Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology of Roorkee- 247667

MI 210 : Energy Conversion
Tutorial #7: (Nozzles-1)

1. Dry and saturated steam enters a nozzle at a pressure of 1100 kPa and velocity of 80 m/s. the
discharge pressure is 500 kPa and the discharge velocity is 500 m/s. The quantity of steam
flowing is 2 kg/s and heat loss from the nozzle is 8 kJ/s. Determine the heat drop and final
dryness fraction of steam.
2. Estimate the rate of flow of steam for a steam turbine which uses convergent nozzles. The
expansion of steam is isentropic. The total area of nozzle at the exit is 30 cm2. At inlet of these
nozzles the steam is at 600 kPa and 260 oC. The exit pressure is 400 kPa. Neglect the velocity of
approach. Find the condition of steam at exit. If the coefficient of discharge of the nozzles were
0.95 what should be the exact area of the nozzles assuming that the velocity, mass flow rate
and specific volume are same.
3. A nozzle expands steam from 1400 kPa and 300 oC to 600 kPa. If the flow rate is 1 kg/s, find the
throat and exit area. What should be the coefficient of velocity if the exit velocity is 550 m/s?
4. Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent-divergent nozzle which will discharge
820 kg of steam per hour from a pressure of 800 kPa superheated to 220 oC into a chamber
having a pressure of 105 kPa. Friction loss in the diverging part of the nozzle may be taken as
0.15 of the total enthalpy drop.
5. Steam at 1100 kPa and 250 oC enters a convergent and divergent nozzle and is expanded to 100
kPa. Find the throat and exit area and mechanical energy of the jet for a steam flow of 1 kg/s. If
the losses due to friction amount to 8 percent what is the change in throat to exit area? If under
these conditions the nozzle section is same as that for the isentropic flow what should be the
mass flow rate and mechanical energy of the jet?
6. Dry and saturated steam with an initial pressure of 1100 kPa is expanded in a group of
convergent- divergent nozzles at rate of 5 kg/s. the back pressure is 150 kPa. The nozzle
efficiency is 90 percent and approximate throat section of each nozzle is estimated to be 1 cm2.
Design suitable number of nozzles and exact throat and exit areas. Neglect the effect of
supersaturation.
7. Steam at 2.0 MPa and 60 oC superheat enters a set of nozzles which have a total cross-sectional
area of 650 cm2 at exit. The pressure of steam at exit is 500 kPa and dryness os 0.97. Find (a)
velocity at exit, (b) discharge in kg/s, (c) change in internal energy.
8. A group of convergent-divergent nozzles expands 6 kg/s of steam from 1300 kPa dry and
saturated to 140 kPa at a nozzle efficiency of 0.9. Velocity at the throat is 3% less than
theoretical. If the throat section of each nozzle is about 1.3 cm2. Design the number of nozzles
and areas at the throat and exit.
9. A nozzle is supplied with steam at 700 kPa and 220 oC temperature expands to 100 kPa
isentropically. If the divergent part of the nozzle is 50 mm long and throat diameter is 7.5 mm.
Determine the angle of cone for a discharge pressure of 100 kPa if 15 percent loss of heat drop
occurs in the divergent part.
10. At impulse turbine first stage has nozzles placed at pitch of 58 mm having a wall thickness of 2.5
mm, inclined at 14 o. The blade height is 12.5 mm. Twenty five nozzles are opened at normal
load and steam is supplied at 1400 kPa and 250 0C. The first stage pressure is 850 kPa.