRI cvovMuvq
cvIqv hvq| PvL ivLjB `Lv hvq, mwj nj KvevwW, Mvj-vQyU, Wvswj, wcUz ev wcUz,
bMiv evjK m m`vB Lo Kov fv KzwgiWvOv, jyKvPzwi, Mv`x, WMvj (Pviv Ljv), wKZwKZ, e emx BZvw`| GB
Lj m`v wUKv Ko fUv Ljvwji De Ke, Kxfve Zv wbwZ Ki ejv me bq| cev` evKi gZvB G
............................................ Ljvwji De cj-xevsjvi gvbm f~wgZ| Kvb my`i~ AZxZ _K Gi aviv AvRI
ZcvAv evNPvwj Lj mvay mvZv aywj engvb|
mvgi meB wZbvZv cvov Muv-i Qj`i GKwU Rbwcq Ljv Mvj-vgvwi ev Mvj-vQyU| GB Ljvq
KvbvKvwb be Ljvq m`vB AvQ QyUvQywU Kivi Avb` Avi gywi Abvwej AvKvLv| `ywU `j fvM Ki GB
bv Rvwb w`em _vK Kv_v| Ljv nq| cwZ `j KZRb _vKe Zvi wbw` Kvb mxgv bB| Qj I gq DfqB
GB Ljvi Askx`vi nq| cwZwU `j GKRb ivRv ev cavb mbvcwZ _vK| GKwU
wk kxgi Ljvq mvZvPvwi, gvQ gvQ, gqbvMywo, WyevevwR, Svwj cfwZ LjviI MvjvKvi `vM KU Zvi ga ivRv ev mbvcwZK emvbv nq| MvjvKvi AskwU
cwiPq cvIqv hvq| _K wKQyUv `~i - mvaviY 30-50 wgUvi `~i GKwU AvqZvKvi Ab Ki
jvKxovwjZ mgM jvKRxebi L wew cwiwPwZ wbwnZ iqQ| `ji ivRvK wNi _vK, hvZ ivRv duvKv cq AvqZvKvi Ni cuQ bv hvq| em
cvov Muv-i DcKiYnxb Ljvwj ZrKvjxb evsjvi mvgvwRK I A_bwZK cvcUwU _vKv ivRvi `ji jvKiv GK GKRb Ki `g wbq gyL Pz-D-D-D AvIqvR
Zzj ai| mvgvwRK Kg I wPvavivi bvbv NvZ cwZNvZ cZ Kiv hvq Ljvwji KiZ KiZ ivRvK wNi _vKv wei `ji m`m`i Zvwoq `q ev Quyq w`q
ga| Mvg Ljvwji ga wbwnZ iqQ HwZnvwmK Z_i Aweb I AMw_Z gvVi evBi ei Ki `q| wei `ji ivRv AvqZvKvi Ni Aevb Ki| ZvKI
157 158
Ni _K ZvovZ nq| GB myhvM ivRv AvqZvKvi Ni Pj Avmj Mg Ifvi|
AbK mgq AbKi `g dzwiq hvq| ZvK hw` cwZc `ji Qjiv Quyq dj,
Ze m Ljvi evBi Pj hvq| `g dzivbvi AvMB m hw` ivRvK Quyq djZ
cvi ev AvqZvKvi Ni cuQ hvq Ze m Ljvq _K hvq| GB Ljvi Dcv`vb
mvgvbB Lvjv gvV, gy AvKvk Avi Amxg Avb`|
Wvswj GK A~Z aiYi cvov Muq Ljv| Ljvi DcKiY ejZ Kw
w`q Zix GKwU Ask ev jvwV Ges `yB w`K QuyPjv cuvP Bw gvci GKwU wj|GwU
`LZ AbKUv gvKzi gZv| GB LjvwUI `ywU `ji ga nq _vK| GKwU QvUv
j^vU MZ Ki Zvi ga gvKzi gZv `wUK ivLv nq| Wvs-wUi mvnvh `wU
hZ`~i hvq ZZ`~i djv nq| wei `j MZ _K wKQyUv `~i mvwiefve `uvwoq
hvq| AbKUv AvaywbK wKU Ljvi wdws Gi gZv| Wvs w`q `wU Quvovi mgq
hw` k~b ai djv hvq Ze m AvDU ej MY nq| ` ev wjwU hLvb wMq
coj mLvb _K `wUK Avevi Wvs w`q QuyPjv Ask AvNvZ Ki k~b fvmgvb
Aevq Rvi AvNvZ Kiv nq| hZ`~i `wU wMq coe mLvb _K Wvs w`q MZwU
ch gvcv nq| Wvs-Gi AvqZb hZevi gvcv nj mB `ji ZZ cqU| GBfve
`ji cwZwU m`m AvDU bv nIqv ch Ab`j Wvswj eenvi ev Ljvi myhvM
cve bv| LjvwU AbKUv AvaywbK wKU Ljvi gZ| AbKi gZ, Wvswj Ljv
_KB bvwK AvaywbK wKUi Rb|
wk`i Ljvi f~eb AviKwU Rbwcq Ljv wcUz ev wcUz| Ljvi DcKiY
Qwoq AvQ Mvgi c_-NvU-nvU-gvV| cyivbv UvwjfvOv MvjvKvi ev PKv Ki
fO wbjB nj| Kv_vI mvZ ev Kv_vI bqwU UvwjfvOv cici mvwRq wbq GKwU
wbw` RvqMvq ivLv _vK| Zv _K cqvRb gZv wKQyUv `~i GKUv iLv Ab Kiv
nq| iLvi Icvi _K QvU ej w`q mvRvbv PvivwjK AvNvZ Ki fO `Iqv
nq| `ji cwZ m`m wZbevi Ki myhvM cve| co _vKv Pvivwj cici Avevi
mvwRq wbjB cqU wbR`i cKU| Pvivwj mvRvbvi AvM wei `j Ab
`ji Kvb m`mi Mvq ejwU jvwMq `q Ze Ljvi `Lj Zv`i nvZ Pj hvq|
Kvb Kvb Ljvq bB Kvb DcKiYi evjvB| Ljvi Kvb DcKiY bv
cqB wkiv wbRivB Ljv Zwi Ki bq| Ggb GKwU Ljv KzwgiWvOv| h Kvb
RvqMvq GwU Ljv nq| KqKRb wgj GUv Ljv nq| wkiv wbR`i ga GKRbK
Kzwgi wnmve eQ bq| Kzwgi Rj Avi evwKiv WvOvq Aevb Ki| WvOv _K
KD Rj bvgjB (Kwg Rjvkq) Kzwgi ZvK aivi Pv Ki| I Kywgi Zvgvi
Rj bgwQ ej wkiv Avevi WvOvq DV co| mvaviY GKUv gbMov Ljv A_P
Gi ga AvQ KZ Avb`, AvQ KZ cvYvj Dbv`bv| wkgbi mijZv AwZ
mvgvbi gaB LuyR cvB cig Avb`|
wki jyKvbvi Avb` wPiKvji| gv wki jyKvPzwi wk gbK Ki
159
Zvi weqvcb| GB Ljvq bB Kvbv evwnK DcKiY| Lvjv gvV, evMvb,
Rj,evwo h Kvb vbB B Ljvi g| GB Ljvi m`m msLvi Kvb mxgviLv
bB| LuyR ei Kivi ci h Avb`, inm, Dbv`bv iqQ Zvi c_g nvZ Lwo
jyKvPzwi Ljvi gaB| GB Ljvq GKRbK Pvi wnmve eP bIqv nq| m`miv
GKwU wbw` RvqMvi ga h hvi gZv jywKq co| Pvii KvR nj jyKvbv
mKjK LuyR ei Kiv| mKjK LuyR ei KiZ cvij m Pvi _K gy nq|
hvK c_g LuyR ei Kij m Pvi wnmve weewPZ nq| Gfve Ljv PjZ _vK|
cvov Muvqi Avi GK gRv`vi Ljv Mv`x| `ywU `j wef nq GB LjvwU
nq| gvVi ga j^vjw^fve cici 6,7,8,9wU KvU KvUv nq| GKwU `j KvUi
ga wbw` RvqMvq cici `uvwoq hvq| cwZc `ji Qjiv wbw` GKwU Ni
c_g cek Ki| NiwUK `yw`K _K wNi djv nq| `ji m`miv Ni _K
eivbvi Pv Ki| `ji h Kvb GKRb m`m cwZc `ji Kvb m`mi
k bv cq me Niwj k Ki hw` cybivq vwUs cqU - G wdi AvmZ cvi
Ze Rqx ej NvlYv Kiv nq| GB Ljvi bB Kvb RvZxq ev AvRvwZK ^xKwZ|
Zey Mv`x Ljvi RbwcqZv evsjvi h Kvb Muvq Mj eySZ cviv hvq|
Kvb Ljvi DcKiY Avevi Uvwji UzKiv Avi MvQi cvZv ev dj
`Iqv `kjvB ev wmMviUi Lvj| cvov Muv-i Qjiv Zv w`qB evwbq bq UvKv
ev Zvm| Uvwji Zix QvU Pviv w`q Lvjv gvV, Wvev ev cyKzi cvo Xvjy mgZj
RvqMvq Ljv nq| QvUv GKwU eMvKvi Ni gvwUZ Ab Kiv nq| ZvZ cv iL
GKRb PviwU gvc gZv RvqMvq Quyo dj Ges cwigvY gZv bKj UvKv ev Zvm
gywVe Ki aiv nq| AbRb GKBfve eMvKvi NiwUZ cv iL c~ei PvivwUK
LvIqvi Pv Ki| hw` Dchy gvc gZv PvivwUK Lq djZ cvi Ze gywe
Zvm ev UvKvwj Zvi| Avi hw` bv cvi Ze gywZ hZwj Zvm AvQ ZZwj b
w`Z nq| ZvQvov PvivwUK bv LqI Ni wdi Avmvi myhvM AvQ| NUvi ci NUv
GeveB mgq KvwUq `q Zviv|
cvov Muvq GKwU Ljvi bvg wKZwKZ| GB LjvwU gq gnj ewk Rbwcq|
cvkvcvwk `yw`K wgwjq gvc gZv QqwU Ni gvwUZ `vM KU Ab Kiv nq| GKwU
Mvj QvU AvKvii gvwUi nuvwo fvOv w`q Zwi Pviv GB Ljvi DcKiY| cZKwU
Ni PvivwU dj w`q Pz wKZwKZ eywjZ GK `g GK cvq jvwdq QqUv Ni cvi
KiZ nq|
Gwj QvovI KvbvgvwQ, `vwoqvevv, wQeywo, mxZvPzwi, jvj jvwV, wj
Ljv, mvbvcywZ, igvjPzwi, evNQvMj, wPwbwezU, ivbvevwU, MvQv i MvQv, e
emx KZ Kx Ljvi fvvi jyKvbv iqQ cj-xi AvbvP KvbvP|
AvRKi MwZgvb hyM AvaywbK mfZvi nvZQvwbZ `Z nvwiq hvQ cj-xi
Ljvwj| wKU, dzUej, Uwbm, fwjej BZvw` ^xKZ Ljvwji `jZ cj-xi
160
Ljvwj PPvi Afve nvwiq hvQ| KwDUvi BUvibUi hyM wfwWI Mgi
gvag DcfvM Kiv hvq Ljvi Avb`| wkvi cwZhvwMZvi Bu`yi `o Avgiv
fyjZ emwQ cvovMuq Ljvwj| AvaywbK hyM hvwKZvi hyM, KwgZvi hyM| A_P
cvPxbKvj KVvi cwikg Ki RxweKv wbevn KiZ nZ| wK GLb Rxebi meB
hi AvwacZ| QvU QvU Qjgqiv KwDUvi em Mg Lj wK gvV Ljva~jv kvkxj iRb I wcq fvBevbiv| RwUj GK mgmvi Dci nvZ evwoqwQ| G
Ki b v| dj kvixwiK cwikgi Afve Zv`i gvbwmK MVb myPvi nq bv| Ljvi
gvV cviwiK mnhvwMZv, D`vi gbvfve, bZZ, kLjv, wbqgvbyewZZv cfwZ
Yvejx RvMZ nIqvi AeKvk cvq| wki gvbwmK weKvk cvov Muv-i Ljvwji
iZ hvwK Zvi hyMI Acwimxg I cvmwK|
161
G mZ Mvcb Kb t m~h Nvi cw_ex bq
ivvK gj
mgmv ay Avgvi bq, mgM weki wPvkxj ew`i iZi mgmv| kZvxi ci
kZvx ai h mgmv Pj AvmQ Ges h mgmv mgvavbi Rb e evwbK wP
vwe` AvZwbqvM KiQb, m mgmvi mgvavb Avgvi gZv GKRb AwZ bMb ewi
Kiv `yin| ZeyI GKUz bv wjL _vKZ cviwQ bv, Kbbv QvUejv _KB Avgvi
Afvm mZi c_ Pjv Ges mZK AvuKo aiv|
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west ay
ZvB bq, GUvK Universal Truth ev wPimZ ej wkv `Iqv nq| Kv_vI
Kvb cyK jLv bB - The earth rises in the east sets in the
west . m~h cw_exi Pvwiw`K Nvi cvPxbKvj _K gvbe RvwZ GB wekvm
AwePj wQj| m`k kZvxZ MvwjwjI m~h I cw_ex m^ h gZev` w`qQb
mUv gvZK| mwKZv Avgv`iK aygv cw_exZ cvwVqB v nbwb| wZwb
Avgv`iK w`qQb wek evi bvbvwea Z_| hjvi Dci fi KiB AvR
wevbi AMMwZ NU PjQ| cwe agM - KviAvb, nvw`g, evBej, e`, R`-
Avev Ges cvkvcvwk- wevbI cwivifve mv `q h cw_ex wi, m~h cw_exi
Pvwiw`K Nvi|
KviAvbi cgvY t 1) wbq Avj-vn AvKvk mg~n I cw_exK Ggbfve aviY
KiQb hb Iiv ^ ^ vb nZ bovPov KiZ bv cvi| [ Para - 22, SURA
- FATER ]
2) Ges Avwg GB Rb cw_exZ ceZgvjv vcb KwiqvwQ hb Dnv (cw_ex) Zrmn
AvwjZ bv nq| [ Para - 17, SURA - AMBIA ]
3) P` I m~h Mbbvq wbqwZ iwnqvQ A_vr m~h, P` Ggbfve NyiQ hvi dj
w`ev ivw nQ Ges GB cwieZbK j Ki w`b, gvm I eQii Mbbv Kiv nQ| [
Para - 27, SURA - RAHMAIN ]
nw`mi cgvY t nRiZ gn` (mvt) ejQb hLb Avj-vnZvqvjv cw_ex mw
Kwijb ZLb Zvnv _i_i Kwiqv KuvwcZ jvwMj| AZci Avj-vn cvnvi ceZ mw
Kwijb Ges Dnvi Dci kjvKv ^ic gvwijb, ZLb cw_ex wi nBj|
[gkKv` I nvw`m imyj]
162
evBeji cgvY t 1) m~h IV Avevi A hvq; Ges mZi ^vb hvq hLvb
wMqv IV [evBej heyi Dc`kK 1/5]
2) hLb wZwb D AvKvkK `pic wbgvb Kwiji; hLb Rjvavi cevnivwk
cej nBj; hLb wZwb mgy`i mxgv wi Kwijb hb Rj Zvnvi Avv jNb bv
Ki,hLb wZwb cw_exi g~j wbicb Kwijb|
[evBej heyi wnZvc`k cwiQ` 8/29]
e`i cgvY t 1) mweZv bvbv gi viv (ceZgvjvi viv) cw_exK my iLQb
wZwb webv LuywUZ AvKvkK `p ic avib KiQb| [FMe`| `kg gj 149/1]
2) AvKvk wbj, cw_ex wbj I mg ceZI wbj [FMe`| `kg gj 89/
4]
3) n AvKvk cwigYKvix m~h I P`! [FMe`| `kg gj 173/4]
R`-Avev t 1) wZwb P`, m~hK c~e nBZ cwg gYKvix KwiqvQb Ges
cw_exK Rjcwi weZZ KwiqvQb|
2) hLb cw_ex K Ri KvZi nBqvwQj wZwb Zvnvi cvYK ceZ ic KxjK
cvw_Z KwiqvwQjb| ZLbB cw_ex wi nBj|
wevbi cgvY t c_g cgvY - weki cwZwU c`v_B GK AciK mRvi
AvKlY Ki| GB AvKlbx kw wbfi Ki cZfve Zv`i fii kw bdj
Ges civfve `~iZi eMi Dci| [wbDUb]
hw` GKUvi fi AciwUi PvBZ ekx nq Ze hvi fi ekx m AbUvK
KvQ Uvbe| `~iZ ekx nj GB AvKlbxq kw Kg hvq dj KvQ UvbZ cvi bv,
Ze Zvi kwZ QvUUvK ev nvjKvUvK Zvi PZzw`K Nyivq| KwVb, Zij I evqexq
c`v_i mg^q cw_ex MwVZ, ZvB GwU AZ fvix| Abw`K m~h GKwU AwMwc|
Avgiv Rvwb Avbi Kvb IRb bB| ZvB m~hi AvqZb cw_exi Pq hZb eo
nvK bv Kb Zvi IRb cw_exi IRbi _K AbK Kg| AZGe m~h cw_exK
NvivZ cvi bv| GUv Ame|
wZxq cgvY - cw_ex hw` NyiZ Zvnj wbqB b I nWwji aygKZzwj `w
ewnfZ
~ nZv| `y GK hyM A_ev `y GK kZvxZI `w ewnfZ
~ nZv| wK c~ec
eZv _K Rvbv hvq h, cw_exi Rbg jM _K AvR ch Gjvi Kvb vb
cwieZb nqwb| ZvB `pKB ejv hvq h cw_ex wi|
ZZxq cgvY- cw_exZ wZbfvM Rj Avi GK fvM j| GB RjewZ cw_ex Avcb
163
ei Dci NUvq 1 nvRvi gvBj eM Nyij jfvMi Kvb AwZB _vKZ bv|
GQvov cw_ex hw` cwg nZ c~e NyiZ Zvnj mvgyw`K mvZK wewfb w`K cevwnZ
nZ `Lv hZ bv| aygv cwg _K c~e cevwnZ nZ| wK Zv nq bv, ZvB
wbtm`nB ejv hvq h, cw_ex wi|
PZz_ cgvY - evwbK`i gZ, cw_exi cwiwa 25000 gvBj| 24 NUvq Avcb
ei Dci Nyi Avm| Zvnj cw_exi MwZeM NUvq 1 nvRvi gvBjiI ekx|
aijvg GB cP MwZZ cw_ex cwg _K c~e NyiQ|, Zvnj Zvi cvwicvwkK
evqygjI GKB w`K NyiZ _vKe| wK Avgiv Zv eQii wewfb mgq evqygjK
wewfb w`K NyiZ `wL| GgbwK c~e nZ cwgI g`yg` evqy cevwnZ nq| Zvnj
Lqvj Kib 1 nvRvi gvBjiI ekx MwZ mb evqygjK AwZg Ki g`yg`
evqy Dvw`K cevwnZ nq ? KLbI bv| ZvB cw_ex wi bv nj Ggb evqy cevn
Ame|
cg cgvY - m~hi Pvwiw`K Nyi AvmZ cw_exi cvq 60 KvwU gvBj c_ AwZg
KiZ nq| mgq jvM 365 w`b| Zvnj cw_exi evwlK MwZ NUvq 68500 gvBj
GKB fve NUvq 2285 gvBj MwZZ P` cw_exi PZzw`K Nvi| P` gv 2285
gvBj MwZeM wbq 68500 gvBj MwZeM wewk cw_exi PZwy `K wKfve Nyie ...?
