Chapter 19: CELLULAR TELEPHONE CONCEPTS

Items Definitions Terms

1 The term for mobile telephone services which began in 1940s and are Mobile Telephone
sometimes called Manual telephone systems. Manual System
(MTSs)
2 The frequency used by MTSs. 35 MHz-45MHz
3 Switch that was used by MTS to activate the transceiver. Push-to-Talk (PTT)
4 It was introduced in 1964 which used several carrier frequencies and could, Improved Mobile
therefore, handle several simultaneous mobile conversations at the same time. Telephone System
(IMTS)
5 The term suggested any radio transmitter, receiver, or transceiver that could be Mobile
moved while operation.
6 The term that described a relatively small radio unit that was handled, battery Portable
powered, and easily carried by a person moving at walking speed.
7 It is similar to two-way mobile radio in that most communications occurs Cellular Telephone
between base stations and mobile units.
8 It operates on half duplex and use PTT transceivers. Two-Way Radio
Examples of two-way radio:
Citizens Band (CB)
Public land mobile radio
9 A one to one system that permits two-way simultaneous transmissions and Mobile Telephone
operates the same way as the standard wire line telephone service.
10 Hinted of a cellular telephone scheme that he referred to as simply a small-zone E.K. Jett
radio telephone system in the July 28, 1945.
11 On June 17, 1946, they introduced the first American commercial mobile radio- AT&T and
telephone service to private customers. Southwestern Bell
12 A radio telephone service introduced by AT&T in 1947. Highway Service.
13 Unveiled the most famous mobile telephone to date: the fully mobile shoe phone Don Adams
in 1966 in a television show called Get Smart.
14 The year when FCC granted AT&T the first license to operate a developmental 1975
cellular telephone service in Chicago.
15 A satellite-based wireless personal communications satellite (PCSS) Iridium
16 Another term for cellular telephone. Cellular Radio
17 A large geographic market area. Coverage zone
18 It is employed to increase the capacity of a mobile telephone channel. Frequency Reuse
19 The shape that was used because it provides the most effective transmission by Honeycomb
approximating a circular pattern while eliminating the gaps present between
adjacent circles.
20 Large cells that typically has 1 mile and 15 miles radius with base station Macrocells
transmit power 1W and 6 W.
21 The smallest cells that typically has radius of 1500 feet or less with base station Microcells
transmit powers between 0.1 W and 1 W.
22 The process in which the same set of frequencies can be allocated to more than Frequency Reuse
one cell, provided the cells are separated by sufficient distance.
23 A geographic cellular radio coverage area containing three groups of cells. cluster
24 Typically equal to 3,7, or 12. Cluster size
25 The process of finding the tier with the nearest co-channel cells. First Tier
26 Two cells using the same set of frequencies. Co-channel cells
27 The interference between the co-channels cells. Co-channel
Adding radio channels to a system: Interference
Decreasing the transmit power per cell
making cells smaller
filling vacated coverage areas with new cells
28 The ratio of the cell radius and distance from the nearest co-channel cell The ratio of the cell
radius and distance
from the nearest co-
channel cell
29 Channel next to one another in the frequency domain. Adjacent Channel
30 It results from imperfect filters in receivers that allow nearby frequencies to enter Adjacent-Channel
the receiver. Interference
31 Most prevalent when a mobile unit is receiving a weak signal from the base Near-Far Effect
station.
32 The area of a cell, or independent component coverage areas of cellular system Cell Spliting
is further subdivided thus creating more areas.
33 Occurs when number of the number of subscriber wishing to place a call at any Maximum Traffic
given time equals the number of channels in the cell. Load
34 A condition occurs when a new call is initiated in an area where all the channels Blocking
are in use.
35 Smaller areas when a single omnidirectional antenna is replaced by several Sectors
directional antennas, each radiating within smaller area.
36 Using directional antennas. Sectoring
37 Placing two receive antennas one above the other. Space Diversity
38 A means of avoiding full-cell splitting where the entire area would otherwise Dualization
need to be segmented into smaller cells.
39 A means of avoiding co-channel interference, although it lowers the capacity of Segmentation
a cell by enabling reuse inside the reuse distance which is normally prohibited.
40 The locations of radio-frequency transceivers. It serves are central control for all Base Stations
users within that cell.
41 It handles all cell-site control and switching functions. Cell-Site Controller
42 Occurs when a mobile unit moves from one cell to another companys service. Roaming
43 It controls channel assignment, call processing, call setup and call termination. Mobile Telephone
Different Names: Switching Office
Electric Mobile Exchange (EMX)- Bell Lab. (MTSO)
AEX- Ericcson
NEAX-NEC
Switching Mobile Center (SMC)
Master Mobile Center (MMC)-Novatel
Mobile Switching Center- PCS networks
44 The transfer of a mobile unit from one base stations control to another base Handoff (Handover)
stations control.
