HISTORY

History is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans.

It is a term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection,

organization, and presentation of information about these events.

The term includes cosmic, geologic, and organic history, but is often
generically implied to mean human history.

Scholars who write about history are called historians.

Events occurring prior to written record are considered prehistory.

SEMESTER II HISTORY
UNIT -1
 UNIT 1 ANCIENT INDIA

Indus Valley Civilization Culture and pattern of settlement. Aryan

civilization theories and debates of origin origins of early Hinduism Vedic
culture Vedic village and rudimentary forms of bamboo and wooden
construction origins of Buddhism and Jainism.
 ANCIENT PERSIAN
GREECE CIVILIZATION

INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION CHINESE
MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT NILE VALLEY
THE AZTECS ROME (EGYPT)
CIVILIZATION
MAYAN CIVILIZATION

THE INCAS
CIVILIZATION
ANDEAN REGION
Ancient India
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC

MOHENJODARO

INDUS VALLEY Major two cities

CIVILIZATION

HARAPPA
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
Settlement
The Indus Valley
Civilization was a
Bronze Age civilization

Period
(3300-1300 BCE; mature
period 2600-1900 BCE)

Location
The northwestern region of
the Indian Subcontinent,
consisting mainly of
Present Pakistan and India
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
The phrase "early civilizations" usually conjures up images of Egypt and Mesopotamia,
and their pyramids, mummies, and golden tombs.

But in the 1920s, a huge discovery in South Asia proved that Egypt and Mesopotamia
were not the only "early civilizations.

In the vast Indus River plains archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4,600 year-old
city.

A thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and Mesopotamian
states in an area twice each of their sizes.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC

ARTICRAFT
CITY VEW
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC

ARTICRAFTS
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
The cities are well known for their impressive,
organized and regular layout.

They had well laid plumbing and drainage systems,

including indoor toilets.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
TOWN PLANNING CONCEPT
Sophisticated & Advanced Urban Culture Streets In Perfect Grid Patterns In Both
Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa
Worlds First Sanitation System
Individual Wells And Separate Covered Drains Along The Streets For Waste Water
Houses Opened To Inner Courtyards & Smaller Lanes
Impressive Dockyards, Graneries, Warehouses, Brick Platforms & Protective Walls
Massive Citadels Protected The City From Floods& Attackers
City Dwellers - Traders & Artisans
All The Houses Had Access To Water & Drainage Facilities
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
Cities Grew Out Of Earlier Villages That Existed In The Same Locality For < 100 Yrs

Grew In Size & Density And Surrounded By Numerous Towns & Villages

Cities Interlinked By Trade & Economic Activities, Religious Beliefs, Social

Relations,etc

Vast Agricultural Lands, Rivers & Forests By Pastoral Communities ,

Fisher Folk And Hunters Surrounded Each City.

Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES IMPORTANT CITIES

CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS

Small villages / hamlets - 0 - 10 hectares

Large towns - 10- 50 hectares

Cities - 50 hectares
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO SETTLEMENT DIVISIONS

No Fortification. Religious, Institutional & Cultural Areas -

Major Streets In North South Direction
Intersection At Right Angles.
Streets Within Built Up Areas Were
Narrow.
Distinct Zoning For Different Groups.
Around Monastery & Great Bath In The Western
Part.
North - Agriculture & Industries.
South -Administration, Trade &Commerce.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Buildings - Masonry Construction By Sun Dried
Bricks.
Underground Sewerage & Drainage from Houses.
Helical Pumps For Pumping Water In Great Bath.
Principal Buildings - Monastery & Bath -
Indicating Religious Culture.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
GREAT BATH :
12x7x3 m IN DIMENSIONS
Earliest Public Water Tank In Ancient World

Ledge Extends For The Entire Width Of Pool

Watertight Floor - Thick Layer Of Bitumen

Floor Slopes In South West Corner With a Small Outlet

Connecting To a Brick Drain Rooms Located In The East

Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
GREAT BATH :
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
GRANARY :
50x40 M IN DIMENSION, 4.5 M Tall Massive
Mud Brick Foundation.

2 Rows Of Six Rooms Along A Central

Passageway [7m Wide & Paved With Baked Bricks]

Each Room 15.2x6.1 M Has 3 Steeper Walls With

Airspace Between
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
GRANARY :
A Wooden Superstructure Supported In Some Places By Large Columns Would Have
Been Built On Top Of The Brick Foundations, With Stairs Leading Up From The Central
Passage Area.