ZvB ejev cw_ex wi ejB P`i NyYb me nQ|
l cgvY - aijvg cw_ex NyiQ mZ wK k~bK wbq wbqB NyiQ bv| Zvnj
gbKwi `g`g _K GKwU Givc-b 10/15 gvBj mvRv Dci DV 1 NUv MwZ
wbqb Ki ivLj| GB GK NUvq cw_ex Zv 1000 gvBj c~e w`K mi hve| 1
NUv ci Givc-bwUK mvRv mywR bvgvj `g`gi Dci bv co Zv w`j-xZ covi
K_v| wK Zv nq bv| ZvB GUv cwivi h, cw_exi NyiQ bv|
mg cgvY - wesk kZvxZ GK_v ejj mevB wekvm Ki h, iKUi mvnvh
cw_exK c`wY Kiv nqQ| cw_exi c Qo h MwZZ iKUK DvKvk DVZ
nqwQj Zvi MwZeM wQj cwZ mK 7 gvBj| A_vr 25 nvRvi gvBj cvq|
cw_exi PZyw`K iKUK h MwZeM wbq PjZ nqQ Zv wQj NUvq 16000
iy l`i gvBj (Gc) Gevi ck nj h iKU NUvq 16000 gvBj MwZeM wbq PvKvi
Nvi Zv wK Ki 70000 gvBj eM wewk cw_exi PZzw`K Nyie| hw` iKUUv
ekx MwZeM mb cw_exi MwZc_i mvgb co Ze msNvZ Awebvh Avi hw`
wcQb co Ze cw_exK Avi Rb RbviI aiZ cvie bv|
GQvov Ujwg wQjb AvjKRvvii GKRb mycwm mbvcwZ| wZwb H
164
hyMi mek f~Mvjwe`, MwYZ I RvwZwevbx wQjb| wZwb cgvY Ki `wLqQb,
cw_ex wi| Rvgvb evbxK, aghvRK, mwbK I MYK wbKvjvm KvcviwbKvm
cgvY KiQb cw_ex wi| mg miRMr ZvK K` Ki c`wY Ki| wZbRb
gvwKb evbxK gyjvi, yU Ges Mbvb ejQb, ev wi; G mZ D`NvwUZ
nqQ U-2 wegvb nZ cheY viv| GQvov GKv`k kZvxi GK LvZbvgv
RvwZwevbx AvjeiYx cgvY Ki `wLqQb, P`, m~h, Mn, b meB cw_exi
meK| mevB GB cw_exK K` Ki NyiQ|
evbxKiv Kvb hyMB em bB| mehy MB G evcvi wbq AvjvPbv nqQ
Ges AvRI nQ| Ze hLb Kvb gZev` cPwjZ nq hvq ZLb mwUK Dvbv
AZ KwVb| GKUv fyjK hw` fyj ejI Rvb Zey cvwicvwkK Pvc m fyjK mZ
ejB gvb| evbxK AvBbvBb ZvB ejQb, AvVviv eQi ch gvbyl hv wKQy
kL, gZzi c~ew`b ch mUvKB AbymiY Ki| MvwjwjI Gi cii evbxK
wbDUb cw_ex Nvi GK_v gb wbZ cvibwb| 1952 mvj gvBKj m I gwj
GKB gZ cKvk Kib| cw_ex N~Ybi evcvi AvBbvBbK wRvmv Ki hv cvIqv
hvq Zv GB `uvovq cw_ex Nvi eZ Gi Kvb cgvYB bB| DwciD
AvjvPbvi kl wbwavq ejv hvq h, m~h Nvi, cw_ex wi|
165
AvaywbK fviZ bvixwkv t
eZgvb mgqi bxwiL
MxZv (wmbnv) PeZx
!yy y!y
Education one man, you educate one person, but educate a
woman and you educate a whole civilisation - Mahatma Gandhi.
m~Pbv t m~Pbvq ejv hvq bvix _K RvwZi Rb| bvix Zuvi wkv `xv, AvZwekvm,
gvbwmKZv, ^wbfiZv, bvix gZvqb, `~i`wZv cfwZ hZ DbZ ne, mB
RvwZI ZZ DbZ ne| ZvB wbwZfveB weki cwZwU `k bvix wkv, bvix cMwZ
I bvix kw GKvfveB Kvg Ges Avvgv`i `k fviZelI Zvi ewZg bq|
bvix wkv kwU `ywU ki mswgkY, h_v bvix Ges wkv, myZivs
bvix wkvq GB `ywU welqKB mgvb iZ c`vb Kiv DwPZ| A_vr GKw`K bvixRvwZi
kw, mvb, myiv, ghv`v, HwZnK ^xKwZ c`vb, Abw`K wkvi Avjvq bvixi
mvweK I mevwb weKvki c_ my`p Kiv| eZgvb wkwZ gwnjv h RvZxq m`
GwU mei ^xKZ|
fviZel bvixwkvi cvcU t AZxZ Ggb GKUv hyM wQj hLb bvixiv
Zv`i Rxebi mv_KZv Mnvjxi KvR Ges mvb cwZcvjbi viv ARb KiZv|
A_vr bvix RvwZi mv_KZv PwiZv_ nZ hvM cZx I gvZv ic, Ze mB hvMZv
wePvi Kiv nZ Mvn `Zvi gvcKvwVZ| bvix mgvRi AwaKvi mxgvwqZ _vKZ
cyilZvwK mgvRi wbqg bxwZ, AvPvi Abyvb I Kzmsvii eovRvj|
cieZxKvj ^vaxb fviZi ivbZviv Dcjw Kib, h Kvb mfZvi
weRq i_i `ywU cavb mgvivj PvKvi GKwU bvix I AciwU cyil| ZvB fviZxq
msweavbi ZZxq Aski 14,15 Ges 16 bs avivq mevi Rb mgvb AwaKvii K_v
ejv nqQ| GQvovI 21, 41, 45, 46, 51 avivwj bvix I wkv msv ^v_K
myiwZ KiQ| AvBbi `wZ RvwZ wj eY wbwekl me bvMwiKB mgvb| GLb
bvixiv wbR AwaKvi, wbR mvb - ghv`v, myivi `vweZ cyil`i mv_ Kuva Kuva
wgwjq KvR KiQ|
fviZel bvix wkvi eZgvb wP t fviZel gvU RbmsLvi 48.72%
bvix| hnZz fviZi gvbem`i AafvM bvix| myZivs fviZi AMMwZi Aavsk
bvix mgvRi Ici wbfikxj| ZvB fviZi gZ DbqYkxj `kK wekvqbi m
Zvj wgwjq PjZ Mj m~Y gvbem`K eenvi Ki RvwZi DbwZ NUvZ ne|
Avi Zvi Rb bvixwkv Acwinvh|
eZgvb Kvji wePvi `LZ cvB, fviZel wkv bvix mviZvi
nvi geagvb| 2011 mvm wicvU _K GKwU cwimsLvb Zzj aij `Le GB
166
Z_i eveZv| 5) we`vjqwjZ gq`i Rb cwiKvVvgvMZ bvbv Amyweav, c_K kPvjqi
Literacy Rate in the India : 1951 - 2011 Afve cfwZ gq`i we`vjq hvIqvi cwZeKZv mw KiQ| hvi dj
Census year Person(%) Male Female m/f gap in literacy rate
cv_wgK ii ci gq`i zjQyUi msLv ew cvQ|
1951 16.7 24.9 7.3 17.6
1961 24.0 34.4 13.0 21.4 6) DP wkvi Rb gq`i KjR me bB|
1971 29.5 39.5 18.7 20.8 7) cwievii Avw_K AbUb bvixwkvi weKvk evav c`vb KiQ|
1981 36.2 46.9 24.8 22.1 8) mvgvwRK iYkxjZv I Kzmsvi bvixwkvi c_ evav|
1991 52.2 63.9 39.2 24.7 9) mevcwi cyilZvwK mgvRi elgg~jK gbvfve bvixwkvi AMMwZi cavb
2001 65.38 76.0 54.0 22.0
Aivq|
2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 16.68
Dcmsnvi t eZgvb gvbyl GUzKz eySQ AZ cwieviK myzfve Pvjbv KiZ nj
Source Census of India, GOI (2011) cwievii Qj gq`i jLvcovi `Lvbv KiZ nj Mnea~KI wkwZ nZ
2011 mvm wicvU Abymvi fviZel mvgwMK mviZvi nvi 74.04%| bvixwkvi ne| ZvB bvixwkvK AbycvwYZ KiZ eZgvb zj, KjR, wekwe`vjqi msLv
nvi 65.46% Ges cyil wkvi nvi 82.14%| GB wicvU _K h, ^vaxbZv evoQ, ZvZ QvQvxi mgvbycvZ Avmbi msLvI evovbv nQ| hgb AeZwbK
cieZxKvj bvix cyil DfqB wkv geagvb nvi DbwZ KiQ| A_vr wkveev gq`i c_K we`vjqi eev, c_K kPvjq vcb, wewfb cKvi
^vaxbZv cieZxKvj wkvi nvi ew cqQ| 1951 mvj hLvb gvU mviZvi fvZv cfw Z| GQvovI cvwievwiK wkv I AwffveKi wkvi Ici iZ c`vb Kiv
nvi 16.7% wQj, mLvb 2011 mvj gvU mviZvi nvi ew cqQ 57.7%| nQ|
1951 mvji Zzjbvq 2011 mvj cyyil wkvi nvi cvq wZbY ew cqQ, h_v cvPxbKvj _KB cyilZvwK mgvRi ivKZviv eySwQjb h, bvixiv
- 24.9% (1951 mvj) Ges 82.14% (2011 mvj)| GBw`K _K Avhfve, wkwZ nj bvix Zvi AwaKvi, mvb ARb Ki ^wbfi nq DVe Ges cyilZvwK
bvixwkvi nvi ew cqQ 1951 mvji Zzjbvq 2011 mvj cvq bqY A_vr mgvRi eovRvj fO hve| GB gbvfveK e_ KiZ nj gq`i wbR`iB
7.3% (1951 mvj) Ges 65.46% (2011 mvj)| myZivs GB welqwU mgxv AbK ewk mvej^x Z_v kvixwiK I gvbwmK w`K _K my I k mg_ nq DVZ
_K h, ^vaxbZv cieZxKvj cyil`i Zzjbvq bvix wkvi ewi nvi `ZZi| ne| wkwZ bvix mgvR mvmev`, Kzmsvi `~i Ki GKwU my`i, kvwc~Y DbZ
wK GLbI wkv bvixiv cvrc`| 35% bvix AvRI wkvi AvwObv _K mgvRi evZveiY Zwi KiZ cvi| ZvB gvjvjv BDmydRvB Gi fvlvq ejv hvq
`~i| fviZel Mvgvj GLbI bvixwkvi AMMwZi nvi axi MwZ mb| Extremists have shown what frightens them most : a girl
fviZel bvix wkvi mgmv t fviZel bvixwkvi cvrc` nIqvi KviY with a book.
ek wKQy cwZeKZv, hv AvRI eZgvb, mwj nj t Mm~Px t
1) AwffveK`i wkv I mPZbvi Afve| Mvgvj GLbI 70% KbvmvbK 1. Aggarwal, J.C (2004).Development and planning of modern
wkv eev _K `~i mwiq iL MnKg wbhy Kiv nq| education Delhi, Vikas publishing house pvt. ltd.
2. Gupta, N.L (2000) Woman education : Thrpugh the ages :
2) AZxZi wewfb c_v - Kzmsvi fO ewiq AvmZ cvijI AvRI fviZi
New Delhi : Concept publishing company.
wewfb ivR (gac`k, wenvi, Dic`k, SvoL cfwZ) evjweevn c_v bvix 3. Kumar, J & Sangeeta (2013) Status of women education in
mviZvi c_ cwZeKZv mw KiQ| India.
3) cyil`i Ici bvix`i A_bwZK wbfikxjZv Zv`i `yejZvi Aviv GKUv 4. gyLvcvavq, iyMvcvj : wkvi AwaKvi AwaKvii wkv|
KviY| ZvB wkvi mv_ A_bwZK ^vejw^ Ki Zvjvi Rb bvix`i ewg~jK 5. P. Mukherjee, R.Dev & G. Upadhyaya (2016), Womens edu-
wkvq AbycvwYZ Kiv cqvRb| cation in India - post predicaments and Future Possibilities.
4) AvwjK `~iZ wePvi Ki gq`i Rb c_K we`vjq vcb Kiv me me Reports :
nqwb| weklZt Mvgvj evwjKv we`vjqi Afve Kbvmvbi wkvi 1. Census od India (2011) : Office of registrer General, India.
bwZevPK gbvfve Mo ZzjQ|
167 168
 divmx wec-e evOvjx wec-ex GKUz KiYv nq| ivRv Zvi wekvg Avi GKUz fvjv LvIqv `vIqvi eev Ki `b|
`yw`bB QjwU ej wdi cvq, `uvovZ cvi| QvU LvUv GUv IUv Ki w`Z cvi|
gyKj
z mvnv ivRv Lykx nb|
GKw`b mq ivRv ZvK KvQ WvKb|AbKjv cvLx bvbv Mobi,
m`k kZvx| Mvivi `j Gm MQ Mvi NvU NvU| cZMy xR NuvwU MoQ evj| bvbv iOi, KqKwU A~Z `kb KzKi, gnvg~j MIbv e Avi ZvK m wbq ivRv
Aek Iiv GmQ AbK AvMB| MjxZ BsiR, PuPy ovq WvP,wiloq MxK, f`k i Pjb A`ignj gv`vg w` eixi Ni| eix ivRvi iwZv| GK GK mewKQy `vb
Rvgvb-Awq Avi P`bbMi divmx| cjvkx hyi eQi cvk AvMB Lwjmvwb, Ki `b eixK| Zvi w`K ZvwKq eix ejb, GK GbQv Kb? ivRv ejb,
evov I Mv`jcvov GB wZbwU Mvg wbq divmxiv Mo Zvj kni P`bbMi| gv GKI ZvgvKB w`jvg| cvP `kxq fvjv Qj, Zvgvi mev Kie| eix Lywk|
cvk eQiB bvg Qwoq cojv c~ei AbZg miv kni ej| Mvivi `j GmwQj QjwU cvq nvZ w`q cYvg KiZ hvq eixi| QjwUi KvQ hq `uvovb| _yZbx
evwYR Ki eojvK ne ej| Ze Abvb eemvi Avovj Zv`i Avmj eemvUv ai cvPi mB kvgjv Qji Kvjv PvLi w`K PvL weuwaq ZvKvb gv`vg| wK
wQj `vm eemv, Lvm eemv| Rwg wKbZ nq bv, KviLvbv MoZ nq bv, jei cylZ `Ljb wZwbB Rvbb, Ze gb nj wZwb Wye w`jb mB PvL| fvjv jM hvq
nqbv| Gevi Zix gvj finished product| aiv nvZ cvq ewo euvav eixi| ZvK wZwb GKUz GKUz Ki jLvcov kLvZ _vKb| PvjvK PZzi QjwU
Avi RvnvRi Lvj fiv| gvm `yqK cuQ hve cwgi kni e`i| LiP ejZ GMvZ _vK GKUz GKUz Ki| MwYZ, mvwnZ, `kb, BwZnvm meB m coZ _vK
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6) fvMeZcyivYg& - 12.3.5
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187
bKvi Dcv`vb t
bKv Zix KiZ wewfb Dcv`vb `iKvi nq| mwj nj - KvV, ciK,
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kvj A_ev mb KvV bKv ZixZ eenvi Kiv nq| Ze Avw_K mgmvi KviY
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MVb Kkj t
fvievnx bKvi MVb :
GKwU bKvi cavb cavb Ask nj - `uvov, MjyB, euvK, Qv,
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188
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nq| bKvi mvgb I wcQb `yw`KB MjyB _vK| MjyB bKvi KvVvgvwUK k
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cqvRb gZv ZvK cywoq euvKv KiZ nq| ZvK cyovbv gvb mivmwi AwMmshvM
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20 4 7
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30 eQi 54 26
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bKvi mvgbi w`K jvMvbv nq gvj| mvaviYZ mvRv euvk ev KvV w`q GB gvj MfxiZv 34 22/25 Ub nvRvi Rb mn| w`b
wbwgZ nq| gvj `wUK mvRvfve `uvo Kivbvi Rb bKvi mvgbi Aski Bw, bxPi wRwbm hvq| UvKv `wbK 8
GKwU ck ov I Zjvi Aski GKwU ck euvK H `i AvqZb gZv MvjvKvi Zj 5 nvZ NUv KvR|
MZ Kiv _vK|
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gj| Gici bKv Dv Ki Zj`k wbwgZ nq| KvVi ZvK cvkvcvwk mvwRq
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gvLvbv nq| AvjKvZiv wKq MjB bKv eenvi DchvMx nq IV| bKv
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msLv bKvi AvKvi AvqZbi Ici wbfi Ki|
189 190
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c_g ZvK bKvi AvKvi Abymvi RjyB - Gi mvnvh Rvov `Iqv
nq| GZ bKvi `y&B cvki KvVvgv Zix nq| Zvici euvk eua wbw` AvqZb gZv bKvi eeZ eenvii
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jvMvbv nq| Gici jvMvbv nq Qv| bKvi ZvK `p Kivi Rb bxPi w`K
j^v 16
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nvZ/24- UvKv
ewbevZv jvMvbv nq| Zvici ov jvMvbv nq| bKvi Icii Ask _vK ov, mb dmj nvRvi eQi Rb 22
bKvi `yB Wvjvi gvS Aevb Ki bKvi KvVvgvK k Ki| bKvi mvgbi 25 dzU| Avbvi
UvKv Lvevi I w`b
w`Ki GKwU ck ov I GKwU ck euvK gvj ivLvi RvqMv ivLv nq| gvj PIov 4 KvR cvb wewo
mvRv euvk ev KvV w`q Zix nq| Gi mvnvh cvj LvwUq bKvK webvkg `Z nvZ, eenvi mn|
MwZZ Pvjvbv hvq| nq| 20 `wbK 8
MfxiZv gY wRwbm
Zvici bKvK Dv Ki Zj`ki KvR i nq| AvqZb Abymvi NUv
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24-25 Avbv hvq|
KvR|
Zj`k wbgvYi ci bKvK wbwk&Q` Kivi KvR Pj| mvgvb wQ`i gyL ayc - Bw
dzjLwo - AvjKvZivi AvVvjv wgkY w`q e Kiv nq| eov wQ` ev Rvovi gyL
Kvcoi UzKiv uR w`q H cjc jvMvbv nq| Zvici mgM bKvq AvjKvZiv
gvwLq KvZ `Iqv nq| dj bKv gReyZ I UKmB nq| Gici nvj I eVv
jvwMq eenvii Rb cZ Kiv nq| MVbi w`K GKwU Kvlv bKvi DPZv
h_vg - wcQb 38 Bw, gvS 33 Bw I mvgb 32 Bw nq|

16 nvZ bKv wbgvYi cavb cavb Dcv`vb t

Qv ov euvK `uvov RjyB ciK dz j Lwo a~c Avj

KvZiv
`yB I
24 11 9 Uv mvaviYZ 16 3 1 2
cqvRb KwR AvovB Bw
Uv Uv KwR KwR wUb
nq bv 1 KwR, Dcmsnvi t
Abvb wgj eZgvb ce cvb`xZ eeZ `y aiYi bKvi weeiY I MVb Kkj
gvU 12 AvjvPbv Kiv nj| Kvb bKvi MVb g~jZ wbfi Ki Zvi wbw` fMvwjK
KwR I gvbyli eenvi Kvhi Dci| b`xc_ I mgy`c_ eeZ bKv GKiKg nq bv|
evwYnZix I iYZix eenvii myweav Abyhvqx MVb Kiv nq| Avevi bKv hLb
wejvm I Avb` cwZhvwMZvi gvag nq ZLb Zvi MVbkjx Avjv`v| A_vr GKwU
191 192
wbw` fMvwjK Aj, gvbyli KvR I Zvi eenvii aiYi Dci bKvi MVb
Kkj AbKLvwb wbfi Ki| Ze eZgvb ce bKvi MVb Kkj wbq hv
AvjvPbv Kiv nj Zv cvq mg bKvi MVb Kkj m^B chvR|
Mcw t
1| Hornell James, The Origins and Ethonological Signifi-
cance of Indian Boat Designs. Memoirs of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, Vol. VIII, no. 3.
2| H.H. Risley, The Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Vol. I & II,
calcutta 1981.
