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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

Chopper|DCtoDCConverter
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DC to DC converter is very much needed nowadays as many industrial applications are


dependentuponDCvoltagesource.Theperformanceoftheseapplicationswillbeimproved
ifweuseavariableDCsupply.Itwillhelptoimprovecontrollabilityoftheequipmentsalso.
Examples of such applications are subway cars, trolley buses, battery operated vehicles
etc.Wecancontrolandvaryaconstantdcvoltagewiththehelpofachopper.Chopperis
a basically static power electronics device which converts fixed dc voltage / power to
variable DC voltage or power. It is nothing but a high speed switch which connects and
disconnectstheloadfromsourceatahighratetogetvariableorchoppedvoltageatthe
output.

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Chopper can increase or decrease the DC voltage level at its opposite side. So, chopper
servesthesamepurposeinDCcircuittransfersincaseofaccircuit.Soitisalsoknownas
DCtransformer.

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DevicesusedinChopper

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

Lowpowerapplication:GTO,IGBT,PowerBJT,PowerMOSFETetc.
Highpowerapplication:ThyristororSCR.

Thesedevicesarerepresentedasaswitchinadottedboxforsimplicity.Whenitisclosed
currentcanflowinthedirectionofarrowonly.

1)StepdownChopper:
StepdownchopperasBuckconvertedisusedtoreducethei/pvoltagelevelattheoutput
side.Circuitdiagramofastepdownchopperisshownintheadjacentfigure.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

WhenCHisturnedON,Vs directlyappearsacrosstheloadasshowninfigure.SoVO=VS .

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

WhenCHisturnedoff,Vs isdisconnectedfromtheload.SooutputvoltageVO=0.

Thevoltagewaveformofstepdownchopperisshownbelow:

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

TONItistheintervalinwhichchopperisinONstate.
TOFF ItistheintervalinwhichchopperisinOFFstate.
VS Sourceorinputvoltage.
VOOutputorloadvoltage.
TChoppingperiod=TON+TOFF

OperationofStepDownChopperwithResistiveLoad

WhenCHisON,VO=VS
WhenCHisOFF,VO=0

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Where,Disdutycycle=TON/T.
TONcanbevariedfrom0toT,so0D1.HenceoutputvoltageVOcanbevariedfrom
0toVS .

So, we can conclude that output voltage is always less than the input voltage and hence
thenamestepdownchopperisjustified.
The output voltage and current waveform of step down chopper with resistive load is
shownbelow.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

OperationOfStepDownChopperwithInductiveLoad

WhenCHisON,VO=VS
WhenCHisOFF,VO=0

DuringONtimeofchopper

Therefore,peaktopeakloadcurrent,

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DuringOFFTimeofChopper

IfinductancevalueofLisverylarge,soloadcurrentwillbecontinuousinnature.WhenCH
isOFFinductorreversesitspolarityanddischarges.Thiscurrentfreewheelsthroughdiode
FD.

Byequating(i)and(ii)

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u


So,from(i)weget,

The output voltage and current waveform of step down chopper with inductive load is
shownbelow

2)StepupChopperorBoostConverter:
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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

Stepupchopperorboostconverterisusedtoincreasetheinputvoltagelevelofitsoutput
side.Itscircuitdiagramandwaveformsareshownbelowinfigure.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

OperationofStepupChopper

WhenCHisONitshortcircuitstheload.HenceoutputvoltageduringTONiszero.During
thisperiodinductorgetscharged.So,VS =VL

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

WhereIisthepeaktopeakinductorcurrent.
WhenCHisOFFinductorLdischargesthroughtheload.So,wewillgetsummationofboth
sourcevoltageVS andinductorVoltageVLasoutputvoltage,i.e.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

Now,byequating(iii)&(iv),

AswecanvaryTONfrom0toT,so0D1.HenceVOcanbevariedfromVS to.Itis
clearthatoutputvoltageisalwaysgreaterthantheinputvoltageandhenceitboostupor
increasethevoltagelevel.
BuckBoostConverterorStepUpStepDownConverter

WiththehelpofBuckBoostconverterwecanincreaseordecreasetheinputvoltagelevel
at its output side as per our requirement. The circuit diagram of this converter is shown
below.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

OperationofBuckBoostConverter

WhenCHisONsourcevoltagewillbeappliedacrossinductorLanditwillbecharged.
SoVL=VS

WhenchopperisOFFinductorLreversesitspolarityanddischargesthroughloadanddiode,
So.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

Byevaluating(v)and(vi)weget,

Takingmagnitudeweget,

Dcanbevariedfrom0toone.
When,D=0VO=0
WhenD=0.5,VO=VS
When,D=1,VO=
Hence,intheinterval0D0.5,outputvoltagevariesintherange0VOVS andwe
getstepdownorBuckoperation.
Whereas,intheinterval0.5D1,outputvoltagevariesintherangeVS VOand
wegetstepuporBoostoperation.
Accordingtodirectionofoutputvoltageandcurrent
Semiconductorsdevicesusedinchoppercircuitareunidirectional.Butarrangingthedevices
in proper way we can get output voltage as well as output current from chopper in our
requireddirection.So,onthebasisofthisfeatureschoppercanbecategorizedasfollows:

BeforedetailedanalysissomebasicidearegardingVOIOquadrantisrequiredhere.
ThedirectionsofIOandVOmarkedinthefigure1istakenaspositivedirection.

