3. Solubility is noted
a. In H2O a. Soluble in water and no Presence of NH4+
precipitate with sodium
carbonate solution.
b. In dil. HCl b. Soluble in dil.HCl Absence of Group I cation
4. Flame test: A little of the
salt is made into paste Yellow Presence of Na+ Chlorides are more
with conc. HCl in a watch Lilac Presence of K+ volatile.
glass and is shown to the Pale green Presence of Ba2+
blue flame. Crimson red Presence of Sr2+
Brick red Presence of Ca2+
5. Dry heating test: A small
amount of salt is heated a. Colorless and odorless gas CO32- may be present Evolved gas is CO2.
in a dry test tube turns lime water milky
b. Pungent smelling gas Cl- present Evolved gas is HCl
white fumes with NH4OH
c. Vinegar smell May be CH3COO- Ethanoic acid.
d. Reddish brown fumes May be the presence of NO31- Reddish brown gas is
NO2.
SYSTEMATIC TEST FOR ANIONS
1.Dil HCl is added to a little of salt Evolution of a colourless gas Presence of carbonate (CO3 2-) Lime water is
which turns lime water milky Ca(OH)2,turned to
milky due to the
formation of
insoluble CaCO3.
2.A little of the salt is rubbed in a
watch glass with dil.H2SO4 Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO- Ethanoic acid.
HCl gas.
-
3.A little of the salt is treated with Colorless gas with pungent smell Presence of Cl
conc H2SO4 is evolved in cold Br2 vapours.
Reddish brown vapours Presence of Br-
If no characteristic change is I2 vapours.
observed above mixture is heated Deep violet vapours Presence of I-
and adds copper turnings or NO2 gas.
paper ball. Evolution of brown gas Presence of NO3-
The ppt. is BaSO4
4. A little of the salt is treated White precipitate is formed which Presence of SO4-2
with BaCl2 is insoluble in excess dil. HCl
SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY
Ppt is AgBr.
-
Pale yellow ppt sparingly soluble Presence of Br is confirmed
in excess NH4OH
Ppt is AgI
-
yellow ppt insoluble in excess presence of I is confirmed
NH4OH
Chromyl chloride
2. A little of the salt is heated with yellow ppt Presence of Cl- is confirmed vapours(red) gives
potassium dichromate and conc Na2CrO4(yellow)
H2SO4 .Pass red vapours into with NaOH &forms
NaOH in another test tube and yellow ppt of lead
add acetic acid and lead acetate chromate(PbCrO4).
solution `
Sulphate(SO42-)
White ppt is PbSO4.
1. To the little of the salt soln, White ppt Presence of sulphate
acetic acid and lead acetate is confirmed.
added.
It dissolves due to
2. The above ppt. is treated with The ppt. dissolves Presence of sulphate is the formation of
hot Ammonium Acetate confirmed again. lead acetate.
Phosphate(PO4)3-
1. To the little of the salt solution Yellow ppt Presence of phosphate is Yellow ppt is silver
silver nitrate soln is added confirmed phosphate
4.To the remaning solution ,add a White gelatinous ppt Ppt is Al(OH)3
pinch of NH4Cl shake well and Grp 3 is present
then add NH4OH solution.
5.Through a part of this solution Dirty white ppt orbuff coloured Grp 4 present ZnS(white),MnS(buff
H2S gas is passed. ppt coloured)
3.To the 3rd part add acetic Chocolate brown ppt. Cu2+ confirmed Ppt. is copper
acid and potassium ferrocyanide.
ferrocyanide soln.
Group III.
1.Grp ppt is dissolved in Blue ppt.floating in
dil,HCl and added 2drops colourless solution. PPt is Al(OH)3
of blue litmus followed by Al3+ confirmed
2 drops of NH4OH soln
SCHEME OF ANALYSIS-CHEMISTRY
Group IV
GROUP V
Group VI
To the salt soln add Ppt is Mg3(PO4)2
NH4Cl, NH4OH& sodium White crystalline ppt presence of
phosphate are added Mg2+confirmed.