Z_`vZv t
1| cdjz - Kzgvi nvj`vi, `qvivgcyi, Rjx, gywk`vev`, eqm 51 eQi, RvwZ bgk~`,
wn`y|
2| myej P` evjv, m~hbMi Kjvbx, Rjx, gywk`vev`, eqm 40 eQi, RvwZ bgk~`,
wn`y|
3| mybxj nvj`vi, `vmi PK WvgKj, gywk`vev`, eqm 60 eQi, RvwZ bgk~`, wn`y|
4| mgi kgv, `qvivgcyi, Rjx, gywk`vev`, eqm 56 eQi, RvwZ m~ai, wn`y|
5| Avvg gj,`qvivgcyi, Rjx, gywk`vev`, eqm 55 eQi, RvwZ gymwjg|
KZZv ^xKvi t
GB ce iPbvq e gvbyli viv bvbvfve DcKZ nqwQ| Zv`i ga hv`i bvg `y`kvM I wech Ki w`q hvQ|
kvi m iY KiZ nq Zviv njb - niivg nvj`vi, mgi nvj`vi, Awgq
nvj`vi, f~cb gj, gnx`yj kvn (`qvivgcyi, gywk`vev`) I cik wekvm (`excyi,
gywk`vev`)|
* jLK cwiwPZ : myeZ miKvi, MelK,jvKmswZ wefvM, Kjvbx wekwe`vjq| BZvw` AvswkK mvweK wqvKjvci dj wKQyUv NwUZ njI f~wgK, AMyrcvZ
193
Tsunami - A Killer Wave
mybvgx - GKwU gviY Zi
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mvaviYZ cvKwZK `yhvM `ywecvK Gi ga ebv, Liv, f~wgK, AMy rcvZ,
mybvgx BZvw` NUbv ewkifvM B GZB AvKwK I `Z cfve weviKvix h,
mewKQy eyS IVvi AvMB me kl nq hvq| e cvPxbKvj _KB gvbyl eySZ
PqQ Kb nq GBme `yhvM, `ywecvK| Avevi `yhvMi ga ebv, Liv, f~wgasm
wK m~Yfve cvKwZK I AvKwK , hvi asmvZK cwiYwZ AwZ A mgqi
gaB A RvqMv Ryo jbxq| wK Kb nq GB f~wgK, mygvgx ? `k `k
civwYK MMuv_v _K i Ki jvKK_vq Gi mwi bvbv inm jywKq AvQ|
wn`y cyivYymvi cvIqv hvq fMevb wezi f klbvM cw_exK gK aviY Ki
iqQ, m hLb gv_v bvovq ZLbB nq f~wgK| GQvov Rvcvbi civwYK wekvm
nj, GK wekvj gvKomvi wcV iqQ Avgv`i cw_ex| Zvi bovPovi dj f~wgK
mvwaZ nq| G Zv Mj civwYK Kve wK evbxK inm Kx ?
MxK wevbx I `vkwbK AvwiUji gZ, f~Mf Mvmi Pvc eo Mj
nq f~wgK| wK wevb I chywi DbwZi m m Avgiv eySZ ciwQ
194
AvwiUji fvebv mZ bq Zvnj mZUv wK? Ebwesk kZKi gvSvgvwS _K UvwKI _K 373 Km. `~i mgy` DcKjeZx kni mvBq mgy`i 17 gvBj
f~wevbxiv eySZ cvijb f~Mf en`vqZb wk Li AvcwK vb PzwZi dj Mfxi hLb mw nq mybvgx bvgK gviYZii wefxwlKv ZLb fviZxq mgq wQj
h cPiz mwZ kw nVvr Ki gy nq hvq Zvi dj f~ZK Kuc IV Ges f~wgK mKvj mIqv GMvivUv I vbxq mgq `ycyi 2.45 wgwbU, 2011 mvj| Avhi welq
msNwUZ nq| Ges GB f~wgKB Rb `q mybvgx bvgK GK gviYZi Rvi ev cvZvkq GwUB h GB NUbvq 20 Kv: Ub UvBbvBUU jyBb GKm dvUj h kw wbMZ nq
asmKvix GK RbmvZi| hvi AbZg cK D`vniY nj ckv gnvmvMii DcKzjeZx Zvi mgvb kw Zwi nqwQj mg`i wbP| f~wevbx`i gZ Gw`b mLvb f~K
kni Rvcvb| nqQ ckv gnvmvMii Zj`k| IB Ask iqQ mvwi mvwi AvMqwMwi, cwifvlvq
GeviI Rvcvb, di GK Zxe weasmRwbZ f~wgK mw mybvgxi fqi hvK ejv nq AwMejq Ges GB AwMejqjvZB gvS gvS f~wgK jMB
Kivj Mvm chewmZ nj Dw`Z m~hi `k Rvcvb Di I c~e | gv 2 NUvi ga _vK|
DcKjeZx Aj cej AvNvZ nb Zxe MwZZ Rji XDq fvmgvb KvMRi gvwKb f~ZvwK MelYv K`i mgxv _K Rvbv hvq h MZ 50 eQi
bKvi gZ fvwmq wbq Mj DcKzji RvnvR, evU, j _K i Ki evwo Ni, IB AwMejq 21wU eo aiYi f~wgK nqQ hvi cwZwUB mybvgxi Rb w`qQ|
ivvNvU, wegvbe`i, ije`i, Zj kvabvMvi mg wKQy| wbgli ga LimvZv
Rj BQgZ Qvwcq me wbw Ki w`q Mj| Avmj wK inm wQj GB fqi
mybvgxi mwi cQb?
Geological Survey of India-i Aemi cv f~K wekl vb
ivRb Kivji gZ ckv gnvmvMii h Ask Gw`b mybvgx msNwUZ nqwQj mLvb
mgy`i bxP cvkvcvwk wQj `ywU cvZ Ges Rvcvb LvZ bvg GKwU LvZ IB ckv
gnvmvMixq cvZ Ges BDiwkq cvZi Aevb| cvKwZK wbqgB ckv gnvmvMixq Avmj wK GB mybvgx? Dchy mgy`vcKj ev Zj`k f~wgK ev AMyrcvZi
cvZwU cwZeQi 50-60mm Ki XyK hvwQj BDiwkq cvZi Zjvq| Avi `ywU dj Rjii Av`vjbi KviY h weivU mgy` Zi wecyj kw wbq DcKjfve
cvZi NlY Drcb nqwQj h, kw mwZ Gw`b Elasrticity AwZg Ki 1m: AvQo co ZvK ejv nq mybvgx, A_vr AvwiK A_ hvK Avgiv ewj wekvjvKvi
ga ckv gnvmvMixq cvZwU BDiwkqvb cvZi Zjvq AZ 10-15 wg: XyK cvZvkq asmKvix Zi|
wMqwQj| dj^ic fqi gvvq mw nqwQi f~wgK hvi djkwZ mybvgx| %y# ,!T k!

Rvcvb ckv gnvmvMi m GB f~wgKi ZxeZv wQj Gw`b 8.9| mybvgxi XDqi
DPZv wQj 13 feet. Kv_vI Avevi 33 feet , mgy`i Rj10wg. DuPz nq wMq
AvQo cowQj mgy`ZU|
qwZi K_v ejZ Mj eo eo j, evUjvK eMevb evbi Rj
fvmgvb KvMRi bKvi gZ fvwmq wbq hvq GB mybvgxi RjmvZ| AbK RvqMvq
mvZi Uvb ebeb Ki NyiZ _vK RvnvR, Mvq Mvq avv jM Rjhvbwj
UzKiv UzKiv nq hvq| Mvwowj RjmvZ IjUcvjU Lvq Ljbv Mvwoi gZ|
ZUf~wg _K 10 Km. `~i evmf~wgZ XyK co jvfvmvZi gZ ZxeMwZZ Rj|
195 196
evwoNi, `kjvB evi gZ fvmZ _vK Rj| LimvZv Rj BQgZ `vwcq eovq AvKvi| IB dvUj gk evoZ _vKjv| Zv vqx f~cwieZb NUvZ mg ne|
knii c_, wegvb e`i| h RwgZ Rj cuQZ cviwb mLvbI f~wgK Avi GQvov cvKwZK wechq hgb GKw`K Awfkvc ^ic Zgwb Avkxev`I eU, KviY
mybvwg RwbZ dvUj AbK ivv I evwoi Pnviv nq ewjiLvgq ei ZKi gZ| cvKwZK wechqi dj f~MvVwbK cwieZb NUj Avgiv g~jevb m`I Avwevi
Zj kvabvMvi Avb jM Zv Qwoq co Pvwiw`K| wegvbe`i, iie`i me KiZ cvwi| asmi gaB my _vK mwi exRg ZvB cvKwZK wechq RvbZ
e| GKBm 40 j evwo we`yrnxb nq co| asmi ga w`qB RM DVyK bexbi Dbl, hv gbylRbRvwZK AMMwZi c_
Rvcvbi GB mybvgxi cfve aygv c_ NvU evwoZB Ave wQj bv| Zivw^Z Kie| gvbyl GKw`b mZmZB cKw Zi LqvjxcbvK m~Yi c wbqYvaxb
wekA_bxwZKI evcKfve Uwjq w`qwQj| weki ZZxq eng A_bxwZ Rvcvbi Ave ivLe| gk GwMq AvmQ mBw`b, mw`b gvbyl cKZ B Rq Kie cKw ZK|
Gw`bi wechq wVK KZUv wech nqwQj Zvi GKwU evLv `Iqv hvq| mybvgxi
GB w`b 6wU KviLvbv e Ki w`qwQj sony, 3wU KviLvbv e Kivi K_v Z_m~ t
RvwbqwQj| weki AbZg enr Mvwo wbgvZv TOYOTA, HONDA MOTOR & NISAN 1) Ananda Bajar Patrika
GKB c_ nuUQ| KviLvbv ei wmv wbqwQj FUJI HEAVY INDUSTRIES 2) cvKwZK `yhvM kvi`v gj
mn ek wKQy ms v | e wQj J.X,NIPPON OIL AND ENERJY-i wZbwU 3) f~wgKwe`v Gm.Avi. emy I Avi. gvBwZ
ZjkvabvMvi| Avb ai wMqwQj Cosmo Oil Company-i wPev kvabvMvi| 4) cvPxb fviZi BwZnvm - mybxj Pvcvavq
myBWbi Mvwo eRvwZK fjfv, myBm msv, bmj, wmUe ev Gqvi evM wbgvY
eng msv AUvwjf I wiUj eRvwZK UmKv|
wek A_bxwZ QvovI GB mybvgxi ivl cowQj kqvi evRvii IciI|
Gw`b f~wgKi mgq _i_i Ki KuvcwQj Rvcvbi kqvi evRvi wbB| w`bi
kl hv cowQj 1.7%| GB wechqi ik Gw`b Qwoq coQ weki Abvb
`ki kqvi evRviI| wjweqv I mw` Avie Zji `vg wbq Avkvq iqQ
kqvi evRvi|
UvwKI _K wgqvwM knii _K Rvcvbi Dt c~t kniwj mybvgxi
cej mvZ fm MjI wmMwbwcevm, ZvBIqvb, qvb, nvIqvB, cvcyqv,
wbDwMwb,wPwj, Gjmvjfv`vi mn ckv gnvmvMixq AvMq ejq msjM xcivwjK
f~K I mybvgx ceY wecbK Aj ej NvlYv Kiv nqQ|
hw`I mybvgx cvKwZK Dcvq m GKwU weasmx Awi I AwbwZ cKw Zi
gviY Zi hvi Kvbv c~evfvm `Iqv Ame ejjB Pj, ZeyI 1946 mvj Av
RvwZK mybvgx wkqvix eev Pvjy nevi ci _K gvbyli gZzi msLv AvMi
_K KgQ| GQvov Rvcvbi wbKUeZx AvMqwMwijvi Pvicvk jvMvbv nqQ
AmsL mi| h mijv AvMvg c~evfvm `e AMyrcvZ I f~wgKi| dj
miwj _K evZv ZivKvi mKi ga gvbyli KvQ cuQ hve I gvbylRb
wbivc` Avkq MnY KiY| mi Qvov wKQy ejybi Avwevi Kiv nqQ hvi ga
gvbyl Rji ga fm _vKZ cvie `xNY, dj fvmgvb gZzi nvZ _K iv
cve AmsL gvbyl| Rvcvbi GB mybvgx fwelZi fMvwjK cwieZb NUvZ mg
nZ cvi| KviY f~wevbx`i GKvski `vwe h, Rvcvbi mgy`i wbPi f~i `ywU
cvZi Aevb kl ch wK `uvovq Zvi Ici wbfi Kie mgy`i wbP dvUji
197 198

fviZxq `kb e Rb Ges
MvwRxi Awnsmv Z
Zzdvb Avwj mL
x!! xy !x !yy y!y A wnmve aviY KiwQjb cvPxb fviZi g~jg Awnsm bxwZK| MvwRx DvweZ
Awnsmvi cxVvb nj fviZel| `ytL I wnsmv RRwiZ cw_exZ Awnsmv nj
fviZeli g~j g| fviZxq Dcwbl`, gbymswnZv, wZ BZvw`Z mB AwZ cvPxbKvj
_K awbZ nq AvmQ Awnsmvi evYx| Lxtc~e l kZvxZ GB Awnsm awbi
cwZawb cwZdwjZ nq e Ges Rb `kb| e agi ceZK, bxwZ `vkwbK
MZgey RvMwZK gvbyli `ytL K `L Mfxifve wePwjZ nb Ges GB RvMwZK
`ytL K RRwiZ Rxei gywi Dcvq Abymvb wbRK wbqvwRZ Kib, hvi AbZg
dmj nj AvwK gvM| Rxei gywi Dcvq ev c_ wnmve ey h AvwK gvMi
K_v ejQb Zvi AbZg GKwU Ask nj kxj ev m`vMi| e`kb GB kxji
GKwU iZcY~ A nj cvYvwZcwZ weiwZ ev Awnsmv| e gZ, Rxei AvwZK
`ytL wbew ev wbevY jvfi GB Awnsmv cvjb AZ Riix| egZ, h mc`vq| bvwK GB `kb mc`vqi cwZvZv MZg ey RvMwZK gvbyli `ytL,
Kvb cvYx nZv Kiv h AKZe ZvB bq, cvYx nZvq civPbv ev mnhvwMZv I
Abygv`b hvM bq| AwnsmK m~ ey`e KvwqK evwPK Ges gvbwmK GB wwea
wnsmv _K weiwZi K_v ejQb| Aek wekl e `kb wnsmv Abygvw`Z
nqQ| Avevi Rb`kb gvjvfi Dcvq wnmve AwnsmvK cig eZ ej MY
Kiv nqQ| Rb Zx_i`i gZ, wiZi AMZ mgK Pwi jvfi Awnsmv Dcvq wnmve AvUwU c_ ev gvMi Dj-L Kib| Gwj GK AvwK gvM bvg
eZ KVvifve cvjb KiZ ne| RbgZ, KvwqK, evwPK Ges gvbwmKfve Kvb
Rxei wZ bv Kiv, wZi wPv bv Kiv Ges wZi K_v bv ejv-B Awnsmv| Ze
fviZi ^vaxbZv msMvgi AbZg mwbK gvnb`vm KigPuv` Mvw Awnsm bxwZK
MnY KijI wZwb ejQb, Rb `vkwbK `i gZv KVvifve Awnsm bxwZ cvjb
Kiv eve Rxeb me bq| ZvB wZwb eenvwiK Rxebi Kvb Kvb Awnsmv
bxwZi cwieZ wnsmv-K DwPZ Kg ejQb|
g~j k t (Key Words)
ww, wiZ, Awnsmv, kgY, mev`q, ivgivR|
f~wgKv t (Introduction)
cvPxb fviZi `kbi GK AbZg g~j g nj Awnsmv| fviZxq Dcwbl` gbymswnZv
BZvw` M Awnsmvi evYx awbZ nqQ| GB Awnsmv gB fviZelK MvUv wek
GK ^Z ghv`v c`vb Ki| Lxtc~e l kZK e Ges Rb `kb RvMwZK
gvbyli cvigvw_K gyw ev gvjvfi c_ ev Dcvq wnmve GB Awnsm bxwZ
199
Abykxjbi Dci Rvi `Iqv nq| Gi cieZx mgq MvwRx GB Awnsmv bxwZi viv
Mfxifve cfvweZ nb Ges GB Awnsm bxwZi viv wZwb fviZi mKj kYxi gvbylK
AvwjKZvi Mw gy Ki RvZxqZv eva Dy KiZ mg nb| ZvB bZvwR
myfvlP` emy ZuvK RvwZi RbK AvLvq f~wlZ Kib| iex`bv_i fvlvq wZwb
njb gnvZv| Avi GB RvwZi RbK gnvZv Mvw fviZK wewUk kvmb gy KiZ
GB Awnsm A wQj MvUv cw_exi gvbyli KvQ m~Y Awfbe| MvwRxi ^-
DvweZ GB Awnsm bxwZ Ges Av`k ZuvK weki `ievi Gb nvwRi Ki|
Dk t (Objectives)
1. egZ Awnsmv aviYvi evLv c`vb|
2. RbgZ Awnsmv aviYvi evLv c`vb|
3. MvwRxi Awnsmv Zi evLv c`vb|
4. Awnsmv aviYvwUi eZgvb cvmwKZv|
egZ Awnsmvi aviYv t
fviZxq `vkwbK mc`vqwji ga AbZg GKwU mc`vq nj e
K, `y`k v `L Mfxifve wePwjZ nb| ZvB wZwb ZvwK AvjvPbv Acv RvMwZK
gvbyli `ytL `y`kv gywi Dcvq wbYq eZx nb|
ey`e Dcjw KiwQjb h RvMwZK gvbyli `ytL `y`kvi g~j KviY nj
Awe`v| Avi GB Awe`v _K gywjvf me| wZwb Awe`v _K Rxei gyw jvfi
cwiwPZ| GB AvwK gvMi AvUwU gvM nj mgK `kb, mgK msK, mgK
evK&, mgK Kgv, mgK AvRxe, mgK evqvg, mgK wZ Ges mgK mgvwa|
AvwK gvMi AMZ mgK evK&, mgK Kg Ges mgK AvRxeK ejv nq kxj|
e `kb kxj ki A_ nj m`vPvi| kxj nq weiwZ ^ic| A_vr mg kxj
Kvb bv Kvb cvc Kg _K weiwZ _vKvi K_vi ejv nqQ|
AvwK gvM wZbwU kxji Dj-L _vKjI ey`e gVevmx kgY`i Rb
`k cKvi Ges Mn`i Rb wbv cuvP cKvi kxj cvjbi wb`k w`qQb hv
ckxj bvg cwiwPZ| GB ckxj nj
1. cvYvwZcvZ weiwZ
2. A`v`vb weiwZ
3. ePh weiwZ
4. gylvev` weiwZ
Ges 5. g`gv`Kv_ weiwZ
200
e `kb Dwj-wLZ wewfb kxji ga AbZg cavb A nj - cvYvwZcvZ weiwZ, fviZxq bvwK `kb mc`vqwji ga AbZg nj Rb `kb| Ze, bvwK mc`vq
hvi Aci bvg nj Awnsmv| egZ hKvb cvYx nZv kyay AKZe ZvB bq, cvYx njI Rb `kb gv jvfKB Rxei cig cyilv_ ic MY Kiv nqQ| Avi
nZvq civPbv ev mnhvwMZvI Abygv`b hvM bq| ZvQvov h Kvb cvYxK AvNvZ GB gvjvfi Dcvq nj bwZK Dcvq| mgK `kb, mgK vb Ges mgK Pwi
Kiv ev cvYxi Kki KviY nZ cvi Ggb Kvb KvRI wnsmv| Avi GB mKj Kg GB wZbwU bxwZK Rb `kb ejv nqQ wiZ ev iZq| Avi GB wiZK
_K weiwZ _vKvB nj Awnsmv| AwnsmK m~ ey`e ejQb, h ew KvwqK, Rb `kb ejv nq gvgvM ev gvjvfi Dcvq| h me Kg AvZvi ebi KviY
evwPK Ges gvbwmK GB wwea wnsmv _K weiwZ _vKb wZwbB cKZ Awnsmv ew| nq mBme Kg cwiZvM Ges kvevb I vbevb cyili c gvjvfi mnvqK
egZ, Awnsmv aygv wfz ev mbvmxi cvjbxq bq; Awnsmv MniI cvjbxq| Kgi AbykxjbK ejv nq mgM& Pwi| Avi GB mgK Pwii weeZb Awnsmv nj