Small Triangular Openings - Air Ducts For Fresh Air Beneath Hollow Floors.

The Large Size Of The Granary Probably Indicates A Highly Developed Agricultural
Civilization.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
INTRODUCTION :
23000population & 150 hectares
Earliest city may have been formed during the kot
diji phase, i.e., 2800-2500 bc, Earliest city covered an
area of 25 ha.
It became a centre for trade networks extending
From Baluchistan and Afghanistan to the west of
The seacoast in the south.
Towns built over raised mud with Brick platforms.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
TOWN PLANNING :
Citadel mound and lower town surrounded by a
massive brick wall.
Citadel had square towers and bastions.
Large open areas inside the gateway may have been
used as a market or checkpoint for taxing goods
coming into the city.
Outside the city walls a cluster of houses may
represent temporary rest stops for travellers and
caravans.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
TOWN PLANNING :
No division of the society is reflected in the
layout of the city. since large public buildings,
market areas, large and small houses as well as
craft workshops have been found in the same
neighbourhood.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
TOWN PLANNING :
Basic house plans - single room tenements houses with
courtyards
Houses - rooms on 3 sides opening into a central courtyard
Nearly all large houses had private wells.
Hearths ( brick- or stone-lined fireplace or oven often used
for cooking and/or heating) common in rooms.
Bathrooms in every house with chutes leading to drainage
channels.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
TOWN PLANNING :
First floor bathrooms also built.
Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors.
Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were
separated by a narrow space of land.
Granary with areas for threshing grains.
Burnt bricks mainly used for drains, wells and bathrooms. Sun dried
bricks used mainly for fillings.
Timber used for flat roofs and as frames or lacing for brickwork
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
MATERIAL USED :
Building materials - mud bricks and baked
bricks, wood and reeds.
The average size of the bricks was 7 x 12 x 34 cm
(for houses) and 10 x 20 x 40 cm for the city walls.
the larger bricks have a standard ratio of 1:2:4.
Mud brick, baked brick & wood or stone were
used for the foundation and walls of the houses.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
MATERIAL USED :
The doors ,windows were made from wood and mat.
House floors -hard-packed earth
Bathing areas and drains - baked brick and stone.
Roofs -wooden beams covered with reeds and
packed clay.
Largest buildings made entirely of wood.
Windows - shutters & lattice work
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
ARCHITECTURE : LARGE PUBLIC STRUCTURE :

LARGE BUILDINGS -administrative or ritual structures.

ACCESS ROUTES or provided thoroughfare from one area to another.
Markets and public meetings held in LARGE OPEN COURTYARDS.
Houses and public buildings GROUPED WITH SHARED WALLS and
formed Larger blocks & accessed by WIDE STREETS.
Most houses had PRIVATE BATHS &TOILETS as well as private wells.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
DRAINAGE SYSTEM :

Wells and reservoirs - drinking and bathing.

Wells were lined with specially-made wedge-shaped

bricks to form a structurally sound cylinder.

Ropes were used to lift the water out, probably with

leather or wooden buckets.

Some neighbourhoods had communal wells.

Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
DRAINAGE SYSTEM :
Bathing platforms with water tight floor & drains [open out to larger
drains in streets ] provided in rooms adjacent to the wells.

Drains and water chutes in the upper storeys were often built inside the
wall with an exit opening just above the street drains.

Tapered terracotta drainpipes were used to direct water out to the street.
Indus Valley Civilization - 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
DRAINAGE SYSTEM :
Many houses had distinct toilets, separate from the bath areas.

Commodes were large jars or sump pots sunk into the floors and many of
them contained a small jar.

Drains covered with baked bricks or dressed stone blocks. garbage bins
were provided along the major streets.
 HARAPPA & MOHENJO-DARO?

DEFINITIONS OF HARAPPA: DEFINITIONS OF MOHENJO-DARO:

Harappa is an Indu Valley civilization. Mohenjo-daro is an Indu Valley civilization

CHARACTERISTICS OF HARAPPA NAME: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOHENJO-DARO:

Harappa is a name of a nearby village. Mohenjo-daro denotes Mound of the Dead.

AGE: AGE:
Harappa belonged to the Bronze Age. Mohenjo-daro belonged to the Bronze Age.

