Q1. Fuel scientists develop and blend fuels for use in motor vehicles.

A good fuel has the following characteristics:

volatile
easy to ignite
produces a large amount of energy when it burns
produces the minimum amount of pollution.

Information about some of the hydrocarbons that are found in petrol is given in the table.

Name Chemical formula Melting point in C Boiling point in C

Butane C4H10 138 0

Pentane C5H12 130 36

Hexane C6H14 95 69

(a) (i) Which hydrocarbon in the table is a gas at room temperature?

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Hydrocarbons are compounds with low boiling points.

Explain why hydrocarbons have low boiling points.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Heptane is a hydrocarbon. It has molecules containing 7 carbon atoms.

Suggest the chemical formula for heptane.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) A fuel scientist recommended increasing the amount of butane and decreasing the
amount of hexane in petrol that is used in the UK in winter.

Use the information in the table to explain why.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 1 of 32
 (d) Balanced equations for the complete combustion of butane and pentane are given below.

C4H10 + 6O2 4CO2 + 5H2O

C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O

(i) Write a balanced equation for the combustion of hexane.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Describe the pattern in the number of molecules in these equations.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Suggest why incomplete combustion occurs in a car engine.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q2. Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes from which useful fuel fractions can be obtained.

A hydrocarbon in Boiling point of

Fraction
this fraction alkane in C

petroleum gases Propane 42

petrol (gasoline) Octane +126

paraffin (kerosene) Dodecane +216

diesel Eicosane +344

(a) (i) Suggest the lowest temperature to which crude oil needs to be heated to vaporise all
of these fuel fractions.

Temperature ................................................ C
(1)

(ii) Dodecane boils at +216 C. At what temperature will dodecane gas condense to
liquid?

Temperature ................................................ C
(1)

Page 2 of 32
 (iii) Describe what happens in a fractionating column that allows these fractions to be
collected.

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Propane is a fuel because it burns in air releasing heat energy.

(i) Complete the balancing of the two chemical equations for propane burning in air.

2C3H8 + ......... O2 ......... CO2 + ......... H2O

2C3H8 + ......... O2 ......... CO + ......... H2O

(2)

(ii) The products of the two chemical reactions in (b)(i) are different.

Explain why.

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 3 of 32
Q3. Since 2000 there has been a lot more research into alternative, environmentally-friendly fuels
for road transport.

Several pollutants are found in the exhaust emissions produced when fossil fuels are used for
road transport.

Carbon monoxide (CO) interferes with the way that red blood cells carry oxygen. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and causes global warming.

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced at high temperatures when nitrogen and oxygen from the
atmosphere combine.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced when sulfur impurities in the fuel combine with oxygen in the
atmosphere.

Tiny particles of solids are produced when the fuel does not burn completely.

This increases the level of particulates (PM10) in the atmosphere.

(a) Name the environmental effect caused by:

(i) oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) the increased level of particulates (PM10).

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Diesel obtained from crude oil is often called fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be made from
many vegetable oils. One research project compared the exhaust emissions when fossil
diesel or biodiesel were used as fuels.

Some of the relative amounts of these exhaust emissions are shown in the bar chart.

Page 4 of 32
(i) Use your knowledge and the information above to explain the environmental benefits
of using biodiesel as a sustainable, low pollution fuel.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Biodiesel is called a green fuel.

This is because the life-cycle emission of carbon dioxide from biodiesel is less than
that from fossil diesel.

Use your knowledge and the information above to explain why biodiesels contribution
to global warming is considered to be much less than that of fossil diesel.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 5 of 32
Q4. Crude oil is the source of many useful materials. Crude oil is separated into fractions by
fractional distillation.

(a) Describe how the naphtha fraction separates from the other fractions.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The naphtha fraction is often used to make other useful materials.

This involves the cracking of hydrocarbons in the naphtha fraction.

For example:

decane hexane + ethene

C10H22 C6H14 + C2H4

(i) Balance the symbol equation given above.