wnsmv gvbyli RxebK KjywlZ Ki| hw` Kvb kgb fyjekZ wnsmv Ki cavb ag| Rb bxwZkv mgM& Pwi jvfi Rb cuvPwU eZi Dc`k `Iqv
_vKb, Ze m ZvK agwewa Abyhvqx cvqw KiZ nq| egZ, ccvwL nqQ| GB eZ cuvPwU nj Awnsmv, mZ, Aq, ePh Ges cwiMn| GwjK
GgbwK AwZ z` e, j webvk ev cvYevb eK AvNvZ ev wbnZ Kij Zvi GK ejv nq ceZ| GB ceZK Avevi `yBfvM fvM Kiv nq AbyeZ Ges
cvqw Kiv AvekK| Awnsmvi mg_b hyw c`kb e `kb ejv nqQ - gnveZ| gVevmx mbvmx`i KVvifve H cuvPwU eZ cvjb KiZ nq ej ZLb GK
mKj cvYxi KvQ Zvi wbR AvZv mevwaK wcq| cwZwU cvYxi wbR AvZv hnZz ejv nq cgnveZ Ges mvaviY Mni GB eZ cvjbK ejv nq AbyeZ|
wcqZg mnZz Kvb ewi c KLbB AciK wnsmv Kiv DwPr bq| mKji Rb bxwZ `kb mgM& Pwii weeZb AwnsmvB cavbZg eZ| KviY, Ab
AvZvB mgvb| GKwU cvYxi hgb gZz fq AvQ, Abvb mKj cvYxiI Zgwb gZz fq PviwU eZ civfve Awnsmv eZKB AbymiY Ki| Rb gZ, KvwqK ev `wnKfve
AvQ| myZivs Kvb cvYxi cB AbK AvNvZ Kiv ev Abi cvYbvk Kiv DwPr evwPK ev ePbi(K_vi) viv Ges gvbwmKfve Kvb Rxei wZ bv Kiv, wZi wP
bq| v bv Kiv Ges wZi K_v bv ejAB nj Awnsmv| GB wZb cKvi wnsmvK GK ejv
MZg ey cewZZ mevZK Awnsmv bxwZi wei Avcw DvwcZ nq h, nq ww| AciK wnsmv Kiv,wnsmvq civwPZ Kiv, Acii wnsmvZK KgK
Awnsmev`x nIqv mI ey`e Kvb Kvb gvQ, gvsm fYK Abygv`b mg_b Kiv G meB wnsmvi AMZ| Rb `kb h ceZi K_v ejv nqQ
KiwQjb| GgbwK wZwb ^qs gvsm fvRb Ki wbgY iv KiwQjb| Awnsmv eZxZ Aci PviwU eZ Awnsmv eZ-i AMZ| D`vniY ^ic ejv hvq -
D Avcwi wbimb e `kb ejv nqQ Kvb ew hw` weklfve ceZi wZxq eZ mZ cKvivi Awnsmv eZ| Kbbv, Kvb ewi wei wg_v
Kvivi Rb gvsm cZ Ki Zvnj H gvsm fvRb Kiv AbywPZ| GKRb ew gvQ K_v ejv mB ewi gvbwmK wechqi KviY nq| GKRb ew hw` Aci Kvb
ev gvsm fvRb KiZ cvi hw` Zv H ewi RbB weklfve cZ Kiv nqQ - G ewi wei AmZ K_v ej Zv evPwbK wnsmv Qvov Ab wKQy bq| Avevi, Aq,
K_v H ew hw` bv Rvbb A_ev Kvivi KvQ bv kvbb A_ev Ggb Kvb Avkvi ePh Ges AcwiMn GB evwK wZbwU eZI Awnsmv eZi AMZ| GB KviY Rb
KviY bv _vK| GQvov MZg ey ejQb - Kvb wekl ivM _K cwivbi Rb `kb AwnsmvKB cavb eZ ejv nqQ|
hw` Kvb ew gvsm fvRb Ki _vK Zvnj m cqvRbi ^v_ cvYxea G cm Dj-L, Awnsmvi g~Z cZxK MZg ey KqKwU gvsm
Kiv AbywPZ bq| Kvb Amy ew ivM wbivgqi Rb hw` Avg - gvsm A_vr KuvPv fvRbK Awnsmv ej Abygv`b KiQb| hgb - Kvb Amy ew Kvb ivM
gvsm fvRb Ki Zvnj mB fvRbK gvsm fvRb A_vr wnsmv ejv nq bv| _K AvivMi Rb hw` gvsm fvRb Ki Zvnj m cqvRbi ^v_ cvYx
MZg ey Zuvi c_g agcPvi ev ag Dc`ki gM`ve ev AfqviY ea AbywPZ bq| wK, Rb `vkwbKMY GB gZi m~Y weivax| Rb gZ, RxenZv
w`qwQjb| hvZ Kvb cvYxea bv nq| Gi _K e `kb Awnsmvi iZ gvB wnsmvi AMZ | AmZKfve Rxe nZvI wnsmv| evZvm fvmgvb AwZ my RxevYy
Dcjw Kiv hvq| Awnsmv mK ey AwZ KVvi gbvfve cvlb KiwQjb, hvi kvm ckv m wqvi dj wbnZ nj mUvI wnsmv| A_vr Rb `kb Awnsmv eZ LyeB
dj gvbwmK wnsmvKI wZwb cwiZR ic MY KiwQjb| ZeyI wekl KVvifve cvjb Kiv nq| RbgZ, gVevmx mbvmx ev kgY`i AvPiY m~Yfve
ewZgi ^xKvi Ki wZwb eenvwiK Rxeb I D`vi gbvfvei cwiPq `b| Awnsm nZ ne| GB KviY Rb wfzK cuvPwU gnveZ cvjb QvovI cuvPwU mwgwZ ev
AbybxwZ cvjb KiZ nq| Gwj nj
RbgZ Awnsmvi aviYv t 1. Clv mwgwZ A_vr GKRb mbvmx w`bi ejvq AvjvwKZ c_ nuvUeb hvZ
Pjvi mgq Kvb cvYxi AvNvZ bv jvM A_ev Kvb cvYxi hb Rxebbvk bv nq|
201 202
2. fvlv mwgwZ mbvmx ciwb`v, AvZcksmv BZvw` _K weiZ _vKeb| weiZ _vKvB nj Awnsmv| g~jZ MvwRx Rb `kb h KVvi Awnsmv eZ cvjbi
3. Glbv mwgwZ Lv` MnYi GKRb mbvmx mRtPZb _vKeb h H K_v ejv nqQ Zv _K Mfxifve cfvweZ nb| Rb `kb Awnsmv eZ KVvifve
Lv` ay Zvi RbB cZ bv Kiv nq Ges wZwb mg `vlgy Lv`MnY _K weiZ cvjbxq ag| GB gZ, Kvqgc evR A_vr KvwqK , gvbwmK Ges evwPKfve Kvb
_vKeb| Awb bv Kiv GgbwK Awbi wPv bv KivB nj Awnsmv| AciK wnsmv Kiv,
4. Av`vb mwgwZ GKRb Rb wfz cqvRbxq `e MnY h_vvb vcb Ges AbK wnsmvq civwPZ Kiv, Acii wnsmvZK KgK mg_b Kiv - G meB wnsmvi
eenvii mZK _vKeb hvZ Kvbfve Aci Kvb Rxei wZ bv nq| AMZ| Kej Acii wZ bv KivUvB Awnsmv bq, meRxe cg weZiY Ges
1. cwi_vcvwbKv ev DrmM mwgwZ mbvmx AcqvRbxq e hgb - Kd, wnZKi Kg AbyvbI Awnsmvi AMZ | Ze MvwRx ejQb h, eve Rxeb Rb`i
gj, g~ ZvM BZvw` Rxek~b vb Kieb hvZ Gi viv Aci Kvb Rxei cvYbvk gZv KVvifve Awnsmv eZ cvjb Kiv me bq| wZwb ejQb, eenvwiK Rxeb
bv NU| Kvb Kvb hgb - Lv`MnY, Rjcvb Kiv, nuvUv Pjvi , kvm ckvm MnY
D cuvPwU mwgwZ GKRb mbvmxK Awnsmv eZ cvjb mvnvh Ki| D BZvw` Abi `nK AvNvZ bv Ki wbR `nK iv Kiv Ame| ZvB
cuvPwU mwgwZi Abykxjb AwZ KVvi| Ze Mnxi c mKj cKvi wnsmv eRb Kiv wekl Awnsmv eZx MvwRx RxenZvKI DwPr Kg ejQb| hgb - AbvivM
me nq bv ej Rb bxwZkv MnxK c AbyeZ cvjbi wb`k `Iqv nqQ| evwaZ Avv Rxe hw` Amn e_v e`bvq RRwiZ nq, hYv Dckgi Kvb
c AbyeZ cvjb MnxK mvsmvwiK eb _K gy Ki| GB cvK& cwZce mb mvebv bv _vK mB Awnsmv eZxi DwPZ KvR ne Zvi cvYbvk Kiv| MvwRx
nj Mnx Mn_vM Ki cKwZi Kvj Avkq bq| Rb `kb, Mn wbgvY, cvK, gY Zuvi Avkg GgbB GKwU AbvivM evwa RwbZ Mv kveKi gZzK wel cqvM
cfwZ wqvKvjxb wnsmv AvKwK wnsmv; hy kci mwbK`i wnsmv; Zivw^Z KiwQjb Ges Zuvi gZ GB KvR nj Awnsm|
AvZivg~jK wnsmv Ges BQvKZ wnsmv - GB PZzwae wnsmvi ga BQvKZ wnsmv cvPxb fviZi h Awnsmv Av`ki K_v ejv nqQ Zvi m MvwRxi
Mnxi m~Y ic eRbxq Ges Aci wZbU hvZ Rxeb nvwb bv nq m Awnsm aviYvi g~j cv_K nj - cvPxb e I Rb `kb Awnsmv bxwZK Rxei
MnxK h_vme hZ I mZKevb nZ ne| gv ev gywjvfi Dcvq wnmve MnxZ nqQ A_vr GLvb AwnsmvK ew gvbyli
gv ev gywjvfi gvM wnmve Dj-L Kiv nqQ| wK MvwRx Awnsmv bxwZK
MvwRxi Awnsmv aviYv - ew gvbyli gv ev gywjvfi Dcvq MnxZ nqwb| MvwRx mgvR mKj gvbyli
1869 Lxt 2iv Avei RivUi cvie`i GK ee cwievi mvweK KjvY mvabi Rb wbR Awnsmv g `xwZ nqQb Ges Aci mKj ewK
MvwRxi Rb nq| Zuvi wcZv KigPuv` Mvw ev Kvev Mvw wQjb AZ eveev`x D Awnsm bxwZ cvjb Avnvb RvwbqwQjb| GK K_vq ejv hvq, MvwRx `ytL,
KgceY gvbyl Ges Zuvi gv cyZjxevC wQjb AZ mvax agcivqbv igbx| wZwb `vwi`gy RvwZ,ag, eY wbwekl h mev`q mgvR ev ivg ivRi K_v ejQb
wbZ, bwgwK c~Rv APbv KiZb| MvwRx h cvwievwiK cwiPvwiKvi KvQ eov mB mev`q mgvR cwZvi g~j gB nj Awnsmv bxwZ|
nqQb wZwbI wQjb AZ agcivqYv ew| myZivs cvwievwiK DivwaKvi m~ MvwRxi gZ, Awnsmv ejZ Kvb wbwq cwZiva evSvq bv, Awnsmv
MvwRx agwekvmi cvkvcvwk Awnsmv I AvZmshgx MyYi AwaKvix nb| cieZx nj GK mwq kw| Awnsmv Kvb Kvcyil, fxZz, Pwinxb ewi mk c_ bq;
mgq wZwb e`, cyivY, gbymswnZv, e Ges Rb `kbi Awnsm bxwZi viv Mfxifve GB Awnsmvi c_ nj wbfxK, Pwievbi wbi c_| MvwRx ejQb, wnsmvi viv
cfvweZ ni Ges ew Rxebi mKj B GB Awnsm bxwZi cqvM NUvb| Ze Kvb mgmvi vqx mgvavb me bq, wnsmv viv kxN kK `gb Kiv MjI Zv
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bB| mZ I Awnsmv cvnvoi gZB cvPxb| duvwm w`j mgvR weivwaZv ev Lybi NUbv nvm cvq bv, eis ew cvq| `gb cxobi
Awnsmv kwUi mvaviY A_ nj - wnsmv bv Kiv A_ev wnsmv _K weiZ viv `yi `gb mKj `kB e_ nqQ BwZnvm Zvi cgvY `q| MvwRx GB mgmvi
_vKv| AviI evcK A_ Awnsmv ejZ evSvq h Kvb cKvi RxeK AvNvZ Kiv Aemvb NUvbvi Rb Zuvi ec-weK Awnsm c_i wb`k w`qQ Avi Gi Rb cqvRb
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Kiv| Avevi wnsmv nj Ggb wKQy hv hYvi D`K NUvq| Avi GB mKj wKQy _K mwKZ mskvabvZK gZev`i m mv`k hy| kvw mwKZ mskvabvZK gZev`
ejv nqQ AcivaxK Zvi Acivag~jK Kg _K weiZ nIqvi ev mskvabi
203 204
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wbq hvq| kvw mwKZ GB mskvabvZK gZev` bZvwK Ges gbvwK aviYvi e, Rb BZvw` Awnsmv, cg, fwi K_v Dj-L AvQ| MvwRx ^qs
Dci MwVZ| ejQb - fviZel mZ Ges Awnsmv ceZi gZvB cvPxb|
MvwRxi gZ, Awnsmvi `ywU w`K AvQ| GKwU nj AvgYvZK DMc_
Ges AciwU nj kvabvZK mg c_| wewUk kvmbi Aemvb K MvwRx Awnsmvi cgZ t Awnsmvi viv Kvb ew wekli Pwi mskvab me nZ cvi wK
DM c_wUK Aej^b Kib| Awnsm AmnhvM Av`vjb A_ev AvBb Agvb Av`vjb Kvb enr Mvxi Zv me bq| Mvw mnhvMx webvevfve f~-`vb h cm
AvgYvZK gbvfve cqvRbxq nIqvq MvwRx G Awnsmvi DM c_wUK ejQb Awnsm c_ Kvb wekl f~gwaKvivi `qi cwieZb NwUq Zvi wKQy
Aej^b Kib| hw`I AmnhvM Av`vjb wnsmvi cKvk NUj MvwRx GB Av`vjb Rwg f~wgnxb`i `vb KiZ mZ Kivbv hvq wK mKj f~gwaKvivi Zv me
cZvnvi Ki bb| bq|
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mgvR msvii c_g I cavb avc nj AkZv `~ixKiY| Kbbv, `xNKvj ai c_ kci myLxb nIqv me bq| Kbbv, Awnsm c_ kci mKji
AkZvi A Kzmsvi fviZxq mvgvwRK cwiekK `~wlZ I KjywlZ KiQ, g~j `q cwieZb mvab me bq| wbifve Awnsm c_ kci myLxb nj gZz
k~` kwK Aenjv Ki mvgvwRK kwK `yej KiQ| fviZxq agkv A_ev Awbevh Ges GB gZzeiY g~Li KvR, GZ Kvb Mie bB|
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mw| MvwRx GB mvgvwRK evwa `~ixKiYi Rb Awnsm bxwZKB MnY KiQb| eZgvb hyM nj wnsmvi hyM| fviZel Z_v MvUv cw_exi gvbyl AvR
mvmev`x`i wnsmvq AvZwZ| ay mvmev` Kb, eZgvb ag, mgvR, A_bxwZ,
cvPxb fviZi Awnsmv I MvwRxi Awnsmv aviYvi wU - ivRbxwZ,wkv mswZ GKK_vq mKj B AvR wnsmvi Qwe | ejv nq h,
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205 206
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MvwRx kl wbtkvm ZvM Kib| Ges Rxebi kl YI wZwb Zuvi Awnsm Av`ki
bxwZ _K wePzZ nbwb|
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Awnsmv bxwZwUK eZgvb Av`k wnmve MnY Kij fviZel hgb Zvi c~e ghv`vi
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ne|
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1. gj, c`vZ Kzgvi gj (2016) fviZxq `kb, KjKvZv, cMwmf cvewjkvm|
2. fvPvh, Wt mgi` (2013) mgvR `kb I iv `kb, KjKvZv, eyK wmwKU
cvBfU wjwgUW|
3. b`x, beKzgvi (2012) mgvR I iv `kbi f~wgKv, KjKvZv, befviZx cKvkbx|
4. e`vcvavq,Wt wbwLjk (2012) wesk kZvxi fviZxq `kb, KjKvZv, m`k|
5. fvPvh, mywRZ Kzgvi (2011) gnvZv Mvx, KjKvZv, cMwZkxj cKvkK|
6. evMPx, `xcK Kzgvi (2007), fviZxq bxwZwe`v, KjKvZv,cMwZkxj cKvkK|
7. `xwZ (2007), bxwZkv, KjKvZv, cwge ivR cyK clr|
8. gyLvcvavq, Rxeb (2005), AvaywbK fviZ, KjKvZv, Qvqv cKvkbx|
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mB AvQb| Avwg kvK KiZI cvwi bv, Avwg Kej KvR Ki hZ PvB|
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wVK Kvb welqK hfve `L, eyS ev wPvi viv MnY KiZb| gvbm `ywnZv
fwMbx wbew`ZvI mB welqK wVK GKBfve `qgi viv gbi cig ckvw
jvfi Pv KiZb| fwMbx wbew`Zvi fviZeli mg fvjv g`i mv_ wbRK
GK Ki bIqvi gaI wQj mB ^vgx weeKvb`i AbyciYvB| wK gB fviZ
Aevb Kvj Zv eUB GgbwK ^vgxwRi AbycwwZZ GKvKx Bsjv AevbKvj
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ic| Avi GB `ywUB h cii mwKZ m evcviI wZwb wbw nb| GK KwVb
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kvmbi fqven ^ic mK NUZ _vK GK ec-exK icvi| Avi GBfveB
^vgxwRi RxekvZB 1902 Gi c_gw`K gB wbw` nq hvq fviZel fwMbx
wbew`Zvi fwelr KgcvI| fviZelI nq IV Zuvi KvQ GKgv Dcvm `eZv|
Avi fviZeli ^vaxbZv ARbB Zuvi Rxebi GKgv eZ| fwMbx wbew`Zvi ga
hw`I ^vgx weeKvb` wbic GK m~Y ^vaxb wPvaviv Mo DVjI ^vgxwRi
208
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4Vv RyjvB 1902, ^vgx weeKvb`i AvKwK Aavb fwMbx wbew`Zvi AvR mvq Avcbvi h wPwV cjvg, Zuvi cvw ^xKvi KiwQ,
Rxeb mgycwZ weivU agmsKU| GKw`K weivgnxb msMvgi nvZQvwb| mgM `k Avcwb msNi I Avgvi c _K Zv MnY Kib| evcviwU e`bv`vqK, Z_vwc
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^vgx weeKvb` KZK wbavwiZ ivgK wgkbi ivRbxwZ wbic KgcwZ| hLvb AvQ|
ejv nqQ The aims and ideals of the mission being purely
