Abstract. This article compares the results recorded in the This paper focuses on this line of work, with the
connection of three types of DGFACTS (DSTATCOM, DVR, mounting of DGFACTS Power devices in a wind farm
UPQC) to a wind farm equipped with wind turbines with for facilitating the integration of wind energy into the
squirrel-cage induction generators, in order to test the response to electricity system. A comparison is made between the
voltage dips due to single-phase short circuit and two phase short results recorded in the connection of three types of
circuit, because this type of asymmetric faults is one of the most DGFACTS (DSTATCOM, DVR, UPQC) to a wind farm
common to consider a power system. The results are compared for resolving the issues of the low-voltage ride-though
with a previous work, dealing with symmetric (three phase) short
circuits. For illustrative purposes, reference has been made to a
(LVRT) requirements of wind farms equipped with wind
standard wind farm in Spain, which has been subject to a fault of turbines with squirrel-cage induction generators. For
the type specified in Operating Procedure 12.3 in the Spanish illustrative purposes, reference has been made to a
Grid Code. The aforementioned options provide the wind farms standard wind farm in Spain, which has been subject to a
with LVRT capability, in addition to catering for numerous other fault of the type specified in Operating Procedure 12.3 in
possibilities that have not been considered within this research. the Spanish Grid Code. The aforementioned options
provide the wind farms with LVRT capability, in
Key words addition to catering for numerous other possibilities that
have not been included within this research. A previous
DGFACTS, DSTATCOM, DVR, UPQC, LVRT, Grid work of the authors, dealing with symmetric (three
Codes. phase) short circuits [3], the most dangerous fault, is used
as basis of this work, which analyses the asymmetric
1. Introduction short circuits (one and two phases).
Types of Ish
Network VSC 1 VSC 2
Vstat
The wind farms that have presented the most problems are Connection Ish
Vdc
to the exclusion of the certification procedure of a number Fig. 3. Connected DGFACTS devices
of models of wind turbines, which either by age or by size,
In [3] the response of the DGFACTS devices to three-
are not suitable to P.O.12.3 requirements. For these
phase and two-phase voltage dips was studied,
turbines, Verification Technical Committee (CTV) decided
accordingly to the manual procedures for verification,
not to seek the adequacy and considered that the total
validation and certification included in the PO 12.3
power is very small and does not affect system security. In
requirements for the response of the wind turbines during
the future, certification will decrease because it would be
voltage dips. It states that test must be developed
only necessary to certify the new wind farms.
applying with the dip generator a three-phase and a two-
phase isolated faults that cause a voltage dip in the
3. DGFACTS devices and power system affected phases whose characteristics are specified in the
description PO 12.3. In this article we will check the response to
The three DGFACTS devices compared are compensation voltage dips due to short circuit faults monophasic and
devices [5]. These devices are connected to the load input biphasic, as this type of asymmetric fault is the most
to be protected and they are connected either in series or in common to be considered in a power system, apart from
shunt, or in a combination of the two, as shown in Fig. 3. to its destructive character for both the system in general
The main feature of the three DGFACTS devices is that and for the devices involved.
they are based on a multilevel voltage source converter
(VSC) [6,7]. This type of inverter uses the Pulse-Width The high cost of switching and protection equipment in
Modulation (PWM) technique to synthesize a sinusoidal high voltage networks, requires the calculation of short
waveform from a DC voltage source with a typical circuit currents with some accuracy, as the sizing of the
chopping frequency of a few kilohertz. For a brief equipment may be unacceptable from the economic
description of the characteristics of DSTATCOM, DVR, standpoint. The correct determination of the performance
or UPQC see [3]. of the equipment requires, in general, the study of various
types of failure. Each of them represents different
The network model consists of the connection arrangement network imbalances which give rise to a different stress
of a wind farm connected to the electricity system on the on the equipment in each case. Thus, for example, the
120 kV transmission grid through a step-up substation that maximum mechanical stress happens in the case of a
receives the energy from the wind farm via a 25 km short circuit three-phase, while for determining the
overhead line, at a nominal voltage of 25 kV[8]. The inductive influence of leakage currents on the outside
especifications of the system can be seen in [3]. The facilities monophasic and biphasic failures present more
reason for focusing the study on wind farms equipped with interest.
squirrel-cage induction generators (SCIG) is their
incapacity on their own to deal with the ever more 5. Simulation results
demanding requirements made by the system operator
[9,10,11], as we noted in section II. The comparative results are presented for the three
DGFACTS studied, for the two cases of voltage dips
4. Test system directly linked to the presence of short-circuits correctly
cleared that may occur in the electricity system, with
The system represented in the simulation models is these corresponding unbalanced faults (single-phase and
investigated by means of a simulation model using the two-phase) with the profiles of magnitude and duration
SimPowerSystems library of SIMULINK/MATLAB specified in figures 4a and 4b, respectively.
software. The aim of the simulation is to verify the
transient stability of the wind power generation system A. Response to a one-phase dip
(network, wind farm and DGFACTS together with their
appropriate controls) during a voltage dips at the The rated values of the DGFACTS devices required for
connection point with the transmission network, according equipping the wind farm with fault ride-through
to the depth and duration specified in Operating Procedure capability for a voltage dip caused by a one-phase short
12.3 [12]. The two types of voltage dips are as shown in circuit in properly solved in the high-voltage 120 kV are
figure 4, corresponding to a one-phase dip in phase c and a as shown in Table I.
two-phase dip in phases b and c. The dip starts when the
system has reached steady-state operation (t = 4 sec.).
