Chopper|DCtoDCConverter
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Chopper can increase or decrease the DC voltage level at its opposite side. So, chopper
servesthesamepurposeinDCcircuittransfersincaseofaccircuit.Soitisalsoknownas
DCtransformer.
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DevicesusedinChopper
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Lowpowerapplication:GTO,IGBT,PowerBJT,PowerMOSFETetc.
Highpowerapplication:ThyristororSCR.
Thesedevicesarerepresentedasaswitchinadottedboxforsimplicity.Whenitisclosed
currentcanflowinthedirectionofarrowonly.
1)StepdownChopper:
StepdownchopperasBuckconvertedisusedtoreducethei/pvoltagelevelattheoutput
side.Circuitdiagramofastepdownchopperisshownintheadjacentfigure.
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WhenCHisturnedON,Vs directlyappearsacrosstheloadasshowninfigure.SoVO=VS .
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WhenCHisturnedoff,Vs isdisconnectedfromtheload.SooutputvoltageVO=0.
Thevoltagewaveformofstepdownchopperisshownbelow:
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TONItistheintervalinwhichchopperisinONstate.
TOFF ItistheintervalinwhichchopperisinOFFstate.
VS Sourceorinputvoltage.
VOOutputorloadvoltage.
TChoppingperiod=TON+TOFF
OperationofStepDownChopperwithResistiveLoad
WhenCHisON,VO=VS
WhenCHisOFF,VO=0
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Where,Disdutycycle=TON/T.
TONcanbevariedfrom0toT,so0D1.HenceoutputvoltageVOcanbevariedfrom
0toVS .
So, we can conclude that output voltage is always less than the input voltage and hence
thenamestepdownchopperisjustified.
The output voltage and current waveform of step down chopper with resistive load is
shownbelow.
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OperationOfStepDownChopperwithInductiveLoad
WhenCHisON,VO=VS
WhenCHisOFF,VO=0
DuringONtimeofchopper
Therefore,peaktopeakloadcurrent,
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DuringOFFTimeofChopper
IfinductancevalueofLisverylarge,soloadcurrentwillbecontinuousinnature.WhenCH
isOFFinductorreversesitspolarityanddischarges.Thiscurrentfreewheelsthroughdiode
FD.
Byequating(i)and(ii)
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So,from(i)weget,
The output voltage and current waveform of step down chopper with inductive load is
shownbelow
2)StepupChopperorBoostConverter:
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Stepupchopperorboostconverterisusedtoincreasetheinputvoltagelevelofitsoutput
side.Itscircuitdiagramandwaveformsareshownbelowinfigure.
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OperationofStepupChopper
WhenCHisONitshortcircuitstheload.HenceoutputvoltageduringTONiszero.During
thisperiodinductorgetscharged.So,VS =VL
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WhereIisthepeaktopeakinductorcurrent.
WhenCHisOFFinductorLdischargesthroughtheload.So,wewillgetsummationofboth
sourcevoltageVS andinductorVoltageVLasoutputvoltage,i.e.
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Now,byequating(iii)&(iv),
AswecanvaryTONfrom0toT,so0D1.HenceVOcanbevariedfromVS to.Itis
clearthatoutputvoltageisalwaysgreaterthantheinputvoltageandhenceitboostupor
increasethevoltagelevel.
BuckBoostConverterorStepUpStepDownConverter
WiththehelpofBuckBoostconverterwecanincreaseordecreasetheinputvoltagelevel
at its output side as per our requirement. The circuit diagram of this converter is shown
below.
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OperationofBuckBoostConverter
WhenCHisONsourcevoltagewillbeappliedacrossinductorLanditwillbecharged.
SoVL=VS
WhenchopperisOFFinductorLreversesitspolarityanddischargesthroughloadanddiode,
So.
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Byevaluating(v)and(vi)weget,
Takingmagnitudeweget,
Dcanbevariedfrom0toone.
When,D=0VO=0
WhenD=0.5,VO=VS
When,D=1,VO=
Hence,intheinterval0D0.5,outputvoltagevariesintherange0VOVS andwe
getstepdownorBuckoperation.