spiritual and humanitarian, it shall have no connection with hvB nvK, wekvm AvQ, Avcwb Ges msNi Abvb m`mMY cwZw`b
politics. A_vr GLvb weklfve ejv nQ wgkbi KvhcwZ AvewZZ ne kxivgK Ges Avgvi ii fvekli e`xg~j Avgvi fvjvevmv I kv wbe`b
meZvfve ivRbwZK cfvegy nq| g~jZt ^vgx weeKvb`i mv_ `k we`k KiZ fyjeb bv|
cwigY| ^vgxwRi eZv mg~n, wK^v we`kx kvmbi Kivj fqi ic Abyaveb fviZxq msev`cwjZ h_vme mnRfve Avgvi b~Zb cwiwwZi welq
c~eK fwMbx wbew`Zvi wPv ivRi cej Avjvobi nZz Zuvi gb nqwQj GLb Rvwbq `e|
_K wbQK agcPvi wK^v wUKqK wk Kbv wK^v gwnjvi ga wkvi Avjv
Rvwjq `evi cwieZ AvPvh ^vgx weeKvb`i gnr Av`k I evYx bvix cyil
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nvK Zuvi cigag| Avi GBfveB axi axi ag I fviZi RvZxqZvi A_ GKvKvi
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wK K ej `e fwMbx wbew`Zvi wbavwiZ GB cZ KZUv mZ, KZUv wbew`Zv- GB wkivbvg memvaviYi Dk cKvwkZ nj, Abyiva Kiv nqQ,
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AvR h Zuvi i cvKwZK wbqgvbyhvqx ~j`n ZvM Ki jxb nqQb cige| c I wbew`Zv GB wmv GmQb h, AZtci wmvi wbew`Zvi Kvb KvRB gV
wK fwMbx wbew`Zvi wi wekvm AvRI Zuvi i ^vgx weeKvb` wVK GKBfve KZci mwZi Acv _vKe bv| Zuvi KvR m~Y ^Z ej MY ne|
Zuvi cvk weivRgvb| Avmj wbew`Zv h memgq ii AwZK Abyfe KiZ fwMbx wbew`Zvi GB c nZB Abygq h, ^vgx weeKvb`i AvKwK
cvib| Avi GB Abyf~wZi RviB h c_ fwMbx wbew`Zv wbR wbaviY KiwQjb, gnvcqvY kvK fM`qv fwMbx wbew`ZvK Aviv KZB bv wbgg mZi myLxb
fviZeli ivRbwZK ^vaxbZv - mB c_B _vKjb wi I wbj| ^vgx evb`, nZ nqwQj| Z_vwc GK_v ejZB nq h, ^vgx weeKvb`i gvbm `ywnZv fwMbx
^vgx ^icvb` fwMbx wbew`Zvi `xNw`bi mvw_iv welqwU fe `Lvi cv e w`jI wbew`Zv Avi AvMi gZv AveMceY bq| eis AbK ekx eveagx|
wZwb AZ mnRfve Rvwbq w`qwQjb h, Avi wKQy Avgvi viv ne bv, fviZgvZvi cwiek cwiwwZi Pvc, wbqg bxwZi eovRvj hw`I fwMbx wbew`ZvK
mvabvi m wbRK Rwoq djwQ, `ki fvebv Avi Avwg GK nq MwQ, G c_ AvbyvwbKfve ivgK wgkb _K wewQb nZ nqwQj| Z_vwcI ivgK wgkb I
Qo `Iqvi Pq giv Avgvi c AbK ekx mnR| Gici ^vgx evb`i wgkb vZv`i cwZ Zuvi AKwg fvjvevmv, kv, HKvwKZv, AvwZK hvMvhvM
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fve, gbb, Abyfe I mwkxj iPbvwjK eZgvb cRb I cieZx cRbi KvQ
cf~Z DbwZ jvf KiwQj| ivRviv wbR^ ivRcvmv` ivRKxq MvMvi cwZwZ
Zzj aiv Ges Zv msMn I msiY KivB MvMvii cavb Dk|
KiwQjb| GB mg MvMvi Zviv Aviwe, dviwm, BmjvwgK mswZPPv, we`vPPv,
MvMvi MwVZ nq M, gav I Avevm w`q| GQvovI MvMvii cqvRbxq
Kve mvwnZ iPbv BZvw`i cvkvcvwk cuyw_ bKj, cyuw_ msiY I cuyw_i evwnK
PZz_ Dcv`vb nj cvVK| hvi AbycwwZ MvMviK mgvwaj cwiYZ Ki| ZvB
DrKlZv mvab cfwZ KvR Drmvn `wLqwQjb hv gahyMxq fviZi mvswZK
MvMvi GKwU cwZvb| GKwU cwZ hv M I MvwdK bw_ci msiY I eenvi
GK Ab gvvq cuQ w`qwQj| Kwe RvjvjDwb wLjx (1209) ^Pvq GKwU
mnR Ki Zvj| mgvRi ivRbwZK I A_bwZK wwZkxj Aev Mv Mvii MVbi
RvZxq MvMvi cwZv Kib Ges Avkxi LmiK Zvi MvMvwiK wbhy Kib| mB
MwZK Zivw^Z Ki| KZznjx gvbyl hv`i gb mwq I Abymwrmy Zviv MvMvi
mgqi gymwjg ivRv kL wbRvgywb AvDwjqvi Avw_K Aby`vbi viv GKwU MvMvi
Avmb mvgvwRK gjvgkvi Dk|
cwZwZ nq hLvb AbK cvywjwc MvMvi m` wnmve msiY Kiv nqwQj|
2. cvPxb fviZ MvMvi eev :
Kvkxii ivRv Rb Dj Avwb GKwU MvMvi cwZv Kib| GQvovI exRvcyi,
cvPxb fviZ wmz mfZvi Kvj mZ wjwc ev wPwjwc ev nvwPi
MvjKzv, RivU, Lvb`k cfw Z Aji ivRv`i ewMZ Mv Mvii cgvY cvIqv
cgvY avZz ev cv_ii cvIqv MjI Zvi msiYi Kvb Dj-L gjwb|
hvq| 1058 G.wW. K ivg bvivqY PvjyKivRi mbvcwZ AbK mvaviY MvMvi
cvPxb fviZ c_g Mv Mvii Dj-L gj KwUji mgq| mgvU AkvK (239 -
cwZv Kib hv`i ga PvwU, Lvjvmvjv GKwU wekvj MvMvi mn AvevwmK
232 wewm) Zvi mgq cv_ii Ges wkjv Mv Zvi cPvi ev evYx wewfb moKi
gnvwe`vjq wnmve cwZwZ wQj|
avi cwZwZ KiZb mwj c_g miKvix `wjj wnmve cwiwPZ wQj| hv ZrKvjxb
GB mgq KvMR h_ `~jf I g~jevb wQj| dj^ic mvaviY MvMvii
Mv Mvi eevi m~Pbv Ki| cvPxb e wkvi PPv K` wnmve bvj`vi ewenvi
m`wj cvgcvZv A_ev cvPgU cvywjwc nZ| mvaviY RbMYi ga wkvi
247 248
cPjb wekl bv _vKvq Mv Mvii eenvi mK Zv`i Kvb AvMn wQj bv| Mv Mvii mviYx - 1
eenvi aygv mgvRi wKQy DPkYxi gvbyl`i ga mxgve wQj| fviZi mycwZwZ weLvZ MvMvi
3.2 gyNj hyM - gyNj Avgj MvMvi eevi Acwimxg DbwZ j Kiv
wgK msLv Mv Mvii bvg cwZvi mvj
hvq| 1526 Lxt evei c_g gyNj MvMvi cwZv Kib| evei Zvi MMvii mg
cuyw_ wPgq Ki Zvj| evei Zvi MvMvi m`i msMn Zvi c~emywii KvQ _K 1 KjKvZv GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU 1784
MnxZ Ggb wKQy cvywjwc iLwQjb hv eZgvb cwicwZ eoB `yjf Ges g~jevb| 2 gyv^ B GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU 1804
gvqyb wQjb cwZ ew I Yx M cwgK| wZwb Bwwiqvj jvBeix w`j-x _K
AvMvZ vbvwiZ Kib| gwnjv`i ga wkvi wevii Dk AvKei dZcyi
3 wn`y KjR 1817
wmwZ GKwU MvMvi cwZv Kib| AvKei Zvi ivRcvmv`i MvvMvi emsLK 4 kxivgcyi KjR 1818
g~jevb cuyw_ msMni gvag wekvj I mymg KiwQjb| AvKei cuyw_ AjiYi 5 gnvivi bvwmK wekwe`vjq 1840
eev KiwQjb| wZwb emsLK msZ Kve mvwnZ, `kb, BwZnvm, RvwZl I
6 KjKvZv, ev^vB I gv`vR wekwe`vjq 1857
MwYZ welqK iPbv Aviwe I dviwmZ Abyev` Kivi eev Kib| gyNj Avgj
MvMvwiKK wbRvg Ges mn MvMvwiKK ejv nZ gynvwZb ev `vivM | MvMvi 7 KvjKvUv cvewjK jvBeix 1859
Abvb Kgx`i ga wQjb eyK BjvUi, eyK evBvi, KwjMvdvi, Kwc, 8 Dicvovi RqK cvewjK jvBeix 1859
UvjUi eyK evBvi I wMvm|
3.3 `vwYvZ fviZ gvBmvi, Rqcyi, `vwbvZi ivRv`iI 9 gnvivi iZwMwi wekwe`vjq 1882
Mv Mvi cwZvi cqvm wQj PvL covi gZ| wUcy myjZvb I Zvi mvgvRi Mv Mviwj 10 cvUbvi Ly`ve jvBeix 1891
wQj AZ mg| mgKvjxb MvMvi wnmve gvBmvi ivR wPv`e ivqv (1672 -
1704 G.wW.), Rqcyii gnvivRv mvB Rqwms BZvw`i msMn Dj-LhvM| cvPxb 11 gv`vRi Kvbgviv jvBeix 1896
MvMviwji ga 1523 mvj Zvvii mi^Zx gnj MvMvii AwZ AvRI
e_gvb| gahyMxq fviZ Dwqbx, evivYmx, Kvkxi, bcvj BZvw` vbI Mv Mvii fviZi Mv Mvi eevi cmvii wcQb eiv`v ivRi gnvivRv MvBIKvii
Dk cvIqv hvq| h_ Ae`vb j Kiv hvq| A_bwZK I mvgvwRK w`K _K AbMmi ivRK
4. AvaywbK fviZ MvMvi eev t Avjvi c_ `LvZ wZwb c_g wkvi iZ Dcjw Kib| wZwb G ivR mvaviY
4.1 cvK ^vaxbZv ce - AvaywbK fviZ MvMvii weKvk i nq MvMvi cwZv Kib I RvwZ, ag wbwekl mgvRi mKj agi gvbyli Rb Zv
wewUk cRvwZi viv| B Bwqv Kvvbx gv`vRi mU RR `~M c_g MvMvi Dby Ki `b| mvaviY gvbyl hvZ mnR I mwVKfve MvMvi cwilev cZ
cwZv Ki| Gici BDivwcqvb wgkbvix`i viv evsjv mn fviZeli wewfb cv cvi wZwb Zvi eevI KiwQjb| wZwb ivR gy I evaZvg~jK wkvi cPjb
wkvi cmvii mv_ mv_ Mv Mvii DeI nZ i Ki| 1784 mvj mvi DBwjqvg Kib| wZwb mvaviY MvMvii DbwZi Rb AvgwiKvi wekl DBwjqvg eWbK
Rv cwZv Kib GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU hv Aaybv fviZi mswZi Ici h_ 1910 mvj Director of State Library Gi c` wbhy Kib| eWbi I MvBIKvii
cfve wevi Ki AvQ| 1800 mvj cwZwZ nq dvUDBwjqg hv GKwU mvaviY h_ D`vM fviZ 1911 mvj c_g vwcZ Mv Mvi cwkY zj| hLvb eiv`v
MvMvi wQj| 1836 mvj idvi Ges mvKyjkb jvBeix wnmve cwZwZ nq ivR vwcZ MvMviwji Kgx`i cwkY `Iqvi eev Kiv nqwQj|
KvjKvUv cvewjK jvBeix Ges KvjKvUv cvewjK jvBeix GKxKiY Ki jW MvMvi DbqY msv h mg Kbdvi ev mjb GB mgq nqwQj
KvRbi cPvq fviZ 1902 mvj Bwiqvj Av cvk nq Ges 1903 mvj mwj nj -
cwZwZ nq Bwiqvj jvBeix hv cieZxKvj fviZi RvZxq MvMvi wnmve * The first Conference of Library workers and personal
cwiwPZ cvq| G welq fviZi wKQy Dj-LhvM Mv Mvii bvg mviYx-1 G c`wkZ inter ested in the movement was held a Beswada,
nj| Andhra in 1914.

249 250
* The first All Indian Library Conference of Librarians was held in wewfb ivRi c~e cwZwZ cvewjK jvBeix AvBbi f~wgKvI iZcY~ | ivRwfwK
1918 at Lahore.
* The first All Indian Library Conference was held at Calcutta in GB cvewjK jvBeix AvBbwji vcbi mgqKvj mviYx - 2 G Dj-wLZ nj|
1933.
* The first All Indian Public Library Conference of Librarians was mviYx - 2
held at Madras in 1934. ivRwfwK cvewjK jvBeix AvBbi m~Pbvi mgqKvj
wgK msLv ivRi bvg AvBb cYqYi mgqKvj
4.2 ^vaxbvi ce - ^vaxbZvi cieZxKvj mvaviY MvMvii AMMwZ
I cmvii K` I ivR miKvi Dfqi D`vMB jYxq| wkvi GKwU 1 Zvwgjbvo 1948
iZc~Y A wnmve MvMviK ^xKwZ `Iqv Ges Zvi DbwZ cK A_I eiv 2 Ac`k 1960
Kiv nq| wkvi nvi ewi Dk ZrKvjxb miKvi mcmviYg~jK cwilev, 3 KYvUK 1965
mvgvwRK wkv, c_vewnf~Z wkv, eqwkv BZvw`i Dci Rvi `b Ges Gi g~j 4 gnviv 1967
`vqfvi ci mvaviY MvMviwji Ici eZvq dj gB MvMvi RvZxq DbqYi 5 cwge 1979
GKwU iZc~Y Ask cwiYZ nq| 6 gwYcyi 1988
1950 mvj fviZi cvPxbZg MvMviwji ga AbZg Kvbgviv
jvBeix gv`vRi State Central Library Z cwiYZ nq| 1951 mvj UNESCO 7 Kivjv 1989
Zveavb c_g cvBjU cR jvBeix wnmve cwZwZ nq w`wj- mvaviY Mv Mvi| 8 nwiqvbv 1989
1954 mvj Delivery of Books Act cvk Kiv nq hLvb msev`cK mshvwRZ
9 wgRvivg 1993
Kiv nq| GB AvBb Abymvi cZK cKvkK Zv`i cKvwkZ cy Ki GKwU cwZwjwc
KjKvZvi RvZxq MvMvi, e^i GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU, gv`vRi Kvbgviv cvewjK 10 Mvqv 1993/94
jvBeix Ges w`wj- cvewjK jvBeixZ Rgv KiZ eva _vKe| 11 RivU 2000/01
1957 mvj K.wc. wmbnvi bZZ Advisory Committee for Librar-
ies MwVZ nq| GB KwgwU 1959 mvj Model Library Bill ck Kib| 1964
12 Dwolv 2001
mvj c-vwbs Kwgkb MVb Ki Working Group of Public Libraries hviv 1965 13 Dic`k 2005/06
mvj Model Public Library Act Gi GKwU wicvU ck Kib| 1972 mvj
14 DivL 2005
ivRv ivggvnb ivqi Rb w kZevwlKx Dcj UNESCO -i mnvqZvq Depart-
ment of Culture, Ministry of Education-i Aaxb ^Z mv wnmve cwZwZ 15 ivRvb 2005/06
nq ivRv ivggvnb ivvq jvBeix dvDkb| ivRv ivggvnb ivq jvBeix dvDkbi 16 cwPix 2007/08
Dk nj `ki mKj MvgxY MvMviwjK DbwZi Rb gvwPs MvU Gi AvKvi
Avw_K mvnvh Kiv Ges MvMvi cwilevi DbwZi Rb State Central Library 17 wenvi 2007/08
Ges District Central Library wjK mvnvh Kiv| 18 QwkMo 2009
1985 mvj cdmi wW.wc. Pvcvavqi bZZ MwVZ nq National Policy 2009
19 AiYvPjc`k
on Library and Information System| GB KwgwU 1986 mvji g gvm GKwU
wicvU ck Ki| GB wicvU `ki mvaviY MvMvi eev, wkvkqx MvMvi
eev, wekl Mv Mvi I Z_ eev, RvZxq Mv Mvi cwilev, Mc
xg~jK cwilev,
DbqY Ges MvMvi cwilevi AvaywbKxKiYi Ici Rvi `Iqv nq| G welq
251 252
2005 mvji 13B Ryb Z`vbxb fviZi cavbgx Wt gmgvnb wms Gi bZZ
National Knowledge Commission wevb, c h y w , K w l,wki vbi
MelYvg~jK Kvhi cmvi NUvbvi Dk wek fviZi vb wbwZ KiZ MwVZ
nq|
eZgvb DbqYkxj `k wnmve fviZel mvwii Dcwii AewZ| fviZi
wewfb ivR Rjvi wewfb mvaviY MvMvi, Z_K` B_vw` cwZwZ nq Ges
mwj vbxq gvbylRbK mwVZ mgq mwVK Z_ w`q mvnvh Ki _vK| e MvgxY
MvMvi eZgvb wewfb mcmviYg~jK cwilevi viv vbxq RbmvaviYi wkv,
webv`b, ewMZ Pvwn`v gUvZ mg_ nqQ| ^vaxbZvi 60 eQi ci fviZ mvaviY
MvMvi cwilevi m Z_ chywi gjeb NUjI GLbI AbK cZ Aj
MvMvi eevi cmvii Pv AevnZ|
5. Dcmsnvi :
fviZi ivRv gnvivRvMY wewfb mgq wkv eevi iZ Dcjw Ki
Zv`i ivRi wewfb vb MvMvi vcb Dy nb| mvaviY gvbyl hvZ MvMviwj
_K cqvRbxq cwilev cvb, mBw`KI h_ bRi `Iqv nq| AvaywbK fviZI
wewUk mvgvRi mnhvwMZvq MvMvi eevi AMMwZi aviv AevnZ wQj| AvMvgx
w`bI GB AMMwZ AevnZ _vKe Avgiv mKjB Avkv ivwL|
Z_m~ :
* B. Sengupta, B.C.(1981). Library Science and Librarianship, Calcutta:
World Press.
* Public Library Acts in the States: a study. (1991), ILA Bulletin , 26 (4),
187-197.