REDISCOVERY: REDISCOVERY:
Harappa was rediscovered by Charles Mason in 1826. Mohenjo-Daro was rediscovered by R. D Banerji in
1922.
LOCATION:
Harappa is located in the Punjab region. LOCATION:
Mohenjo-daro is located in the Sindh region.
REASON FOR DECLINE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
Profound ecological changes produced by its own expansion and
activities.

The demand for baked bricks and timber might have brought about
extensive deforestation resulting frequent flood and changes in course of
river.

Aryans invasion in 2nd millennium B.C might have contributed to the fall
of great civilization.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
The Early INVASION AND SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHMENT

Aryans from steppes of central Europe travelled east in search of more favorable
climates.
Indus valley people shifted to south, few absorbed as lowest social rung of conquering
Aryans.
Aryans attacked of the gangetic plain and conquered the land.
Reasons - Usage of horse and chariots , knowledge on wood construction.
Rich , fertile gangetic plain made the nomadic Aryans to settle down without any further
travel.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
The Early INVASION AND SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHMENT

Most civilized & cultured races of the world. They were tall &
fair-complexioned people with sharp features, & strong
physique.

Indians, English, Germans, Spanish, French & Persians pride

themselves to be the true descendents of the Aryans.

They came to India during the second millennium B.C. This age
is called THE VEDIC AGE.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ORIGINAL HOME OF THE ARYANS
They might have been forced to migrate due
to shortage of food and fodder to seek
settlement in other lands.

Aryans who came to India are called

INDO-ARYANS.
SPREAD OF ARYANS IN INDIA
Aryans first settled in Punjab.

Founded their first settlements on the

banks of the rivers Indus [Sindu] &
Saraswathi [which has since dried up].
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
SPREAD OF ARYANS IN INDIA
While driving the Dasyus beyond
the Vindhyas and thus gained the
occupation of more and more land in the
eastern & northern parts of the country
they renamed it as Aryavarta [abode
of the Aryans].
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
LIFE OF ARYANS
Evidence of the Aryans are found in the
Vedas
Vedas-means knowledge

THERE ARE 4 DIFFERENCE OF

VEDHAS:
Rigveda most ancient
Samaveda
Yajurveda
Atharvaveda
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
VEDHAS:
Rigveda it is most ancient contains Hindu
deities & cosmology (the science of the origin
and development of the universe). , It also talks
nature of god and virtue of charity. (1028 hyms
-religious song or poem of praise to God)

Samaveda - contains melodies and chants

which form the Indian classical music and
dance tradition. Also called as Music of rig
veda.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
VEDHAS:
Yajurveda (ritual veda) used by
ADVARYUS(chief priests) who performed
YAJNA (Sacrificial fire ritual)

Atharvaveda Its a knowledge store house

widely studied and known for its scientific and
medicinal research. (Ayruveda)
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
VEDIC CIVILISATION
VEDIC LITERATURE AND RELIGION

Rituals could be conducted by learned poet called

priest.

First composition of 1028 hymns is RIG VEDA

Great Epics are RAMAYANA & MAHABHARATHA

& Lord Krishna delivering the message in the form of
BHAGAVADA GITA
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
SOCIAL LIFE :

Lived in joint families

Grihapati (Griha = house, Pathi = lord/Owner) - eldest male member in

the family who exercised full authority over all the members.

It was his duty to perform sacrifices or Yajnas (a ritual sacrifice).

Women also occupied a position of honour their presence was

essential at all religious ceremonies. They were given right education &
some even composed the Rigvedic hymns (religious song or poem of praise
to God).
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
FOOD :
CHARIOT
Simple but nourishing
Wheat and barley cakes, milk & milk products like
butter, ghee, curd, Cheese.

ENTERTAINMENT :
Found leisure for enjoyment
Fond of merry-making (festivity) & pastimes
Favorite amusement horse racing, chariot racing,
hunting, game has been referred to in the Rigveda,
Played flute.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
DRESS :
Simple & generally consisted of 3 parts
Undergarment nivi/dhoti
Garment vasa/shirt
Over-garment adhivasa /mantle/cloak of cotton & wool
Women & men well know for the gold and silver ornaments.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
THE VARNAS /CASTES SYSTEM:
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ECONOMIC LIFE: THEIR OCCUPATIONS

Agriculture
Domestication of animals
Trade
Discovery of Iron
Other occupations and Industries
Their major discover was IRON
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
MATERIAL USED IN THE VEDIC VILLAGE
Brick was a new building material for them and was already
used by Indus valley which they conquered.
Knowledge on using timber, bamboo and thatch as building
materials.
Timber & bamboo - easily available, easy to maintain and
rebuild in case of rain or floods.
Most huts circular in plan - simplest to build with thatch
Walls - bamboo twigs tied together.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
MATERIAL USED IN THE VEDIC VILLAGE

Later it become Rectangular huts with bamboo roofs - bamboo bent into
semicircular shape and tied with a cord like a bow creating a barrel like
roof and covered with thatch.