Four stages:
Initiation
Resource reservation
execution
completion
45 A connection that is momentarily broken during the cell-to-cell transfer. It is a Hard Handoff
break before-make process.
46 A flawless hand off with no perceivable interruption of service. Soft Handoff
47 It is used by computers that is based on variations in signal strength and signal Handoff Decision
quality.
48 Either the mobile unit or the network determines the need for a handoff and Initiation
initiates the necessary network procedures.
49 Appropriate network procedures reserve the resources needed to support the Resources
handoff. Reservation
50 The actual transfer of control from one base station to another base station Execution
takes place.
51 Execution Unnecessary network resources are relinquish and made available to Completion
other mobile units.
52 Roaming from one companys calling area into another companys calling area. Interoperator
Roaming
53 Stands for Electronics Industries Association/Telecommunications Industry EIA/TIA
Association, developed the IS-41 Protocol.
54 It aligns with a subprotocol of the SS7 protocol stack that facilitates IS-41
communications among database other network entities.
55 Stands for Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association. CITA
56 The process where a mobile unit notifies a serving MTSO of its presence and Autonomous
location through a base station controller. Registration
Components of Cellular Telephone System:
Electronic switching center
a Cell-site controller
radio transceiver
system interconnections
mobile telephone units
common communications protocol
57 A digital telephone exchange located in the MTSO that is the heart of a cellular Electronic Switching
telephone system. Center
 58 A datalink protocol at a transmission rate of 9.6 kbps. X.25
59 Another name for cell-site controller. Base Station
Controller
60 It manages each of the radio channels at each site supervises calls, turns the Cell-site Controller
radio transmitter and receiver on and off, injects data onto the control and voice
channels, and performs diagnostic tests in the cell-site equipment.
61 Stands for Base transceiver station. BTS
62 A part of base station subsystem that can be either narrowband FM analog Radio Transceiver
system or either PSK or QAM for digital systems with effective audio frequency.
63 The radio receiver that detects the strongest signal. Receiver Diversity
64 It governs the way telephone calls are established and disconnected. Communications
Examples of Protocol: Protocol
IS-54
IS-136.2
IS-95
65 The actual voice channel where mobile users communicate directly with either User Channel
mobile or wireline subscribers through a base station.
66 It is used for transferring control and diagnostic information between mobile Control Channel
users and a central cellular telephone switch through a base station.
Transmit on base station:
forward control channel
forward voice channel
Receive on base stations:
reverse control channel
reverse voice channel
Types of calls:
Mobile to wireline
mobile to mobile
wireline to mobile

Chapter 20: CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM

Items Definitions Terms

1 Stands for Standard Cellular Telephone Service CTS
2 An acronym for Personal Communications System. PCS
3 Stands for Personal Communications Satellite System. PCSS
4 An acronym for Advanced Mobile Telephone System. AMPS
5 Proposed the cellular telephone concept in 1971. Bell Telephone
Laboratories
6 A standard cellular telephone service (CTS) initially placed into operation on AMPS
Oct. 13, 1983.
7 It was used by AMPS cellular telephones with a usable audio-frequency band Narrowband
from 300 Hz to 3 KHz and a maximum frequency deviation of + 12 KHz for Frequency Modulation
100% modulation. (NBFM)
8 Correspond to an approximate bandwidth of 30 KHz. Carsons Rule
9 A transmission with simultaneous transmission in both directions. Full Duplex (FDX) or
Duplexing
10 It is used in AMPS and occurs when two distinct frequency bands are provided Frequency-division
to each user. Duplexing
11 A special device used in each mobile unit to allow simultaneous transmission Duplexer
and reception on duplex channels.
12 Transmissions from base station to mobile units. Forward Links
13 Transmissions from mobile units to base stations. Reverse Links
14 Another name for forward links. Down Links
15 Another term for reverse link. Uplink
16 Additional frequencies of 10 MHz to the original40 MHz band which increased Expanded Spectrum
the number of simplex channels by 166 for a total of 832 (416 Full duplex).
17 Specified frequencies in a small geographic area. Cellular Geographic
Serving Areas (CGSA)
18 Defines geographic areas used by marketing agencies. Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area
19 A technique used by standard telephone subscriber to access the AMPS Frequency Division
system. Multiple Access
20 A 34 bit binary code which in the U.S. represents the standard 10-digit Mobile Identification
telephone number. Number (MIN)
21 A 34 bit binary code permanently assigned to each mobile unit. Electronic Serial
Number (ESN)
22 Stands for Vehicle Identification Number. VIN
23 An acronym for Network Interface Card. NIC
24 A four bit code which indicates whether the terminal has access to all 832 Station Class Mark
AMPS channel or only 666. (SCM)
25 A 15 bit binary code used by FCC to an operating company when it issues it a System Identifier (SID)
license To provide AMPS
26 It is one of the three analog frequencies (5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, or 6030 Hz) that Supervisory Audio
helps mobile system distinguish one base station from a neighboring base Tone (SAT)
station.