* Pvcvavq, c.(1982). MYvcb, KjKvZv; cwge ivR cyK cl`|
* wbgjP` Payix, A. f. (1990). welq : mvaviYi Mv Mvi, KjKvZv; mvwnZjvK|
* cxh~lKvw gnvcv, f.P. (1986). MvMvi wevb cwiPq, KjKvZv: Iqv cm|
* gyLvcvavq, e. (1956). MvMvi I jvKwkv, KjKvZv: KwjKvZv exq MvMvi
cwil`|
* ivqPayix, c. (1992). cwgei mvaviY MvMvi eev: msw chvjvPbv I
fwelr DbqYi iciLv, ibv_b Rb kZel Kgkvjv, cwgei mvaviY
Mv Mvi eev| AvjvP ce (16-20), KjKvZv; Mv Mvi cwilev AwaKvi, cwge
miKvi|
253
iex`bv_i APjvqZb : HwZn I
AvaywbKZvi gjeb
Wt gwY`xcv wkK`vi
mvimsc :
HwZn ejZ mvaviYfve my`xNKvj ai esk ciivq eq Pjv msvi,
AvPvi wePvi, wbqg Kvbyb, ixwZbxwZ I AbykvmbK evSvq| Avi HwZnK iv Kiv
ejZ evSvq `xNKvj ai cPwjZ msvi I wbqgwjK fwelr cRbi viv
h_vhvM ghv`v `Iqv Ges mwji cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk Ki cwZw`bi Rxebhvvq
mwjK euvwPq ivLv| GB HwZn aygv cvwievwiK bq, cwZvwbK nZ cvi|
Ze GB cPwjZ HwZn gb Pjvi A_ cyivbv wbqg jsNb KiZ bv PvIqv Ges
bZzb aiYi wPvaviv - gvbwmKZvK A^xKvi Kiv| Abw`K AvaywbKZv ejZ evSvq
bZzbZi cwZ SuvK, bZzb hyMi cwZ AvKlY| cPwjZ cyivZb gvbwmKZv I
avbaviYvK mwiq bZzb hyMK Avnvb Rvbvbv, me bZzbK eiY Ki bIqv
AvaywbKZvi jY| 1318 ev cKvwkZ APjvqZb bvgK ZbvUKwUi gaI
GKvavi HwZn I AvaywbKZv - GB `yB gvbwmKZviB cKvk NUZ `Lv hvq| gnvcK
nj weiZvi cZxK| m APjvqZbi nvRvi eQi ai Pj Avmv cvPxb wbqg bxwZK
iv KiZ Pvq| Avevi Zvi fvB cK nj gywi cZxK, AvaywbKZvi cZxK| mg
iKg wbqg Kvbybi ga `yaiYi gvbwmKZvi cKvk NUQ Avi Zvi _KB GmQ
| Ze kl iex`bv_i bvUK GB `yB gvbwmKZvi gjebI NwUqQb `Lv
hvq|
g~j k : HwZn, weiZv, AvaywbKZv, gyw|
g~j jLv :
HwZn ejZ mvaviYfve my`xNKvj ai esk ciivq eq Pjv msvi,
AvPvi wePvi, wbqg Kvbyb, ixwZbxwZ I AbykvmbK, g~jeva, agxq AveM Z_v
gbvfveKB evSvq| Avi HwZnK iv Kiv ejZ evSvq `xNKvj ai cPwjZ
msvi I wbqgwjK mB cwievii fwelr cRbi viv h_vhvM ghv`v `Iqv
Ges mwji cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk Ki cwZw`bi Rxebhvvq mwjK euvwPq
ivLv| c~ecyil`i cPwjZ cyivbv GB msvi ixwZbxwZ, AbykvmbK gb Pjvi
gvagB eski Di cyiliv HwZnK euvwPq ivL| Gfve HwZnK iv Kivi
gvag Zviv Zv`i c~ec
iy l`i cwZ kvvcb Ki _vK| GB eskvbywgK HwZnB
254
cZK cwieviK mgvR ^vZ ghv`vq f~wlZ Ki| GB HwZn ay gvZ cvwievwiK
bq, cwZvwbKI nZ cvi| Ze GB cPwjZ HwZn gb Pjvi A_ cyivbv wbqg
jsNb KiZ bv PvIqv A_vr bZzbK gvbZ bv PvIqv, bZzb aiYi wPvaviv -
gvbwmKZvK A^xKvi Kiv|
Abw`K AvaywbKZv ejZ evSvq bZzbZi cwZ AvbyMZ, bZzb hyMi
cwZ AvKlY| cPwjZ cyivZb gvbwmKZv I avbaviYvK mwiq bZzb hyMK Avnvb
Rvbvbv, me bZzbK eiY Ki bIqv AvaywbKZvi jY| bZzb g~jeva, wePvi,
weePbv, hywev`x PZbv I gbb AvaywbK gbZvi g~j ewk| iex`bv_ Zuvi Kve
- Dcbvm - bvUK - QvUM KLbv HwZni cwZ AvbyMZi evZv enb KiQb
Avevi Kv_vI AvaywbKZvi aRv Dwoq Zvvi RqMvb MqQb| Zuvi APjvqZb
bvgK ZbvUKwUi gaI GKvavi HwZn I AvaywbKZv - GB `yB gvbwmKZviB
cKvk NUZ `Lv hvq| ejvevj aygv `yB gvbwmKZvi cKvk NUQ ZvB bq, `yB
gvbwmKZvi gjebI NUQ GB APjvqZb bvUK|
1318 ev iex`bv_i APjvqZb bvgK Z bvUKwU cKvwkZ nq|
GB bvUK iex`bv_ Zuvi Kbvi Ges avbi fviZeli ic dzwUq ZzjZ PqQb|
wZwb fviZi BwZnvmi mB DjZg hyMK GB bvUK dzwUq ZzjQb hLb G`k
vb Kg cgi cwic~Y wgjb mvwaZ nqwQj| cvPxb fviZeli gnvb Av`kK
iex`bv_ wPiKvjB iZ w`qQb| GB bvUK cvPxb HwZni cwZ Zuvi AvbyMZ
cKvwkZ nqQ| Ze Zvi m mgvivj fve Avgiv Zuvi AvaywbK PZbvi, AvaywbK
gbZviI cwiPq cvB GLvb| cvkvcvwk GUvI ejv hvq h, HwZn ewwekli
cQ` AcQ`i Ici wbfi Ki bv| wK AvaywbKZveva AbKUvB ewwbfi|
^vfvweKfveB cyivZbK mwiq bZzbZi AvMgb i m~Pbv nq| GB bvUKI ZvB
Avgiv c_g HwZn I AvaywbKZvi ga i cKvk `LZ cvB|
iex`bv_i me bvUKB KvweK m`h QvovI ZMZ w`KUvI mgvb
iZc~Y| KviY GB Zi AvovjB iex`bv_ Avgv`i Rxebi mwVK c_i mvb
`b| GB bvUKi Zi AvcvZ KvwVbi Avovj wZwb Rxebi Zvrch I gywi
evYx kywbqQb| wK GB `ywU w`K QvovI Zuvi me bvUK mgvR eveZvi w`KwU
h_B Zvrchevnx| APjvqZb ivRwU weiZvi cZxK hb ivRwUi Pviavi
cv_ii cvPxi| Avi GB cv_i ewZ ivR cvYi MwZ hb i| Mvbi weKvk
GB cv_ii cvPxi evav nq `uvovq| GB wiZv I weiZv ivR Rxebi ^vfvweK
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255
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nvRvi eQiI c_g Elvi AKviK b nZ `qwb| mLvbKvi mg Awaevmx`i
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hZ Zviv fq cvq| GB ivRi mewKQyB cvPxbZvi BwZevnx| RovRxY GB wbqg I
Kzmsviwj GLvbKvi Awaevmx`i wcQbi w`K Ub ai ivL| ZvB RoZvM I
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257 258
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259
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260
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261 262
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Kvgivq GKUv kbI AvjvD Kivi SuywK K be| myPZbv wfo KU `iRvi w`K
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AKvi gvVi ga w`q QyUQ c~YM wZZ| myPZbv `uvZ w`q VuvU Kvgovjv| Zvici
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eyRj|
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bvwK cveZx GZY LeiUv cq MQ ...... ? Kvbvi myi PoQ| Avi mn KiZ cviv
hvQ bv| myPZbv Kvb evwjk Pvcv `q| Kvbvi kUv ~y %y y!v y
yvy %y aogo Ki DV emj weQvbvq| Wviej evRQ| Awifve|
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we`y Nvg RgZ i Kijv|
263
wdi `Lv
iYwRr cvgvwYK
- mvgjZv ?
kvg eYi| Ze Dj bq| Mwie Ni Rbvj KvjvB ejZ jvK| cvq mvo cuvP
dzUi XvOv Pnviv| gyL - PvLi Pnviv gvSvwi aiYi| hZUv mykx, bvgi Y Zvi
PqI fvjv| AZ i`wRZi KvQ| i`wRr ZvB GB bvgK KLbv n^ Kiwb|
evievi DPviY hb Nwb Avek LuvR|
wK Icvk _K Kvb mvov k nq bv| i`wRr Avevi ej - mvgjZv Zv?
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- ZvgvK Lye `iKvi| GKw`b `Lv nq bv?
- gq GLb Kvm Bjfb| gqi zjB GmwQ| Zzwg fvjv AvQv?
- GKw`b Zvgvi gqi zj AvwgI Zv hZ cvwi? KZw`b K_v nqwb| Zv eQi
Kzwo nq Mj - ZvB bv?
Ki?
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ivLwQ|
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i`wRr K_v ejQ| Zvi i wkniY RvMvbv i`wRr| Zvi G Rxeb, ci-Rxeb,
mvZ-Rxeb bvwK i`wRr| mvgjZv Lywk nj bv?
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GKvi jovB| dvb Kie| K_v eje| wKQy bv ejv K_v| bv ejj ^w bB| GKUv
Akvw eyK Ki eq PjQ| Awbtkl `nb| cyo LvK nq i`wRr| mvgjZv wK
AvRI cvo ?
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Avi mvgjZvi cwZekx eiY| Zv`i Kwgwi AbyNUK| wPwV PvcvwU, LeivLei,
gvb-Awfgvb meB Zv eiYi `vwqZ| Avi wQj mvgjZvi QvU fvB evjvb|
eiY`i PviPvjv gvwUi Ni| cwgi PvjvUv eiYi GKvi| Uvwji QvDwbi
bxP euvki Suvci AveiY| Pvjvi evBiUvI euvki Svc w`q Niv| fZii w`K
264
gvwUi `qvj| mB `Iqvj Bu`yii evm| gvS gvS mvciI| elvq cvq cwZ eQi
ISv Gm mB MZ _K mvc ei Ki| KD KD ej, Kvgi mvc Rwoq ISv
Ni XvK| aiv mvc Avevi ai| UvKv Kvgvq| KqKkv UvKvi ` Zv w`ZB nq
eiY`i|
mvgjZv fq cZ| eiYK evievi ejZ MZjv fvj Ki e KiZ|
Zey AvmZ| i`wRr Zv _vKB| GLvb KZ wbt mgq eq MQ| wbtmvo KZ K_v
ejvewj| KZ Qjgvbywl| Nwb weKj Mwoq KLb h m bvgZ| uk _vKevi
K_v bq| kuvL evRj PgK h hvi evwo div| cvY kvw wbq| AbK coZ ne
msK wbq|
mB PvjvUv AvR Avi bB| fvOv coQ cyiv evwoUvB| `vjvbevwo ZzjQ
eiY mLvb| eiY KvjKvZvi PvKzi| eiY fvMevb| mvgjZvi kievwoi `k
PvKwi Ki| eiYi `vjvbevwo i`wRr Nyi Nyi `L| `yUv eWig, ivbvNi,
WvBwbs Avi cvqLvbv ev_ig wbq AvUkv qvi dzU| wbRi wnZ MoQ eiY|
i`wRr Nyi Nyi `L| Avi cksmv Ki| D`vMcwZ eiY Lywk nq| Lywk Zv neviB
K_v| GK`v mvc`i mv_ mnevmx eiY GLb wbw Nygvq|
Pv Gb w`j eiYi e| Lye jx e cqQ| Pv LZ LZ i`wRr - wK dvb b^i wK ne ?
K_vUv ejj - mvgjZvi mv_ `Lv nq?
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- Zv Zv nqQB|
- AbKevi |
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- AvMi K_v ej ? Avgvi K_v ?
- Zvi Kx gb nq ? mme ejv Pj ?
K_v ejZ cvi bv i`wRr| Lye Awfgvb wbq Pj MQ mvgjZv| ay wK evBiUvB
`Le? Zvi fZii K_v Rvbe bv ? i`wRr fe mviv nq| Avmj gvbylUv
fZi _K Mj, evBi _K `LvUv wVKVvK nq bv| gb Rvbvi RbB Zv fvlv|
i`wRZi gb fvlv nq dzUZ cviwb| Kbbv, i`wRr wekvm KiZ mvgjZv wVK
ZvK eySe| bv ejv K_v gbi Kvb be| AZ wKQy K_v eyS wbZ nq| Avmj
i`wRr mvgjZvK K gyw w`qwQj|
- kvb, eiY| GKUv fyj evSveywS _KB Mj| KD Kvivi K_v fvjv
Ki Rvbvb nj bv| nqZv neI bv Kvbw`b| Ze PvUv _vKv `iKvi|
GKUv KiY AU k Ki i`wRr| Ii fZiUv wK fO coj? bv wK
gbi e KcvU k Ki Lyj Mj| eiY evSvi Pv Ki| i`wRZi K_vjv hvevi RbB Avm| evievi Avm| hZ evi Avm, ZZ evi Pj hvq| _vK k~b gvV|
evS bv| Ze gbvhvMx nq Aviv ekx| i`wRr Avcb gb weoweo Ki hw`
265
GKw`b `Lv nZ| AZ K_v ejZvg|
eiY mvbv `q| Avi Kb? Zv`i Avjv`v msmvi nqQ| Zvi Qj,
mvgjZvw`i gq nvBzj coQ| wbR`i gZv _vK bv|
- Lye `iKvi i| ZzB eySwe bv|
- AZv eyS KvR bB| hv MQ, Zv MQ|
- KqKUv K_v ejevi AvQ| GKevi `Lv nj nq|
- Zv Avi nq bv| Ime fvebv Qvov|
- ZzB KZ `~i _vwKm ?
- Iiv envjvq | Avi ZzB wLw`icyi|
- dvb b^iUv RvMvo Ki|
- mvgjZvw`i ?
- u| Lye `iKvi|
- DjUv cvjUv wKQy ne bv Zv|
- Avgiv mevB msmvi cZwQ| mvgjZv Kzwo eQi| Avi Avwg lvjv eQi| AZv
fvwem bv|
- GKevi K_v eje| Lye hYv wbq mvgjZv Pj MQ| GKevi K_v ejv `iKvi|
- ZvB evanq Zvi K_v GKeviI ej bv| Kx nqwQj ?
- m AbK K_v| ZzB dvb b^i Gb `|
- m Gb `e| wK Avgvi K_v KD hb bv Rvb| Zvnj Ievwoi `iRv e ne|
- ZvZ AvgviB gv_vq evwo coe| ZzB wbw _vK|
mvgjZv Avm| mvgjZv Pj hvq| i`wRZi gb| gb gb| Kx h gb
jvMv! KZ h LybmywU ! mB wK fvjv hvq? evBi GKUv msmvi| fZi AviKUv|
me Qvwcq IV| i`wRr fm hvq| eywgvb i`wRr| m KjR covq| wK wbRK
covZ cvi bv| GKUv fyj c`c| wKsev mwVKB| me kl Ki w`j| msmvi
Avjv`v nIqviB wQj| Ze fvjvjvMvUv euP _vKZ| me wekvm Avi wbfiZvI euP
hZ| me nvwiq mvgjZv AvR fm MQ| fm MQ cvMjcviv mB evSvcov|
Gw`K cyRv Pj Mj| cyRvZ i`wRr Lye Avkv KiwQj Zv mvgjZv
RbwfUZ Avme| Avmwb| KvRi gvbyliv KvR wdi Mj| cyRvi ciB kxZ
Gj| kxZ Gj Kuvcywb w`q| nvo wng Kiv kxZi mgq mvgjZv Avm| i`wRZi
wdi `Lv gb| fvii Nyg fvOv Aemi| mKvji Kzqvkvf`x ivyii Ig| bv
covbv `ycyii vdig| gvMvwRb nvZ wbtm mi cQb divq| kxZi
wbqg kxZ Pj hvq| kxZi Di emi cv_bv| Avm gaygvm| Avm mvgjZv| Pj
Luv Luv `ycyi| evZvm jy| gvwUZ dvUj| cwiq Ri nvdeqj|
266
A_P eiY Zvi K_v iLQ| `kUv wWwRU cyiv`i mvgjZv GLb i`wRZi - mUv Zv mvgjZvKB ejZ PqwQjvg|
dvbew`| dvbi mUUvI hb RvZ DVj| myZivs KZZv dvb hvq eiYi - bv, Avcbvi wKQy ejevi bB| ejebI bv| Avcbvi Kvbv K_v mvgv bZ Pvq
dvb| bv|
- Kx Ki cwj? - mvgjZv ejwb Zv ?
- Ii fvBqi dvb _K mivbv| Avi KZ wbP bvgvwe ? - Avwg ejwQ| GUvB h_| Avcwb ^v_ci| `vwqZvbnxb| Kb dvb KiQb?
- Avwg Zv ZvK gv_vq Zzj ivwL| hvK fvjvevmb wb, ZvK Kb Avevi ? Avcbvi mv_ G welq Avgvi Kvb K_v
- Avwg Avgvi K_v iLwQ| GLb Zvi `vwqZ| bB| Avcwb dvb ivLZ cvib|
- wbw _vK| Avkv Kwi, Migi QywUZ `Lv ne Zvi mv_| icki Mjvq gwK| KswUi ivvq nuU Pj i`wRr| AveQv Avuavi
- AekB| fvix nq Avm| jvWkwWs nqQ ivvq| mvgjZv Kb wbRB ejj bv ? gv_vi
dvb euvav AvQ mvgjZv| i`wRr K_v eje| ZvwjKv Zix Ki gb gb| K_vgvjvi Ici gNjv AvKvk| gN XvKv Zviv| evZvmI fvix Lye| eyK Pvcv e_v| wZiwZi
ZvwjKv| KvbUvi ci KvbUv| iUvB ev Kxfve ? KZ KvUvKzwU| KZ fvOv Mov| Ki UvUvq| i`wRr Qjbv Rvb bv| ZvB K_v ejv Lye `iKvi nq cowQj|
Rxeb, mK Ges K_vgvjvI| dvb _K gyQ hvq mvgjZv| i`wRr gvQ| wK Mu_ hvq Mnb|
Aviv gvmLvbKi Uvbvcvob| evavi cvnvo| mB cvnvo VK gNgvjv| mBLvb ick PwK`vi _vK bv| wbKl AKvi wdi `Lv wPi AvgjZv RM
ew nq Si| myZivs elvI Gm Mj& GB ew| GB ivyi| mw`b ASvi ew| _vK|
i`wRZi gN fvigy| ZvB evavi cvnvo wWwOq dvb|
wK dvbi Mjv wUc gvi mvgjZv| mvgjZv wK mwZB gqi zj
e - mgq ? i`wRr Rvb bv| i`wRZi K_v gvjv nq DVZ cvq bv| gb Aei
nq co| w_Zz nevi mgq jvM| Kzwo eQi cvi Ki mvgjZv GLb ZZvwj-k|
mvgjZvi Pnviv wK fOQ ? eiY ej, kv Avi Mxi nqQ| cuqZvwj-ki
i`wRr fve| fvevi RbB fvebv|
`ycyi hvq| weKj Mwoq m nq| i`wRZi mvgb bvBb cov Qj
coQ| cvki Ni e wmwiqvj gM| KZw`b ev` GKUv dvb| UzKiv UzKiv K_v|
mvgjZv Lywk nqwb ? i`wRr evSvi Pv Ki| mvZ cuvP fvebvq Wye hvq i`wRr|
mvgb ivLv dvbi c`v Rj IV| fm IV Kvjv Ai mvgjZv| mvgjZv|
dvb nvZ i`wRr NiQyU| cvqi wbP KswUi ivv| ivvq wUgwUg gd^wj
Avjv| dvb wbf wMq Avevi Rj IV| mvgjZv dvb KiQ| mvivUv w`b `yw
v Avi jvq i`wRr KzuKo wQj| m me mi wMq GLb dzidzi| mcwZf nq IV|
Lywki euva fOQ|
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- bv, mvgv bv| Avwg Ii nvRev dvb KiwQ|
Kx e`ivMx Mjv ! SMov Kie bvwK ? mvgjZvK QuU mvgv Ki wbqQ|
i`wRr Zv fveZB cvi bv| wK ick Kb mvgjZvi dvb ?
- `ycyi mvgvK dvb KiwQjb ?
- Avcwb Kb dvb KiwQjb ?
- mvgvK dvb KiwQjb Kb ?