Whereas,intheinterval0.5D1,outputvoltagevariesintherangeVS VOand
wegetstepuporBoostoperation.
Accordingtodirectionofoutputvoltageandcurrent
Semiconductorsdevicesusedinchoppercircuitareunidirectional.Butarrangingthedevices
in proper way we can get output voltage as well as output current from chopper in our
requireddirection.So,onthebasisofthisfeatureschoppercanbecategorizedasfollows:
BeforedetailedanalysissomebasicidearegardingVOIOquadrantisrequiredhere.
ThedirectionsofIOandVOmarkedinthefigure1istakenaspositivedirection.
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If output voltage (VO) and output current (IO) follows the direction as marked in figures
thenthechopperoperationwillberestrictedinthefirstquadrantofVOIOplane.Thistype
ofoperationisalsoknownasforwardmotoring.
When output voltage (VO) follows the marked direction in fig. 1 but current flows in the
oppositedirectionthenVOistakenpositivebutIOasnegative.Hencethechopperoperates
inthesecondquadrantofVOIOplane.Thistypeofoperationisalsoknownasforward
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braking.
It may also happen that both output voltage and current is opposite to the marked
directioninfigure1.InthiscasebothVOandIOaretakenasnegative.Hencechopper
operation is restricted in third quadrant of VOIO plane. This operation is called reverse
motoring.
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Ifoutputvoltageisoppositetothemarkeddirectioninfig.1.thenitistakenasnegative.
But output current follows the direction as marked in fig. 1 and considered as positive.
Hencechopperoperatesin4thquadrantofVOIOplane.Thismodeofoperationiscalled
reversebraking.\
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Now we can proceed to detailed analysis of different types of chopper. Some choppers
operateinasinglequadrantonly,whicharecalledsinglequadrantchopper.Somechoppers
operateintwoquadrantalsowhichareknownastwoquadrantchopper.Itisalsopossible
thatachopperoperatesinallthequadrants,whichareknownas4quadrantchopper.
TypeAChopper
MENU
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TypeBChopper
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It is interesting to note that load must have a DC voltage source E for this kind of
operation.
WhenCHisONVOiszerobutcurrentflowsintheoppositedirectionasmarkedinfigure.
WhenchopperisOFF
Which exceeds the source voltage VS . So current flows through diode D and treated as
negative.
HencecurrentIOisalwaysnegativeherebutVOispositive(sometimeszero).So,power
flowsfromloadtosourceandoperationoftypeBchopperisrestrictedinsecondquadrant
ofVOIOplane.Thistypeofchopperissuitableforforwardbrakingoperation.
TypeCChopper
This is a two quadrant chopper whose operation is bounded between first and second
quadrantofVOIOplane.ThistypeofchopperobtainedbyconnectingtypeAandtypeB
chopperinparallelasshowninthefigure.
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WhenCH1isONcurrentflowsthroughabcdefaandinductorLwillbecharged.Henceoutput
voltageVOandcurrentIObothwillbepositive.WhenCH1 is OFF, induction will discharge
throughD1andcurrentIOwillflowthroughsamedirectionwithzerooutputvoltage.So,we
canseetheoperationofCH1isnothingbuttheoperationoftypeAchopperbywhichwe
canoperateachopperinthefirstquadrant.
WhenCH2isON,outputvoltageVOwillbezerobutoutputcurrentIOwillflowinopposite
directionofcurrentshowninthefigureandinductorwillbechargedup.WhenCH2isOFF
Outputvoltage
Which exceeds the value of source voltage VS . So current flows through diode D2 and
treated as negative. Hence output voltage VO is always positive and output current IO is
always negative here. We can see operation of CH2 is nothing but operation of typeB
chopperbywhichwecanoperatethechopperinthesecondquadrant.
WecanconcludethattheoperationoftypeCchopperisthecombinedoperationoftypeA
and typeB chopper. This type of chopper is suitable for both forward motoring and
forwardbrakingoperation.
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