(1)

(ii) Describe how cracking is carried out.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 6 of 32
 (iii) Why does ethene have different chemical properties from decane and hexane?

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Ethene is used as the starting material for many polymers. The most common polymer is
poly(ethene). One hydrocarbon molecule in poly(ethene) will contain thousands of carbon
atoms.

Complete the diagram to show the bonds in ethene.

H H

C C

H H
(1)

Page 7 of 32
(d) Read the following information.

Landfill, Incineration, Recycling and Re-use of Poly(ethene)

People could be encouraged to re-use their poly(ethene) bags and

containers.

Recycling poly(ethene) saves raw materials and energy needed to make new
plastic. When polymers are recycled the plastics must be collected,
transported, sorted into different types by hand and washed. This requires the
use of fossil fuels and is expensive.

Poly(ethene) can be burnt in an incinerator with other household waste. The

heat released could be used to make steam to drive an electric generator.
Surplus heat could be used to heat greenhouses used for growing
vegetables. Incineration at too low a temperature can produce harmful
substances. The residue (ash) has to go to landfill.

Landfill is probably the easiest way to dispose of polymers and it is cheap.

Polymers are often mixed in with other household rubbish. Household waste
does not get sorted into different materials because it is disposed of in the
same hole in the ground. When the hole is eventually full, the waste is
covered by a layer of soil to stop it smelling. The waste gets compressed
under its own weight. Most polymers, such as poly(ethene), are not
biodegradable so will remain in the ground forever.

You are asked to decide which option for the disposal of poly(ethene) will be put forward in
your area. You decide that recycling is the best option.

Suggest one economic argument and one environmental argument that will be made
against recycling.

Page 8 of 32
 For each argument made, how will you persuade those making the argument to accept
your option?
(You must use only one sentence for each argument made against your decision and only
one sentence for your response to it.)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q5. A large reservoir is surrounded by trees. Planners need to protect the environment. The
distance around the reservoir is many kilometres. There will be only one road access to a car
park a few kilometres from the reservoir. From the car park people would be transported to
accommodation, activities or places of interest by steam train.

Page 9 of 32
 (a) Coal contains carbon and small amounts of sulfur. The steam train would cause
environmental problems if coal were used as the fuel.

Explain why.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) The planners have stated that, as a result of using the steam train, there must be no
overall increase of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere. The steam train would be
considered as carbon neutral if wood, from the surrounding forest, were used as the fuel.

Suggest why.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6. Crude oil is a mixture of mostly alkanes.

(a) Crude oil is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

Page 10 of 32
 (i) Describe and explain how the mixture of alkanes is separated by fractional
distillation.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) The table gives the name and formula for each of the first three alkanes.

Complete the table to show the formula of butane.

Name of alkane Formula

Methane CH4

Ethane C2H6

Propane C3H8

Butane
(1)

(b) The structural formula of methane, CH4, is:

H

HCH

H

Draw the structural formula of propane, C3H8

(1)

Page 11 of 32
(c) The relative amounts of and the market demand for some hydrocarbons from the
fractional distillation of crude oil are shown in the graph.

(i) Why is the market demand for the C5 C8 fraction higher than the market demand for
the C21 C24 fraction?

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Cracking is used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller
hydrocarbon molecules.

Complete the symbol equation by writing in the formula of the other hydrocarbon.

C20H42 C16H34 + 2 ..........................................

(1)

Page 12 of 32
 (iii) The C5 C8 fraction has low supply and high market demand.

Suggest three ways in which the oil industry could overcome this problem.

1 .........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

2 .........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

3 .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q7. Known crude oil reserves are being used up rapidly. Crude oil is used to produce many
useful fuels, such as petrol. One way to conserve crude oil reserves would be to increase the
production of bio-fuels.

(a) Ethanol can be produced for use as a bio-fuel. Cars can be powered by ethanol or
ethanolpetrol mixtures.

Sugar cane can be fermented to give a mixture of water (boiling point 100 C) and ethanol
(boiling point 78 C).