27 One of four binary codes, also helps mobile system distinguish one base station Digital Color Code
from a neighboring base station. (DCC)
28 One set of channels dedicated for exchanging control information between Control Channels
mobile units and base stations.
29 Also termed as Voice channel, used for propagating actual voice conversations User Channel
or subscriber data.
30 Another name of control channels. Setup or Paging
Channel
31 Sometimes called as Camped. Locked
32 A sequence of alternating 1s and 0s. Dotting Scheme
33 A unique sequence of 1s and 0s that enables the receiver to instantly acquire Synchronization Word
synchronization.
34 It controls or command mobile units to do a particular task when the mobile unit Mobile Station Control
has not been assigned a voice channel. Messages
35 It is used to indicate the current status of the reverse control channel. Busy-idle Bits
36 It contains the following: Overhead Message
System parameter overhead messages
global action overhead messages
control filter messages
Typical mobile-unit control messages:
Initial voice channel designation messages
directed retry messages
alert messages
change power messages
37 Transmitted at a 10-kbps rate. Control Data
Control data includes:
page responses
access request
registration requests
38 Transmission of voice. Blank
39 Data transmission. Burst
40 The entity of SS7 interoffice protocol that distinguishes the physical Intelligent Network
components of the switching network.
Switching Network:
Signal Service Point
Signal Control Point
Signal Transfer Point
41 A family of mobile or portable radio communications services which provides Personal
services to the individuals and business and is integrated with a variety of Communications
competing networks. System
Differences in PCS and cellular telephone system:
Smaller Size (PCS)
all digital
additional features
42 Acronym for Personal Communications Network. PCN
43 It is assigned to everyone which is stored the on the SS7 network. Personal Telephone
Number
44 It determines where and how the call should be directed. Artificial Intelligence
Network (AIN)
45 A database that stores information about the user, including home subscription Home Location
information and what supplementary services the user is subscribed to. Register
 (HLR)
46 A database that stores information pertaining to the identification and type of Equipment
equipment that exists in the mobile unit. Identification Registry
(EIR)
47 It allows all calls to pass through the network to the subscriber except for a Available Mode
minimal number of telephone numbers that can be blocked.
48 The PCS equivalent of caller ID. Screen Mode
49 All calls except those specified by the subscriber are automatically forwarded to Private Mode
a forwarding destination without ringing the subscribers handset.
50 No calls are allowed to pass through to the subscriber. Unavailable Mode
51 PCS operating in the 1900 MHz range. PCS 1900
52 Interference avoidance scheme which uses voice companding to provide Interference (MRI)
synthetic voice channel quieting.
53 A narrowband AMPS system that increased the capacity of the AMPS system in N-AMPS
large cellular market.
54 It is developed with the intent of supporting a higher user density within a fixed United States Digital
bandwidth frequency spectrum. Cellular
55 Cellular telephone systems that use digital modulation. Digital cellular
56 Allows one mobile unit to use a channel at the same time by further dividing Time-division Multiple
transmissions within each cellular channel. Accessing (TDMA)
57 A database that stores information about subscriber in a particular MTSO Visitor Location
serving area, such as whether the unit is on or off Register (VLR)
58 Technique used that allows more mobile-unit subscribers to use a system at Time-Sharing
virtually the same time within a given geographical area. Channels
59 It stands for Electronics Industries Association and Telecommunications EIA/TIA
Industry Association.
60 It specifies that a mobile station complying with the IS-54 standard must be Dual Mode
capable of operating in either the analog AMPS or the digital (USDC) mode for
voice transmissions.
61 It is often called North American Time Division Multiple Accessing. IS-136.2
62 It was introduced to provide PSK rather than FSK on dedicated USDC control IS-54 Rev.C
channels to increase the control data rates and provide additional specialized
services such as paging and short messaging between private mobile user
groups.
63 Allows for brief paging-type messages and Short e-mail messages that can be Short Message
read on the mobile phones display and entered using the keypad. Service
64 It was developed to provide a host of new features and services, positioning IS-136
itself in a competitive within the newer PCS systems.
65 It is used by mobile units to request access to the cellular telephone system. It Random Access
is a unidirectional channel specified for transmissions from mobile-base units Channel (RACH)
only.