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If output voltage (VO) and output current (IO) follows the direction as marked in figures
thenthechopperoperationwillberestrictedinthefirstquadrantofVOIOplane.Thistype
ofoperationisalsoknownasforwardmotoring.

When output voltage (VO) follows the marked direction in fig. 1 but current flows in the
oppositedirectionthenVOistakenpositivebutIOasnegative.Hencethechopperoperates
inthesecondquadrantofVOIOplane.Thistypeofoperationisalsoknownasforward

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

braking.

It may also happen that both output voltage and current is opposite to the marked
directioninfigure1.InthiscasebothVOandIOaretakenasnegative.Hencechopper
operation is restricted in third quadrant of VOIO plane. This operation is called reverse
motoring.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

Ifoutputvoltageisoppositetothemarkeddirectioninfig.1.thenitistakenasnegative.
But output current follows the direction as marked in fig. 1 and considered as positive.
Hencechopperoperatesin4thquadrantofVOIOplane.Thismodeofoperationiscalled
reversebraking.\

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

Now we can proceed to detailed analysis of different types of chopper. Some choppers
operateinasinglequadrantonly,whicharecalledsinglequadrantchopper.Somechoppers
operateintwoquadrantalsowhichareknownastwoquadrantchopper.Itisalsopossible
thatachopperoperatesinallthequadrants,whichareknownas4quadrantchopper.
TypeAChopper

It is a single quadrant chopper whose operation is restricted in first quadrant of VO IO


plane.Thecircuitdiagramisshownasbelow:
WhenCHisONbothVO&IOfollowsthedirectionasmarkedinthefigures.So,bothare
takenaspositivehenceloadpowerispositivewhichmeanspowerisdeliveredfromsource
toland.
WhenCHisOFFcurrentfreewheelsthroughdiode.HenceVOiszeroandIOispositive.
IntypeAchopperitisseenthataveragevalueofVOandIOisalwayspositive.Thisisalso
calledstepdownchopperasaveragevalueofVOislessthantheinputvoltage.Thistypeof
chopperissuitableformotoringoperation.

MENU
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TypeBChopper

ThisisalsoasinglequadrantchopperoperatinginsecondquadrantofVOIO plane. The


circuitdiagramisshowninthefollowingfigure.

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2/2/2017 Chopper| DCtoDCConverter| Electrical4u

It is interesting to note that load must have a DC voltage source E for this kind of
operation.
WhenCHisONVOiszerobutcurrentflowsintheoppositedirectionasmarkedinfigure.
WhenchopperisOFF

Which exceeds the source voltage VS . So current flows through diode D and treated as
negative.
HencecurrentIOisalwaysnegativeherebutVOispositive(sometimeszero).So,power
flowsfromloadtosourceandoperationoftypeBchopperisrestrictedinsecondquadrant
ofVOIOplane.Thistypeofchopperissuitableforforwardbrakingoperation.

TypeCChopper

This is a two quadrant chopper whose operation is bounded between first and second
quadrantofVOIOplane.ThistypeofchopperobtainedbyconnectingtypeAandtypeB
chopperinparallelasshowninthefigure.

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WhenCH1isONcurrentflowsthroughabcdefaandinductorLwillbecharged.Henceoutput
voltageVOandcurrentIObothwillbepositive.WhenCH1 is OFF, induction will discharge
throughD1andcurrentIOwillflowthroughsamedirectionwithzerooutputvoltage.So,we
canseetheoperationofCH1isnothingbuttheoperationoftypeAchopperbywhichwe
canoperateachopperinthefirstquadrant.
WhenCH2isON,outputvoltageVOwillbezerobutoutputcurrentIOwillflowinopposite
directionofcurrentshowninthefigureandinductorwillbechargedup.WhenCH2isOFF
Outputvoltage

Which exceeds the value of source voltage VS . So current flows through diode D2 and
treated as negative. Hence output voltage VO is always positive and output current IO is
always negative here. We can see operation of CH2 is nothing but operation of typeB
chopperbywhichwecanoperatethechopperinthesecondquadrant.
WecanconcludethattheoperationoftypeCchopperisthecombinedoperationoftypeA
and typeB chopper. This type of chopper is suitable for both forward motoring and
forwardbrakingoperation.

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Control of Electrical Characteristics of What is Braking? Types Variable F


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