(i) How can ethanol be separated from water?

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Ethanol, C2H5OH, burns to release heat energy.

Complete the balanced symbol equation by writing in the formulae of the two
products.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2......... + 3.........

(2)

(b) The cost of producing a bio-fuel, such as ethanol, by fermentation, is at least three times
higher than the production cost of petrol. It costs less to produce ethanol from alkanes. In
the production, the vapour of an alkane is passed over a hot catalyst.

Ethene is then converted into ethanol.

(i) What has happened to the hexane to produce ethene?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 13 of 32
 (ii) Complete the structural formula for ethene, C2H4.

C C
(1)

(iii) Name the compound that is added to ethene to produce ethanol, C2H5OH.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) As explained in parts (a) and (b), ethanol can be made using either sugar or alkanes as the
starting material.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using these two starting materials to
produce ethanol.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 14 of 32
Q8. To make crude oil more useful it is separated into different fractions.

(a) Complete the gaps in the following sentences.

Crude oil is separated into different fractions by a process called ............................

.................................. . Each fraction has a different ............................................... .

(2)

(b) Each fraction is a mixture of compounds. Most of these compounds are hydrocarbons,
made up of the elements hydrogen and carbon.

(i) Explain the difference between a mixture and a compound.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Explain the difference between a compound and an element.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 15 of 32
Q9. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes. The number of carbon
atoms in the molecules ranges from 1 to over 100.

(a) How does the boiling point change as the number of carbon atoms in the
molecules increases?

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Name the method used to separate petroleum into fractions.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. Its structure can be represented:

Draw the structure of ethane, C2H6.

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q10. Crude oil is obtained by drilling into the Earths crust. The diagram shows a section through
the Earths crust to show how this is done.

(a) Crude oil contains many hydrocarbons. Which elements do hydrocarbons contain?

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 16 of 32
(b) The crude oil is separated by fractional distillation. The diagram shows a column used
for this.

(i) Explain, as fully as you can, how fractional distillation works.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Naphtha burns more easily than diesel oil. Explain why.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Naphtha contains a saturated hydrocarbon with the formula C7H16 .

Draw the structural formula of this compound.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 17 of 32
Q11. The diagrams show the percentages of the four main fractions produced from two samples
of crude oil, A and B.

(a) The light fraction contains hydrocarbons used for the manufacture of useful chemicals
such as polymers. Which one of the samples, A or B, would be more useful for the
manufacture of polymers? Explain your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 18 of 32
 (b) Heptane (C7H16), is one of the hydrocarbons used for the manufacture of poly(ethene). The
first stage of the process is the production of ethene and another hydrocarbon from
heptane.

C7H16 +
heptane ethene

(i) In the box, draw the structural formula of the other hydrocarbon produced.
(1)

(ii) Describe how the reaction is carried out.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q12. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same
amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.

(a) Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart.
(2)

Page 19 of 32
(b) The second bar-chart shows how much sulphur dioxide is produced by burning the same
three fuels.

Compare the amount of sulphur produced by burning gas with the amount produced by
burning coal.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Burning fuels also produces nitrogen oxides, even though the fuels contain no nitrogen.
Explain why this happens.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) When you release the same amount of energy from coal, gas and oil, different amounts of
carbon dioxide are produced.
Use the information below to explain why.

(3)

(e) What other element do coal and oil usually contain?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Page 20 of 32
M1. (a) (i) butane
1

(ii) because there are weak forces (of attraction) between molecules
not weak bonds
1

less energy needed (to boil)

1

(b) C7H16
1

(c) butane is more volatile or lower boiling point or is easier to ignite

or
hexane is less volatile or higher boiling point or is harder to ignite
ignore reference to melting point
1

because fuel needs to be more volatile or turn to gas easier or

ignites more easily in cold weather
1

(d) (i) C6H14 + 9O2 6 C O 2 + 7H2O

equation must be completely correct
1

(ii) oxygen increases by 1

1

carbon dioxide increases by 1 and water increases by 1

1

(e) not enough oxygen

1
[10]

