Sustainable High

Performance
Buildings
Practices IV-
 Building Energy Use

II- HVAC System & Equipment

 Building Thermal Services

1. Space Cooling System (SCS)

2. Space Heating System (SHS)

3. Domestic Hot Water System (DHWS)

Energy Use in Residential Buildings
Average Household Energy Consumption
Oil Consumption in Lebanon Per Sector
 How to rate an HVAC System?
A. System Maximum Efficiency (NOT Just the Equipment).
B. Site-Equipment Condition
C. Proper Installation
D. Proper Equipment Sizing
E. Proper Design & Location Of the System Components
F. Type of Emitters
G.Controls
H.
 Equipment Efficiency
1. Energy Consumption:

i. Primary Energy Used (Power Plant) Not Final

Energy (Used at Site);

ii. EDL Conversion Factor (Fuel To Energy) = 0.33

iii. Efficiency of the Equipment (COP, EER, SEER,)

 HVAC Equipment Efficiency?
COP: Coefficient of Performance
Useful Energy Effect
COP
Net Energy Supplied From External Sources

EER: Energy Efficiency Ratio

EER COP 3.412
SEER: Seasonable Energy Efficiency Ratio

EER = - 0.02 * SEER2 + 1.12 * SEER

2. Noise Generation:
i. Equipment loudness.

ii. Ability of the System to work at Fractional load.

iii. Location of the System (ex: Evaporative Cooler,

Ceiling Fan,..).

iv. Proper Installation of the Equipment.

3. Water Consumption:
i. Systems Using Less Water Are Advantaged.
ii. Systems using Air are advantaged.
4. Space Usage:
i. Systems Occupying Large Size or placed Inside the
Space are disadvantaged
5. Life Cycle Factor:
i. Use of Energy Efficiency Components.
ii. Impact on the Environment
iii. Safety
iv. Use of Refrigerant
 System Components

a) Miscellaneous Auxiliary Components: Pipes Insulation,

Cooling Tower Condition,..

b) Controls Components: Thermostat Location, Balancing

Valves,

c) Emitters Components: Radiators, Fan Coils, Air

Terminals,
System Components Influence

Miscell.
Auxiliaries
Components

HVAC
System
Emitters
Equipment
Components

Controls
Components
Space Cooling System Equipment
Refrigeration Cycle
Absorption Chiller Waste Heat
Absorption Chiller Useful Energy
Air Cooled Chiller
Water Cooled Chiller
Water & Air Cooled Chiller (Heat Pump)
Water & Air Cooled Chiller (Heat Recovery)
Packaged DX Unit
Air Source Heat Pump
Ground Source Heat Pump
Standard Split Unit
Variable Refrigeration Volume (VRV)
Evaporative Cooler
Ceiling Fan
 SCS Summary
EDL Primary
Conver. Energy
Efficiency
DESCRIPTION Factor Normalized
EDLCF COP PENC(3)
SEER EER COP
Absorption Chillers Waste Heat 1(1) 1 1.00
Absorption Chillers Useful Energy 1(1) 1 1.00
Water & Air Cooled Chillers (HP Included) 6.1(1) 0.33 2.01
Water & Air Cooled Chillers With Heat Recovery 6.1(1) 0.33 2.01
Packaged DX Unit 13(1) 11.18 3.27 0.33 1.08
Air Source Heat Pumps 9.9(1) 2.9 0.33 0.96
Ground Source Heat Pumps 16.2(1) 4.7 0.33 1.55
Standard Split Units 10(1) 9.2 2.69 0.33 0.89
Variable Refrigeration Volume 3(2) 0.33 0.99
Evaporative Cooler 6.7(2) 0.33 2.21
Sea Water Cooling Chiller 6(1) 0.33 1.98
Ceiling Fan 3.4 0.33 1.11
(1) = Extracted from ASHRAE standard 90.1-2007
(2) = Average extracted from suppliers catalogs
(3) = Primary Energy Normalized COP (PENC) = COP*EDLCF
Space Heating System Equipment
Biomass Boiler
Centralized Oil Boiler
Centralized Gas Boiler
Single Electric Heater
Single Gas Heaters
Air Source Heat Pump
Ground Source Heat Pump
Chiller Heat Pump
Solar Space Heater Flat Plate
Solar Space Heater Concentrator
 SHS Summary
Primary
Energy
Thermal Conversion
DESCRIPTION Normalized
Efficiency Efficiency
Efficiency
PENE(3)

Biomass Boilers 0.7(1) 1 0.70

Centralized Oil Boilers 0.78(1) 1 0.78
Centralized Gas Boilers 0.75(1) 1 0.75
Single Electric Heaters 1 0.33 0.33
Single Gas Heaters 0.9 1 0.90
Air Source Heat Pumps 3.2(1) 0.33 1.06
Ground Source Heat Pump 4.2(1) 0.33 1.39
Chiller Heat Pump 3.6(2) 0.33 1.19
Solar Space Heater Flat Plate/Vacuum 0.7 2.1 1.47
Solar Space Heater Concentrator 0.7 2.1 1.47
(1) = Extracted from ASHRAE standard 90.1-2007
(2) = Average extracted for suppliers catalogs
(3) = Primary Energy Normalized Efficiency (PENE) = thermal efficiency*Conversion efficiency
Miscellaneous Auxiliaries Components
Cooling Tower
Economizer
Heat Recovery
Equipment Clearance for Heat Evacuation
Water & Fuel Leakage
Piping System Insulation
 Refrigerant Type

CFC: Banned
HCFC: To be Banned in 2030
HFC Or HC = No Chlorine Content
INORG = Natural Media
 Air Vent

Automatic Air Vent

Manual AV
Controls Components
 Thermostat
1. Dont place the thermostat on an exterior wall.
2. Don't place the thermostat near an intake duct.
3. Don't place the thermostat near the heat register

Do place the thermostat on an interior wall about half way

point about 130 to 150 cm, on the wall away from any
breezes or heat admitting devices.
Zone Temperature Control
Automatic Flow Control Valves
Balancing Valves
Demand Occupancy Control
Emitters Components
Fan Coil
Air Terminals Conventional
Chilled Beam & Ceiling
Radiators
Under Floor Heating
Displacement Cooling
Variable Air Volume
Domestic Hot Water System

DHWS
Solar Heat Exchanger + Heating Coil +
Electrical Resistance
Solar Heat Exchanger + Heating Coil
Solar Heat Exchanger + Electrical
Solar Water Heater
Electrical Water Heater
Indirect Fired Water Heater
Instantaneous Water Heater
Heat Pump Water Heater
Direct Fired Water Heater
Direct Fired Water Heater (Wood)