Roof - bamboo - domical / conical shape & made watertight by

overlapping thatch / grass.

Combination of these clusters are termed as VEDIC VILLAGE.

VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ARAYAN VILLAGE CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES :

Thaba

Barrel Vault Roof

Fencing To Protect Cattles

From Wild Animals
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ARAYAN VILLAGE CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES :
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ARAYAN VILLAGE CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES :

For protection against the wild animals, a palisade fence of wood and
bamboo surrounded the whole settlement (Grama little collection of huts).

Thaba the rectangular wooden post supported three horizontal bars

called suchi or needles.

Vedic period enters - ERA OF TIMBER construction cities largely of

wooden construction began to appear in various parts of country.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ARAYAN VILLAGE CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES :
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ARAYAN VILLAGE CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES :

1. Cities were rectangular in plan divided into four quarters intersecting at

right angles leading to city gates.
1st Quarter houses the citadel and royal apartments
2st Quarter residences of the upper class.
3st Quarter buildings of the middle class.
Last quarters accommodation of traders with their workshops to display
their wares.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ARAYAN VILLAGE CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES :
1. Palaces Dwelling for king and other noble men.
Square plan of 162 ft.
Had 16 ft high chambers.
Width of brick masonry = 1- 1/16 of the span of the room.
Pillars 14 wide at the base and 10 at the capital.
2. Ministers, Royal priests, astrologers and physicians
Square planned structure of 60 ft side.
3. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.
Square plan Measuring 48 ft, 42 ft, 36 ft, and 30 ft, respectively.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ARAYAN VILLAGE CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES :
NORTH
ENTRANCE

WEST
EAST
ENTRANCE
ENTRANCE

SOUTH
ENTRANCE

LAYOUT PLAN OF VEDIC VILLAGE

VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,

Only residential and occupational

structures were built during Vedic
period.
Temples and religious structures
not erected, as Aryans did not believe
in idol worship.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
VEDIC CIVILISATION
VEDIC LITERATURE AND RELIGION

No idol worship & no temples.

Vedic pantheon - personifications of symbols of nature :
Divinity - Surya, Agni, Indra.
Religious belief - elaborate ritual of sacrifice to propitiate
GOD and GODESSES.
Architectural form - a raised platform, an open altar
determined by elaborate astronomical and mathematical
calculations.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
VEDIC ECONOMY & ADMINISTRATION

Clearing of forest using fire.

Intense agricultural activity.
Concept of land ownership.
Fights over cattle (the symbol of wealth) shifted to fight over agricultural land.
Confederation of large units from individual tribes to wage war leads wars of later.
Existence of sabhas & samitis for civil administration.
By 800 BC - kingship was accorded as sense of divinity.
Emergence of warriors & the priestly class Brahmins.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ORIGINS OF HINDUISM :

The Hindu religion seems to have evolved from a combination of the faiths of the
indigenous Dravidians and the Aryan invaders; Hindu worship is essentially an individual
act, and except on certain specified occasions communal worship is foreign to it.
This has produced the basic difference between the Hindu temple and the Moslem
Mosque.
An Orthodox Hindu's life has been governed by religious practice is its minutest details.
Any major occasion demands the services of one of the Brahman priesthood who alone
have the authority to officiate.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
VEDIC CIVILISATION
HINDU TOWNS

450 BC : emergence of 4 rival states.

Kashi
Koshala
Magadha
Virjis

Major towns : Shravasti, Champa, Rajgriha,

Ayodhya, Kaushambi, Kashi.
Cities of rectangular plan & grid iron pattern.
VEDIC CIVILISATION - 1,500 BC,
ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM AND JAINISM

Over time this caste system became burdensome to the

people of India. Its during this time Siddhartha was born.
The founder of Buddhism.
Then later it was Mahavira and he founded Jainism.
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