66 It is used to transmit information from base stations to specific mobile stations. SMS point-to-point
Paging and access
response Channel
(SPACH)
67 It is dedicated to delivering pages and orders. Paging Channel (PCH)
It transmit :
paging messages
message-waiting messages
user alerting messages
call history count updates
shared secret data updates
68 A logical subchannel of SPACH used to carry assignments to another resource Access Response
or other responses to the mobile stations access attempt. Channel (ARCH)
69 It is used to deliver short point-to-point messages to a specific mobile station. SMS Channel
(SMSCH)
70 It refers to : F-BCCH, E-BCCH and S-BCCH logical sub channels. Channel (BCCH)
71 Broadcasts digital control channel structure parameters. Fast Broadcasts
Control channel (F-
BBCH)
72 Carries less critical broadcast information than FBCCH intended for mobile Extended Broadcasts
units. Control Channel (E-
BBCH)
73 Individual mobile units. A logical channels used for sending short messages. SMS Broadcasts
Control Channel (F-
BBCH)
74 Stands for Digital speech interpolation. DSI
75 Carries digital voice information and consists of RDTC and FDTC. Digital Traffic
Channel(DTC)
76 It consists of an eight bit digital voice color code number between 1 and 255 Coded Digital
appended with four Verification Color
Code
77 Mobile-assisted handoff. MAHO
78 A blank-and burst type of transmission that replaces digitized speech Fast Associated
information with control and supervision messages with in a subscribers time Control Channel
slot. (FACCH)
79 A special speech coder. Vector sum exciter
linear predictive
(VSLP)
80 A special microprocessor that is implemented on the telephone handset. Digital Signal
Processor (DSP)
81 They are transmitted when a mobile unit begins operating in a larger diameter Shortened Burst
cell.
82 An access method used with standard analog AMPS which use frequency FDMA
channelization approach to frequency spectrum management.
83 It allows users to differentiate from one another by a unique code rather than a Code Division Multiple
frequency or time assignment. Accessing (CDMA)
84 Stands for Qualcom 9600bps Code-Excited Linear Predictive coder. QCELP
85 The concept is to break the message into fixed sized blocks of data with each Frequency Hopping
block transmitted in sequence except on a different carrier.
86 high bit pseudorandom code is added to a low-bit rate information signal to Direct-Sequence
generate a high bit rate pseudorandom signal closely resembling noise that
contains both the original data signal and the pseudo random code must be
known.
87 It is a study group which is sometimes referred to as Pan-European cellular Groupe Special Mobile
system. This is now known as the Global System for Mobile Communications. (GSM)
Classification of GSM telephone services:
Bearer Services
teleservices
supplementary services
Three primary subsystem of GSM:
Base Station Subsystem
Network Switching Subsystem
Operational Support Subsystem
88 All-digital data Network. Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN)
89 Sometimes known as radio subsystem, provides and manages radio frequency Base Station
transmission paths between mobile units and the mobile switching center Subsystem(BSS)
(MSC)
90 It manages switching functions for the system and allows MSCs to Network Switching
communicate with other telephone networks. Subsystem (NSS)
91 The available forward and reverse frequency bands are subdivided into 200 Absolute Radio-
KHz wide voice channels. Frequency Channel
Numbers (ARFCN)
92 It provides the vehicle for a new generation of wireless telephone services Mobile Satellite
called Personal Communications Satellite System (PCSS). Systems(MSS)
93 It uses low earth-orbit (LEO) and medium earth orbit and MEO thar Personal
communicates directly with small, low-powered mobile telephone units. Communications
key providers in PCSS market: Satellite System
American Mobile Satellite Communications (AMSC) PCSS)
Celsat
Comsat
Constellation Communications (ARIES)
Ellipsat (Ellipso)
INMARSAT
LEOSAT
Loral/qualcomm (global star)
TMI communications
 TWR (Odysse)
Iridium LLC
94 An international consortium owned by a host of prominent companies, agencies Iridium LC
and governments.
95 The largest commercial venture undertaken in the history of the world. Iridium Project
96 A satellite based wireless personal communications network designed to permit Iridium
a wide range of mobile telephone services, including voice, data, networking,
facsimile and paging.
97 FCC issued a report and order Dockett # 92-166 defining L band frequency October 14, 1994
sharing for subscriber units in the 1616 MHZ to 1626.5 MHz band.
98 L-band subscriber-to-satellite voice links. 1.616 GHz to 1.6265
GHz
99 Ka-band gateway downlinks. 19.4 GHz to 19.6 GHz
100 Ka-band gateway uplinks 29.1 GHz to 29.3 GHz
101 Ka-intersatellite cross-links 23.18 GHz to 23.38
GHz