267 268
 QjUv `yzwg KiQ Rvbjvi avi Kvj em Avi gvS gvS eKzwb LvQ Rvbjvi
WvBfvi evBi nvZ ei Kivi Rb, Zvi fvMI wK GKB cwiYwZ RyUe ? bv bv, Zv nq bv|
AwbZ gyLvRx AfvMv Zv Avi mKj nq bv, nq Zvi gZ KD KD| nVvr Kvii PuPvwbZ wP
vi Rvj KvUjv Zvi| evmc Gm MQ| eK Kljv m|
evmUv PjZ i KiQ cvq AvaNUv njv| GB iU evm Lye ekx Pj bv| GB wcjwcj Ki evm DVjv GK`j KwP KuvPv| mevi kl DVjv h QjwU,
evmUvq ZvB hvxi wfo nq Lye| mB mKvj wbqggZv mgqB evmUv QoQ bev`q Zvi zjevMUv AbK RvqMvq Quov, Zvw gviv| K Rvb KZ nvZ Nyi Zvici Zvi
nvmcvZvji cvki evmv _K| GLbv evm Zgb wfo nqwb Ze mvgbi wcV RvqMv cqQ evMUv| PbUvI KvUv Avi Zvi duvK w`q hb DuwK w`Q gb
KqKUv cR MjB wfo MgMg Kie evmUv| Avav cvKv Avav KuvPv ivvq nj GKUv cUKvwV Puvw`qvj| Nywo Iovbvi eo kL wQj Zvi QvUejvq| Avi
nj`yj PjQ evmUv| Zvi Wvbw`Ki Rvbjv w`q c~ei m~hi Avjv Gm coQ Gevcvi Zvi mvKi` wQj cz| wcwmgvi Rvi _K AvPvi Pzwi Ki ZvK LvIqvbv
Zvi PvL| iv`i ZR GLbv Zgb evowb, wK evoe GKUz ciB| KviUvi Avi Zvi Nywoi myZvq gvv `Iqv `yevcviB mgvb cUz wQj m| Nywo Iovbvi
Mjvi ZR wK GLbB ek evSv hvQ| mvgb GKUv fvb wiv ivvi wVK gvSLvb evcvi Zvi h cvovq mybvg wQj ek| Zvi AbKUvB evanq cz Avi Zvi nvZi
w`q hvQ| nb bI miQ bv evUv| Avi mRbB PoQ Kvii Mjv| PuwPq `Iqv gvvi cvc| Avi KvUv Nywo Zvov Ki aivi evcviI czi mgK wQj bv
Rvwbq w`Q h ivv bv Qvoj fvb - wivi PvjK Avi Zvi cwievii m m wK KD| wK klgk mUvB h Kvj nj| gb gb AbKevi feQ m| wK nZ hw`
wK Ki Qvoe| Ii gyL IiKgB| nvRvievi eviY KiQ IK IiKg gyL Lvivc bv mw`b mB my`i `LZ cUKvwV Puvw`qvjwU hw` m bv KvUZv| Zvnj czI
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mvgb bexbcvovi c _K IV GK`j KwP KuvPv| Avagqjv Rvgv Kvco Kiwb| Kiwb ejB Zvi Rxeb wZxqevi Aci GKUv gvbyli gZzi Rb `vqx nj
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cU, KLbv nuvUzZ| mBme w`bjvZI Zvi GKgv gjg wQj `vjvgvwmi nvZ GZjv KzuoNi cyo QvB nj| gvbyli GB nvmKi hyweva h KZ gvbyli Kvbvi
ni M| wK mI Zv ewkw`b mBjv bv Kcvj| cvq GKgvm ai fyM kl KviY nq DVZ cvi, Zv wbR Abyfe bv Kij evSv `vq| nvq i gvbeRvwZ, GB
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269 270
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Lye ZvovZvwo Abbv gbvKi gyL Pc ai evwK K_v gbvKK ejZ `q bv| Lvg fiv wPwV bq| Ni Gm wPwVLvbv Lyj `L GB wPwVLvbv z ji wkwKvi KvR
AviI wKQyY Gw`K mw`K Nyi Mvi NvU Gm `yRb Lqv bKvi Rb hvM `evi wbqvMc| Abbvi eyKi wfZi Kgb GKUv Abyf~wZ nZ jvMj|
Acv KiZ _vK| gbvK ej Abbv `L IB w`KUvq bKvUv Kgb cvj Abbvi gb Dvj Zi mgy` ZU hgb XDqi ci XD AvQo co Avevi Rj
LvwUq nvIqvi Uvb Pj hvQ| gvwSi KvR Kej nvjwU ai ivLv| AvKvk KqKwU nq wdi wMq mvMii Rji mv_ wgk hvq| em Kzmgy cvcwo gj w`q cRvcwZ,
MvOwPj DoQ AbK Dci| gbvK Abbvi Kvai Dci nvZ iL ej Avgvi gb gi, ggvwQ`i AvgY Ki Abbvi gbI GB Abyf~wZjv nZ jvMj| BQv
nQ Avgiv `yRbI MvO wPj`i gZb AvKvk Do eovB| Lqv cvi nIqvi Rb KiQ GLbB gbvKK ejZ wK gbvK KvR Ki cvBfU KvvbxZ| mvZw`bi
AviI KqKRb NvU Gm Acv KiQ GZjvKi myL GB K_vjv gbvK ga GKw`b QywU cvq| mB w`bwU Ii KZ KvR _vK Abbvi mv_ `Lv nq mB
Aejxjvq ejwQj| wK Abbvi jvq gyL jvj nq Mj| gbvKK ej Zvgvi mvgevi| Abbvi zji KvR hvM `evi w`bUvI mB mvgeviB ciQ| Avb`
gyL wKQyB AvUKvq bv GZ jvKi ga GBme ejZ Zvgvi jv Ki bv| jv GZUvB Abbv Abyfe KiQ gvK ejZI fyj wMqQ| gv mijv`ex Abbvi Ni
GKUz AvaUz Ki bv Zv bq Ze wK Rvbv jv Kij GLb jvKmvb KviY jvf Gm `L Abbv wPwVLvbv eyKi Ici `yBnvZ w`q Pc ai PvL e Ki,
nq wMqQ ZvB jvUzKz GK cKvi ZvM Kwi Avgiv `yRbvB| gyLLvbv LywkZ Dj nq DVQ| mijv`ex Abbvi gyL `L eySQb wKQy GKUv
GB K_vjv ejZ ejZ GKRb Svjgywo weZv Avm evey Svjgywo Lywki Lei IB wPwVZ AvQ ejb| Abbv Kvi wPwV IiKg PvL e Ki AvwQm
beb, gbvK AbbvK ej be Svjgywo? Zvgvi fvjv jvMj bvI| gbvK Kb? gv gbvKK GKevi Lei cvVvZ ne, gv Avwg zji wkwKvi PvKwii
Svjgywo wbq Abbvi w`K GwMq `q Svjgywo LZ LZ bKv NvU Gm `uvovq| wbqvMc cqwQ| AvMvgx mvgevi KvR hvM w`Z ne| AbKUv `~i nwiYNvUv
`yRbvB bKvq Po Gcvi Gm evwoi w`K iIbv `q| _KI evm e`j Ki AbKUv wfZi, jMiDLiv Rywbqvi nvBzj| gbvKK mv_
GBfve gjvgkv PjZ _vK `yRbvi Ges mv_ mv_ jLvcovI, Abbvi Ki wbq hZ ne| gv ejb ek Zv gbvKK Lei cvVv, Zvi Zv GKRb
gb GKwU Avkv me`v cvlb Ki, wbRi cvq `uvovZ ne| DPgvawgK Lye fvjv WvKniKiv AvQB| gb coQ bv? Agb Av`yi cz fvBwU, GKLvbv gywo Kbvi
277 278
cqmv cj Zv, mZj f` Ki gvwbK Zzj GbQ GZKvj w`w`i Rb| gv Zzwg bB AvgvKI miKvix wb`k cvjb KiZ ne| Avwg Rvwb Avcbviv cZKB
h wK ejv bv| wVK AvQ Zvgvi K_v gZb czK WvKwQ, `wL wK nq| gv Pj wkK -wkwKv c` hvM `evi Dchy| ZeyI Avgvi gZv _vKjI Avwg aygv
Mjb wbRi KvR| Abbv wU wU cvq cvkB KvKvi evwo, cz Abbvi KvKvi GKRbKB GB c` envj KiZ cviZvg| wK GLvb Avcbvi AbKRb, AvcbvKB
Qj, w`w`i Lye eva| Abbv wMq GKevi gv WKQ| cz hb Zix nqB wQj hw` GB c` envj Kwi Ze Zv Avcbvi mnhvviv mKjB nZvk neb| Avgvi
Ni _K `o w`w`i myL| w`w` ejv wK KiZ ne? Zgb wKQy KvR bq Kej wKQy gZvB bB DciIqvjv`i wmvi e`j NUvbvi| Avcwb mKjK eywSq
gbvK `v`vK GKUv wPwV w`we Avi Avmvi mgq gywo Avi `yBLvbv PKjU PzlZ PzlZ ejyb Avwg K_v w`wQ Avcbv`i Rb KLbv hw` wKQy KiZ cvwi Pv Kiev, AvR
Avmwe GBb ej, GKwU cuvPUvKvi g~`v w`j cz UvKv I wPwV wbq ` `o| cii GLvbKvi GB Lei Avcbviv Rvbjb, wK Ki ejZb hw` Kvb evav bv _vK - evav
mvgevi mKvjB gbvK Gm ej Abbv Pjv, Avwg Zix nqB GmwQ| AbbvI AvQ ej Mie I mweZv evBi Gm mKjK K_vwj eywSq ejvZ mKj gb
cvq ZixB wQj| GKUz emv GLwb nq hve, gbvK Pqvi em, GKUz ci Abbv bq, `y-GKRb weivwaZv KijI AwaKvsk Qjgq GB K_vjv gb wbq h
Gm ej Pjv, gvK WK ej gv Avgiv AvmwQ| gv myL Gm ejb Gmv Zvgiv, hvi evwoi w`K cv evovq|
gvK `yRbB cYvg Ki ej gv Avkxev` Kiv hb me kvw gZv nq| gv nvZi mKj Ni _K ei nq Mj AviI wKQy mgq Acv Kivi ci
Afq g~`v `wLq Avkxev` Kijb| Abbv I gbvK mvBKj Po iIbv w`j| AbbvK WK cvVvjb cavb wkK feZvlevey| Abbv I gbvK Avm Ges
mvBKj MviR iL evm aij| h_vmgq zj cuQ `Lj zji mvgb AbK Abbv ej wfZi Avme mvi, Avmyb| gbvKK `L ejb Bwb? Bwb Avgvi mv_
Qj gq Lye ZK KiQ| zji MUi cvnviv`vii KvQ wMq RvbZ cvij, GmQb AvR c_gw`b ZvB wVK AvQ| Avcbvi Kvb wPwV AvQ? AvQ mvi ej
Qjgqiv ejQ Avgiv GB cvovi Qjgq Avgiv PvKwi cve vb Aviv wKbv Abbv Ii wbqvMcLvwb evM _K ei Ki `Lvq| Lvg fiv wPwVLvbv wbq Lyj
evBi _K Gm PvKwi Kie, Avgiv Zv nZ `e bv| Abbv gbvK MU w`q XyKZ `L, gbvKK ejb Avcwb evBi emyb| gbvK evBi Gm eviv`vq cvZv e
bv ci `~i `uvwoq AvQ| GKUz ci GKRb eq wkK Gjb Ges mKjK em| cavb wkK gnvkq AbbvK ejb Rvbb Zv miKvix z ji PvKwii AvcbvK
ejjb Zvgiv GZ nBPB Kb KiQ? mvi Avgiv UUi cixv w`q cvk Ki em wKQy wbqg bxwZ gvbZ ne| GB mvwfmeyK me jLv AvQ co `L ^vi Kib|
AvwQ Avi Avgv`i cvovi z j PvKwi Kie evBi _K Gm Avgiv Zv nZ `e bv| Zvici AvcbvK wbq Kvm hve| Abbv ^vi Ki| cavb wkK feZvl ivq
wkK gnvkq ejb Zvgiv AbK Qjgq Zvgv`i mKji mv_ K_v Zv ejv ejb Pjyb AvcbvK AvR Kvmi Qv`i mv_ cwiPq Kwiq w`B| Rywbqi nvBzj
hve bv? Zvgv`i ga _K `yBRb Zvgv`i cwZwbwa cvVvI Ggb KvDK cvVve Ag kwY ch PjQ Ze fwelZ AviI eov ne zj, feZvl evey AbbvK
Zv`i K_v Zvgiv mKjB gvbe| `k wgwbU mgq w`jvg Gi ga cvVvZ ne, wbq me Kvm Nijvq Mjb Ges me Qj`i ejjb Bwb Zvgv`i bZzb BsivwRi
Ab_vq Zvgiv Avgv`i KvR evav w`j Avwg wK AvBbvbyM eev be| `yBRbv wkwKv| Zvgiv mKj Gbvi K_v be| me Qjiv GKmv_ ej nuv mvi Avgiv
wfZi Avme Avi evwKiv zji mxgvbv _K GKkZ wgUvi `~i _vKe| GB K_v bZzb wkwKvi K_v bev| Bwb Kvj _KB Zvgv`i Kvm Kiveb| feZvl evey
ej wkK gnvkq wfZi Pj Mjb| Abbv gbvK RUjvi wcQb `uvwoq me AbbvK wkK`i Ni wbq Avmb| Abbvi wbqvMc cavb wkKi ^vi
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wfZi cek Kij evwKiv zji Ljvi gvVi Icvi Pj Mj| Abbv gbvK evwoZ wdi Avm| Abbv cii w`b _K GKvB PvKzixi vb hvIqv Avmv KiZ
Gevi MUi wbivcv KgxK Abbvi wbqvMcLvbv `LvZB I`i ejj Avcbviv jvMj| PvKixZ hvM`vbi GK ermi c~Y ne AvMvgx Rvbyqvixi GK ZvwiL| gbvK
wfZi wMq Wvbw`K wMq `Leb GKRbv eqv gwnjv IbvK Avcbvi GB KvMRLvbv ejQ Abbv ez`i wbq cvwU w`Z ne wK| Abbv b GKUz nvm Ges Zv
`Lveb Dwb ej `eb Avcbvi Kv_vq emeb| Abbv gbvK wfZi wMq Wvbw`K gnvkq GB GK ermi wbRi Zv c`vbwZ nqQ Zvi Rb wK ne? Zvi Rb GKUv
NyiZB `Lj GKRb eqv gwnjv Pqvi em LvZvc `LQb| Abbvi AmvaviY AvqvRb ne hv `L Avgv`i mg eziv ab ab Kie| mUv Ggb wK
wbqvMcLvwb `LvZB ejjb, emyb IB Pqvi| nWmvi GKUz e AvQb ne hv `L mKj ab ab Kie? mUv GLvb ejv hve bv| mUv ejZ ne
Avcbv`i WvKeb| Abbv gbvK Pqvi emj| Iw`K cavb wkK gnvkq `yBRb bxie, wbfZ wbRb GKvKx GKv, mLx Kgb Kwne Mvcb K_v?
cwZwbwaK ejjb Avcbv`i Aev Avwg eySZ cviwQ, Avgvi wKQy Kivi bB| Gevi Abbv hb GKUz jwZ nq, KcU ivM Ki, gbvKK ej Zvgvi
KvRwUi GKwU gv c` wbevPb KiQb cwge miKvi| GLvb Avgvi wKQy Kivi meZB Zvgvkv KiZ BQ Ki| Abbvi PvKwii elcywZ Abyvb `yB evwoi
279 280
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KiZ ciQ| fw`b fjM gbvK Abbvi gvjve`j mgvcb nj| mvbvB evRj
`yB Zidi AvZxq ez wbgwZ AwZw_e` mgeZ nq `yRbvK Avkxev` Ki cxwZfvR
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Rxeb eq Pjj b`xi KzjyKzjy k eq Pjvi gZ|
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evev Avi wgZ Kibwb| gvK ejjv, KvwKgwY Awdmi KvR evBi _K wdi AvmZ ek `wi nq MQ,
ciiw`b zj _K divi mgq mvqbK mv_ Ki Gb gvi KvQ iL ZvB fvejvg ivZUzKz GLvb Zvgv`i KvQ KvwUq Avevi fviejv QyU `ev|
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283 284
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cvI Ze wK Kie ?
wewcb Rvbvq KvwKgwY WvKv mvqbi kixii i nqZv Avjv`v wK
Avgv`i kixi mivmwi Avgvi gvqi iB eBQ|
DiwU cq mybxwZ ej, evsjvq GKwU cev` AvQ h bviv GKeviB
ejZjvq hvq Avi Zvgiv `LwQ ZviI ewZg|
nvmZ nvmZ wewcb ej, mw`b Avgvi gv wK Kvb cwZ`vbi Avkvq
wKQy Kiwb| ZvB gvqi Kvb K ev `ytL KvbUvB wQj bv| KviY gvi Dk wQj
Amnvq QjwU hvZ wbRi cvq `uvovZ cvi| mgvR GKUz njI cwZv cvq|
mw`K _K gv wK cyivUvB mdj| ZvB gvqi Av`k nZ nB, Zzwg wK ZvB
PvI! mybxwZ, ck Ki wewcb ?
b mybxwZ ay ej Zvgvq GKwU evi cYvg KiZ `e ! AviI GKwU
Abyiva AvgvK GKevi mvqb`vi evmvq wbq hI cvij Kvbw`b|
Kb ? ILvb Avevi hZ BQ KiQ Kb? wRm Ki mybxwZK wewcb|
- mybxwZ ej, evi! mvqb`vKI Zv GKUv cYvg KiZ ne h !
Lye g`y^i wewcb Rvbvq, mvqb`vi evmvq hZ PI bv|
Kb wbq hve bv ? mybxwZ RvbZ Pvq wewcbi KvQ|
nqZv wPbe bv ej, GKUz Avbgbv nqB K_vjv Quyo `q wewcb|
285
Zey ew bvg
mygb Pvcvavq
ZZxq wek cgi M wjLZ bB, hw`I ev djv nq eve _K Zv iL w`Z nq
hvRb `~i| cwgKi _vZjvbv gyL _yc w`Z nZ cvi eIqvwim jvmi UvKb|
cwgKvi Pzj Kivwmb| bBj, hw` cYq VvKzi AbygwZ `b PKPK Avjevg
gU wmu`yi, bxjvf Mvj| icK_vq Awekvm _vKj cqjv weki KvbI meyR evMvb
Avcj, eid|
Zey ZZxq weki APj Rjvi wbfy wbfy cv cg Avm| jvKK_v, msMxZ,
BwZnvm Pc em, euvk Svoi ... nvIqvq duvKv gvV QuvP NvcwU gi em _vK
cg| KviI PvL,KLbI AKvj em| GK GK ea nZ _vK gvbyl| Avw` `eZv,
cvqZi KvR evo| Ggwb ea nj gvqyb c~Y PjvK|
gvPv evuav R ZLb Zzdvb ZzjQ wgm wUbv| wbjK m hb wRZ
be jx`i, cyili PvL m Kvgbvi `ex| ZvI gvqybi PvL fm eovq|
giv KvUvj MwZ ek axi| cvYcb QuyojI wdi Avm| Avmvi c_ bvevj Rwgb
_g Mj gwY`xcv|
i nj ZZxq weki GK gvbe - gvbexi Rxeb Pwii| Zv`i cvk
Avgiv eme bv| Zv`i gbi euvab Lyje bv| I`i eq hZ `e| I`i gvb
Awfgvb m~aii KvR Kie bv| cw_exi mwKvj _K engvb hvcb avivi kZ
wnme, `L be Zv`i GK Acii Dk jLv wKQy ivRbvgPv, Avgv`i
GKgv kZ gbZv| `wkeY Qvov Avgiv Ab Bw`qi QywU NvlYv Kwi Gmv|
Avgiv wbgM nB GK cgKvwnbxZ|
Avkv mwiqB gvqyb I gwY`xcvi mx nB| nU Pwj wKQyUv c_| cwiwwZ
mgqi nvZ muc w`B gb gbb| Avgiv Gm `uvovB AvKvki bxP, gvwUZ cv iL|
Avgvi gwY,
gw`i evwni KwVb KcvU|
PjBZ kwj cwj evU \
Avwg nqZv ni hvwQ| jovB Zgb Rvi`vi wQj bv nqZv| wbRi
KvQB wK Ze nvi! AvRI KvbI Lei Gjv bv mvwnj fvBqi Zid _K| ivwRqv
Avcvi Rb K nq| AvQv gwY gvbyli Rxeb wK my`i nZ cvi bv; gvbyl bv
Avgv`i gZv gvbyli! gvm kl nZ PjjI gvBb cjvg bv| Rvbv Kvj ivZ
GKUv mvc XyK cowQj Ni| cwZUv NUbvB hb AwfhvM ZvB bv| Kvi Dk
Kb eywS bv| nqZv wbRK Dk KiB|
AvR `ycyi wU.wfZ `Ljvg weeKvb` Dovjcyj fO coQ| AviI
286
KZjv Rxeb wcl Mj `L, cwiRb cwiPq me iL kl| AvRKvj gb nq
gvqyb,
AbKw`b euvPe Rvbv| AbK Kei gvwU `e, AbK PKPK mdj gyL `Le, gwY
iby`i cvwLUv LuvPv iL wbik| `~i `~i fm eovbvi
Avwg Rvwb GUv cgc bq| mevB Awf bv nq cg KijI Avwg Rvwb G wPwV
ciI wbq AviI GKUz DoZ PvBwQj m| gyw wK ^vaxbZviB AviK bvg|me
wbRK jyKvbvi|
^vaxbZv wK gyw w`Z cvi gvqyb| kLjiI Zv ekxKiYi gZv _vK| nqZv
ee c`vewji `yUv jvBb w`jvg Zvgvq wPwVi iZ| c`vejx Qvwoq
ev eenvwiK Afvm|
jvBb`yUv hb mgvivj `yB ijjvBb| KvbI gyZ Ub AvmZ cvi| ev giP
Rj-Rwgb-Avmgvb, Pvbi Rj, wmwiqvji myL me me
ai hve| AvR nqZv ew nZ cvi| cw_exi Kcvj bg Avmv c_g ew Zvgvq
Ryo Zzwg, Zvgvq Qo Kv_vq cvjvev gvqyb !
w`jvg|
gwY
Zvgvi gvqyb
gwY`xcv,
Avgvi cvMj,
Zvgvi hw`i nvZ nvZ iLB ciRb PvB| m Rb AwfhvRb
AvRI ew njv bv| Svov nvIqvq IjU cvjU njvg Qv`|
Awfewi Pjgvb aviv _K wePzZ nq _g hvev| Avmvi Rb hvIqv cqvRb !