TABLE I This analysis of the response to a two-phase dip does not
ONE-PHASE DIP. RATING REQUIREMENTS present the graphs obtained (similar to the case of a
DGFACTS Rated Power response to a three-phase dip) simply for reasons of lack
DSTATCOM 5,5 MVA of space in this paper.
DVR 6 MVA
UPQC 6 MVA The DVR device is the one that most reactive power
demands from the grid during and after the failure. The
Figures 5-9 show the values recorded in the simulation of best voltage compensation is performed by UPQC device
the bars in the wind farm substation. Figure 5 compares that delivers the output voltage of the device with little
the active power values recorded by the three DGFACTS disturbance. This device absorbs more quickly and with
devices. Note should be taken of the consumption of active less variation the current delivered to the network. The
power by the UPFC derived by the shunt converter to response of the speed of the turbine rotor to a biphasic
supply the DC bus. The consumption of active power by voltage dip is different depending on the type of
the other two devices is almost zero. The lower variation DGFACTS device employed; for instance, when UPQC
in active power delivered during the dip recorded by the is connected, the rotor speed is reduced as a result of the
STATCOM as opposed to the other two (Pmin = 5.5 MW, compensation performed in maintaining tension above
Pmax = 10.5 MW). the nominal in two phases, while in the two other cases
the speed increases above the nominal until the
The reactive power in the UPFC (figure 6) does not record stabilization of the system.
major variations either during the dip or after the fault has
been cleared, whereas the other two devices record a sharp
peak of reactive power delivered to the network both when
there is a voltage dip in the STATCOM and when the dip 1
has been cleared in the DVR. 0.9
0.8
The input voltage to the wind farm substation is very well
compensated with STATCOM (figure 7), while the best 0.7
Va, Vb Vc
compensation at the outlet of DGFACTS is made with 0.6
V(pu)
UPQC, which keeps the voltage constant in the load. This 0.5
means that the variation in the speed of the rotor on the
0.4
turbine (figure 9) in this latter case is hardly noticeable. In
the cases of connection of STATCOM and of the DVR, 0.3
0
The highest current peak is recorded with STATCOM 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
t(seg)
when the voltage dip appears, but it presents the best
performance regarding the delivery of reactive current to a)
the network. By contrast, the lowest delivery of reactive
current is made in DVR, which at times even needs to 1
0.8
B. Response to a two-phase dip Va Vb, Vc
0.7
TABLE II 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
TWO-PHASE DIP. RATING REQUIREMENTS t(seg)
8 6
7
4
6
Q (MVAr)
P (MW)
5 2
4
0
3
-2
2
1
-4
0
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
t(seg) t (seg)
a) STATCOM a) STATCOM
Psource--Pload Qsource--Qload
7
12
Psource PLoad Qsource QLoad
6
10
5
4
8
Q (MVAr)
3
P (MW)
6
2
4 1
0
2
-1
0 -2
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
t (seg) t (seg)
b) DVR b) DVR
Psource--Pload Qsource--Qload
10 5
Psource P load Qsource Q load
9
4
8
7 3
6
2
Q(MVAr)
P(MW)
5
1
4
3 0
2
-1
1
0 -2
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
t(seg)
c) UPQC c) UPQC
4
1
Q (MVAr)
2 0.8
I (pu)
0 0.6
0.4
-2
0.2
-4
a) STATCOM a) STATCOM
4
1
Q (MVAr)
2 0.8
I (pu)
0 0.6
0.4
-2
0.2
-4
b) DVR b) DVR
6 1.2
1
4
0.8
Q (MVAr)
2 Ia Ib Ic
I(pu)
0.6
0
0.4
-2
0.2
-4
0
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
t (seg) t(seg)
c) UPQC c) UPQC
1.005
viable.
1.004
1.01
w rotor
References
[1] E. Perea, E. Rodrguez, F.J. Santiago, E. Zabala.
1.009 Improvement of the Quality of Supply of the Electricity
1.008 Network through DGFACTS favouring the penetration of
DER. International Journal of Distributed Energy
1.007 Resources, Volume 4 Number 3 July September 2008.
1.006 [2] M. Snchez . SMART ELECTRICITY NETWORKS
based on large integration of Renewable Sources and
w (pu)