Zzwg wemRb `LQ KLbI| Dbv` GK wPjZ gRvi kl duvKv fvb wbq Kv
ZvB bv !
wcQyUvb| mw`b weKU Mvb Avi D`vg bvP| KD wdiI ZvKvjv bv AKvi Qv`
gvqyb
GKUv gq GKv DZj nvIqvq KuvcQ|
B`vwbs jvWmwWs Lye eoQ Rvbv| cvj-v w`q Avv| Iiv AbKUv
gvqyb,
GwMq hvq| Avwg Abgb nq _g hvB| mejv AvPgKv cyibv mgqi M
KqKUv KvMRi bKv evbvjvg| GLbv fyj hvBwb Zvnj !
fm Avm| fyj hvIqv wKQy Pbvi LuvUv w`q nvwiq hvq| Nyg fvOj Avi ^cRvj
bKvjv AvjgvwiZ Zzj ivLjvg cieZx Rxeb fvmZ BQ mL nj KvR
_K eivZ BQ Kibv| AvZMvcbi ivvjvZ cvq am bvgQ| `Lv gvqyb
Avme| GLb fxlY So| Zvgvq gb iL w`jvg|
AvgivI Kgb A^xKvi KiwQ wbR`i| evievi myZvq RU|
gwY`xcv
Avgv`i c~e cyil Avgv`i Drme ag meB wK Avgv`i ! eq Pjv GK
avivi cw_K Avgiv evKevwMmi `j| wmu`yi Lye jvf wQj Rvbv, Kb mvRI Kg
Kvb Avmv PvL fvmv nvRvi gyLivPK Mi MwjZ ivvq nvwiq MQ
bv| hw` kUv b`xZ bv fvwmq `yejv gb ewmq NUbv mvRvB| WRb wmu`yii
gwY`xcv gvqyb| Abygvb, gbi gZv wVK Ki w`Z BQ nqZv nZ cvi Zv`i
cvKU gv_vq Xvwj, KbyB cwiq kuvLv cjv| Zvgvi Rb bv nq jywKq wbjvg me|
fwelr Rxebi| m Abygvb Kbv - cwiKbvi KvVvgv Zix KiK|
Zvgvi eyK gv_v ivLjvg Gevi| Avgvi Nyg Gb `vI|
Avgiv evmi wmU, Ubi MU cwZw`b Zv`i `LwQ| eyK eq Avmv
Zvgvi gwY
avivi AvMvgxKvj wbq wPwZ nwQ| gb gb Zv`i cvwVq w`wQ gM| GKeviI gZ
gwY,
gyL gb AvbwQ bv Aek|
Kvj ivZ AvUeQi AvMi GKw`b Avevi cojvg| gvS gvS
ZeyI cw_exi eyK gvbyl cg gk, fvm, nvivq, KLbv nqZv ev RZ|
gb nq wbii nj wZ wQj bv wekl| wK h ej Pwj fyjfvj ; iex`bv_ wK
GKB evR Leii ga gvbyl Pbv hvq ejwQjb| Mfxi ivZ KZ m myi fm
Avm| Kvbvi Djyawb, hvvi msjvc, my`i wg_ K_vI bZ fvjv jvM|
kvm wbZ K nq `wL GLb| Mw KgZ KgZ PKvV Gm cvnvivq|
wmwjs dvbI gReyZ bq Zgb| Zvgvi Rb wbRb `ycyii cyKzi NvU w`jvg| Pzwc
Pzwc ^cjv fvwmq w`I|
Zvgvi hw`
287 288
 Rxeb h iKg wRwbm wK AvMi gZv Mov hvq| GB h Avgiv Aweivg asm Ki PjwQ meyR| eySZ
cviwQ bv wK Gi cwiYwZ|GKmgq AwRb mw e nq hve| cKwZ I AvenvIqv
`xcK fvPvh gkB `~wlZ nq hve| eo fqi w`b gkB GwMq AvmQ Avgiv Zv eySZ cviwQ
bv|
Gevi Rvgm`cyi wMq nVvr Awbevbi m `Lv njv|KqKw`b ay bq, gb nj
GiKg Rj GjB wef~wZf~lY e`vcvavqK Lye gb co| nuv mwZB
hb KZ hyM ci| mB QvUejvUv hb PvLi mvgb fm DVj| AZ ~ fvj jvMvq
wef~wZeveyK fyj _vKv gykwKj GiKg Puv`i Avjvq fiv Rj Gj| Ii jLvi
fi Mj gbUv| mB cvY cvPzh fiv w`bjvi K_v Awbevb evievi M KiZ
ga w`qB IK Pbv Avgvi| cii w`b Rj GjvKvq NyiZ NyiZB GLvb emevmKvix
jvMj| mB QvUejvi w`bi wZjv ivgb KiZ KiZB ek KqKUv w`b
Avw`evmx Ges Rjevmx gvbyli `Lv cjvg| Avgiv wbRivB Zv`i m Avjvc
Kv_v w`q KU Mj eySZB cvijvg bv| GLb wbq eySZ cviQb Awbevb
Kijvg| Zv`i wbKU _KB RvbZ cvijvg wK fqi Ki ga w`q Zv`i
Avgvi QvUejvi Ai ez| wMqwQjvg Rvgm`cyi Ab KvR wbq, wK Awbevbi
Rxeb hvcb| GLvbKviB `yRbi KvQ Rb wQjvg Kvjvnvwi K_v, hw`I GLvb
cvj-vq co hZ njv Dwolvq| hw`I AvgviI AwbevbK cq Aviv KUvw`b Ii
_K Zv AbK `~i| Giv `yRb mLvbKvi fqi `ywf _K euvPvi Rb Pj
m KvUvbvi BQv RvMwQj - myhvM nq Mj| hw`b cuQjvg, Zvi ciw`b wQj
GmwQjb, Ibv`i m x I Qjgqiv mB fqvj `ywfi Kvc Abvnvi I
`vjc~wYgv| GKUv Mvj _vjvi gZv Puv` DVwQj MvQcvjvi duvK w`q| IB c~wYgvi
AcywZ ivvZB gviv hvq| GiKg AbK ILvb _K cvwjq Avmvi c_ - c_B
Puv`K AmvaviY my`i jvMwQj| Avt wK Avb`| Rji M cvwQ bvK, Kvb fi
gZzi Kvj Xj co| ZvB Giv `yRbB cvbyqvbvjv GjvKvq Gm Aekl GKUz
DVQ myLKi me keYvb`| PvZK PvL wdiZ Pvq bv &gb `k _K| nuv, Awbevb
_vKevi RvqMv cvb| KVvi cwikg `ygyVv fvZi Rb Amnvq w`b hvcb KiZ eva
AvgvK Rji ic `LvZ GLvb GbQ| I h GZ Rj fvjevm, Zv Avwg
nq| GB Dwolv miKvi mB `ywfi gvKvwejv KiZ e_ nb| Zvi dj e gvbyl
RvbZvg bv| GB Ac~e cw_exK - A_vr GB cKwZK `LZ `LZ Kv_vq nvwiq
gviv hvb| gvj Avi GKUv RvqMv| G bvgUv cvq mKji KvQB Lye Pbv|
hvwQjvg| Awbevbi K_vq wdi Gjvg| Awbevb ejZ jvMj A_, bvix, mvb-
mLvbI cvqB GKB Aev| miKvi mLvb Rjevmx gvbylK DQ` Ki KcviU
LvwZ, cwZcw m-e GKw`K KiI Rji fvj jvMvi fvjevmvi fvii mgvb
wkcwZ`i KvQ IB GjvKvi A_vr mLvbKvi Rj, cvnvo me wew Ki w`Qb|
niv bv KLbI gbi wbwZ| Avwg Ii K_vq LvwbKUv AevK nq Mjvg| ejjvg
abZvwK eevi G Avi GK wb`kb| MYZi eywj AvDo abZvwK eevK
ZzB h Rj GZv fvjvevwmm RvbZvg bv Zv AvM| AvgviI GB cKwZ cwiek
wRBq ivLv| Ze mLvbKvi gvbyl Gmei wei jovB Pvwjq hvQ| huviv jvMvZvi
fvjv jM Mj| KLbv PgK w`q cvwjq hvIqv `ZMwZ nvIqvK h c_i
Av`vjb mvwgj, GgbB GKwU cwievii m Avjvc nqwQj GB jexZB| I`i
jvjayjv Zvov Ki hvq| Ggb my`i mB c_B wPiw`b nvZQvwb `q| DcZKv _K
KvQB bwQjvg gvji gvbyli Av`vjbi K_v| GK we`kx wkMvx
cvnvo, cvnvo _K DcZKvq, b`x _K mgy` Ggb KiB cKw Zi Avnvb Avgv`i
ILvbKvi cvnvo I Rj _K vbxq gvbyl`i DQ` Ki BvZ wk Mo Zvjvi
bvov `q| Avevi AvgivB GB cKwZK asm Kwi wbR`i z` ^v_i Rb| GB
cwiKbv bq Ges GKvR Avgv`i `ki fvU wbevwPZ MYZvwK miKvi h_
Avgv`i mfZv|
iKg mvnvh Ki Avi cywjk w`q cwZev`x gvbyli Dci AK_ AZvPvi Pvjvq| Gi
Gevi Avgiv KUK _K ewoq AviI AbK RvqMv cvi Ki Avgiv
dj ek wKQy Rjevmxi cvY hvq| wK GZv Kvi ciI Av`vjbKvixiv wcQy
Asj ej GKUv RvqMvq cuQvjvg| Avevi mLvb _K cuQvjvg jex| GK
nUwb| GLbv ch hv Lei AvcvZZ KviLvbvi KvR e _vKjI A`~i fwelZ
bvjvi cvkB, KzKiz bvg Kv| ZviB cvk Awbevbi GK mgqi KwjM ivgmy`ii
KviLvbv Movi KvR Pvjy ne nqZv| Avgiv GK_v cvq AbKB Rvwb I eywS|
evmv| Avgiv cuQj m Avgv`i mv`i MnY Kij| mLvbB ivw hvcb Kijvg|
Dwolvi GB Aji KviLvbv Movi wei mvaviY DQ` nIqv gvbyli Av`vjbi
ciw`b mKvj hLb m~h DU mviv Rj DvwmZ Ki ZzjQ| Rswj Avgi MvQ
K_v Avgvi AvMi jLvq wevwiZ fve cKvk KiwQ|
MvQ evj GmQ GLb| m GK cvYfiv Avb` myav cvb KiZ Rxeb Avgv`i DbyL
GgbB Aviv GKwU NUbvi K_v ejZ nq| GB DwolviB GK kxZi ivZ
nq DVj| A_P GB iKgB GK GKwU ebwZ KqK NUv jvM gv asm KiZ|
cyibvKvUi Rj qvi gviv nQ RvbZ ci GKUv RvqMv `L emjvg| cP
KZ mvgvb mgq jvM me wKQy kl KiZ| cg, mK, fvjvevmv, ggZeva, ezZ
kxZ| Kvji KvQ gvwUi mivq KvVKqjvi Avb| gvSivZ nVvr Mvg GKUv
- A_P Mo ZzjZ nq wZj wZj Ki| me wKQyZB wZjvgv MoviB gZv| wK fvOv
mviMvj bjvg| wK evcvi wRvmv KivZ mi GKRb ejj GKUv gqi evPv
289 290
nj| Gici klivZ nVvr bvixKi GK AvZ wPrKvi wkwki fRv kxZvZ eb
cvnvo PgK DVj| Avgiv I ....... bvB nZPwKZ| Zvici Avevi kviMvj| Zvici cwZhvMxZv
me Pzc| ay GKK bvixKi `xN GKUvbv Kuvcv Kuvcv wejvc| ZvI GKmgq _g ae ZvjyK`vi
Mj| Avevi wRvmv KivZ bjvg gvwUi Nii beRvZKi gv_v , gv_vi wNjy me
QuyPvq Lq MQ| ZvB mvbnviv gvqi Agb AvZ wPrKvi| nvjv UmwUs, nvjv UmwUs Avcbviv mevB fvjv Ki byb, AvR Avcbvi h
Avgv`i `ki wekl Ki Rj Ges Avw`evmx GjvKvq gqiv mvb cwZhvMxZvq AskMnY KiZ PjQb, Zvi bvg nj ah ebvg j| Gi wbqgvejx
nvivj Kuv`vi wejvwmZv KiZ cvi bv ewkY| mvbi Rb njI BsivRx KvMRi nj, GB eo gvVi ga Uweji Dci GKwU mvbvi Zwi gvbyl AvQ hvi IRb
ewMZ Kjvg Zv wevwcZ nq bv| GiKg ARm NUbv cwZwbqZ Avgv`i mgvR cvq GK KwR ne Ges Gi eZgvb g~j nj wZb jvL UvKv| mKvi mvZUvq GB
eevq NUQ| mvbvi gvbyli wk dzU `~i _K Pvwiw`K Mvj Ki NyiZ ne, _g _vKv Pje
gnvb`xi Icvi wUKicvov, GLb hLvb Kzwgi cK nqQ| Zvi KvQB bv, Kvb Lvevi GgbwK Rj ch `Iqv ne bv, `vMi evBi MjB AvDU nq
Avi GK Mvg evNigyv| GB evNigyvZ GKwU jvKi m Avjvc nqwQj| m `~i hveb| iv`-ew hvB nvK bv Kb NyiZB ne| mekl h cwZhvMx _vKeb mB
Mvg _K AvmZ, GLvbKvi evsjvq dvBdigvm KvUZ| AbK nvwZ, evBmb, evN ne weRqx I Zvi nvZB H mvbvi gvbylwU Zzj `Iqv ne| cwZhvMx`i msLv
fiv Rj cwiq cUi ZvwM`| I`i cwiavb ejZ GKwU `yfvR Kiv MvgQv| nj 12 Rb| hv`i bvg nj
Dv I wbv XvKevi Rb| wK fqi `vwi` Zv mUv mnRB Abygq| kxZi ivZ bvg eqm
evQyi QvMj gyiMx I nuvmi m GKB gvwUi Ni Avb Rj Zv cyiv cwievi| 1. bqb miKvi 28
AviI ggvwK hv - c_g ivZ eyK w`q Zv Avbi w`K,Zvici Zvc eyK cyo 2. gNjv Payix 26
hvevi Dcg nj D wcV w`q kvq| Ggwb KiB GwcV IwcV KiZ KiZ 3. jx nvRvix 55
emi iZ `Lv hvq mvci Lvjmi gZv I`i Mvqi LvjmiB GK ciZ 4. mywRZ ivq 35
Pvgov DV hvq| wK Zey Kvb AwfhvM bB GB gvbyl`i| `qv Kiv `xbez AvR, 5. iwdKzj gvj-v 60
`vD f w`b Mvb Mq `xbezi DciB wbR`i BnKvj ciKvji me fvi Pvwcq 6. weKvk AvMiIqvj 44
w`q cig wbw _vK Iiv| G`i K_vB wjL PjwQ me jLvZ| G NUbv ejwQj 7. mwZ miKvi 21
Awbevb| Ii m Dwolv gY weivU AwfZv wbq wdijvg| IiI PZbv wdij 8. kvgj f 38
cKvwkZ Rxeb `LZ `LZ| aygv Dwolvq bq, Gme `vwi` PZbvi Afve 9. K eiv 45
`xNw`b wewfb AZvPvi gb Pjv, mviv `kevcx cwie| GBme mvgvwRKZvi 10. mZwRr Payix 52
weiB jovB KiZ ne| Gme fveZ fveZB Avgvi RvqMvq wdi Gjvg| Awbevb 11. Mvcvj bvqK 39
ejj Kb mvcwZK hv NUQ Die? WvbKvb Mvxi Pv evMvbwjZ hv NUQ! 12. kwai mvg 27
Avwg ejjvg nuv AeYbxq, Pv evMvbi Afvex gqiv AvR kixi wew KiQ| Avgv`i
GB ^vaxb fviZel| K`,ivR Kvb miKviiB Kvb nj`vj bB G evcvi| AZGe AvR ivZ Avcbviv mevB GLvb wekvg Kib| Kvj mKvj 7Uv
Avi KZw`b Pje GB mvaviY gvbyli Ici GB Abvq ? _K cwZhvMxZv i ne| Avi GKUv K_v, Avcbviv cwZhvMxZv i nevi AvM
ch LZ cvieb| wK i nevi ci PvBjI Avi cvieb bv| AvDU bv nIqv
ch| GB ej whwb gvBvdvb ivLjb wZwb nQb mxZvivg Ryqjvm Gi gvwjK
weRq eoqv| GB cwZhvMxZvi K_v Zvi gv_vq c_g Avm Ges GUv Zvi `vKvb I
Kvvbxi wevcbi weivU gvag nq `uvove Zvi Rb| 12 Rb cwZhvMx`i
gvVi cvk nj Ni _vKvi eev nj ivZ| mevB GKB Ni q AvQ Lvevi Lq|
Lvevi eev wQj fvebvi evBi| cwZhvMx`i h hv LZ PqQ mevBK ZvB
291 292
`Iqv nqQ| KD ev cU fwZ fvZ, KD ev iwU Lj,KD Lj fvZ bv wPweq
hvZ AbKY _vK, Avevi KD Rj Kg Lj hvZ ev_ig Kg hZ nq| GKRb
Zv wifvBUvj Jlya Lj hvZ GbvwR cvq| ivZ KD Kviv mv_ K_v ejjv bv|
KviY mevB mevi weivax c| GK Acii bvg Dv cvv ej hvQ gb gb|
KD Avevi fMevbi KvQ cv_bv KiQ h, n fMevb, Kvj hb Avwg Qvov mevi
ev_igi cmvi/ eM ekx Ki nq, ZvnjB evwo wMq wZb jvL UvKv _K GK
jvL w`q Zvgvi gw`i evbvev| GK Acii w`K Ggb fve ZvKvQ h myhvM
cjB Mjv wUc gvie, Zvnj cwZhvMx Kg hve| iwdKzj gvj-v ejj - n
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313 314
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