M2. (a) (i) 344 350(C)

1

(ii) 216(C)
1

(iii) the vapours / gases cool as they rise up the fractionating

column
1

which causes the vapours / gases to condense

1

at different temperatures or into fractions that have

different boiling points
1

Page 21 of 32
 (b) (i) 10 6+8
1

7 6+8
1

(ii) first reaction is complete combustion

accept first reaction has excess/enough oxygen
1

second reaction is incomplete combustion

accept second reaction has limited oxygen
1
[9]

M3. (a) (i) acid rain

accept consequences of acid rain
allow asthma / bronchitis
ignore toxic gas
1

(ii) global dimming

accept dimming alone
1

(b) (i) sustainable:

maximum two from:

crops (that produce oil) can be grown in most places owtte

renewable

use less fossil fuels / diesel

use (refined) waste oils

low pollution:

maximum two from:

ignore references to CO2 here

most emissions are lower or any two named emissions from CO / SO2 / PM10
are lower

much / lot less SO2 emissions (than the others) owtte

accept spillages / waste is biodegradable

less new CO2 or (more) carbon neutral

3

Page 22 of 32
 (ii) plants / photosynthesis use carbon (dioxide) from the air*
1

it / biodiesel releases carbon (dioxide) from plants / crops / photosynthesis*

(*) allow 1 mark for biodiesel is (more) carbon neutral
1

(fossil) diesel releases locked up / new carbon (dioxide) / doesnt

absorb CO2 / absorbed it millions of years ago
1
[8]

M4. (a) any two from:

naphtha has a different / low(er) boiling point

accept different volatility

condenses at a different temperature / height_ / place in the column / when it

reaches its boiling point

different size of molecules

2

(b) (i) C10H22 C 6H14 + 2C2H4

allow multiples
1

(ii) (hydrocarbon) heated / vapours

1

(passed over a) catalyst / alumina / porous pot

ignore other catalysts
1

(iii) it / ethene is unsaturated or decane and hexane / they are saturated

accept decane and hexane are alkanes / CnH2n+2
or ethene is an alkene / CnH2n
or different homologous series / general formula
1

ethene has a double (carbon carbon) bond or decane and hexane have only
single (carbon carbon) bonds
accept ethene has a reactive double (carbon carbon) bond for 2
marks
1

(c) all bonds drawn correctly

Page 23 of 32
(d) economic argument against recycling

any one from:

poly(ethene) / plastic must be collected / transported / sorted / washed

this uses (fossil) fuels which are expensive

1

environmental argument against recycling

any one from:

uses (fossil) fuels that are non-renewable / form

CO2 / CO / SO2 / NOx / particulates
ignore pollution / harmful gases / etc

washing uses / pollutes water

1

counter arguments

any two from:

collect / transport alongside other waste

use biofuels (instead of fossil)

landfill is running out

landfill destroys habitats

incinerators are expensive to build

saves raw materials / crude oil

saves energy needed to make new plastic

incinerators may produce harmful substances

incinerator ash goes to landfill

poly(ethene) is non-biodegradable

poly(ethene) can be made into other useful items

more jobs / employment for people

2
[12]

Page 24 of 32
M5. (a) any two environmental problems with linked explanations

global warming (1)

accept effects of global warming

caused by (formation of) carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas (1)

ignore greenhouse effect

acid rain (1)

accept effects of acid rain
ignore respiratory problems

caused by ( formation of) sulfur dioxide (1)

accept sulfur oxide
ignore sulfuric acid

global dimming (1)

ignore respiratory problems

caused by ( formation of) particles / particulates / fires /

smoke / carbon / pm 10 (1)

scarring of landscape (1)

caused by mining / quarrying of coal (1)

ignore ozone layer
max 4

(b) any three from:

replant the trees / renewable / sustainable

ignore reusable

carbon dioxide is used by the trees / photosynthesis

accept trees absorb carbon dioxide as they grow
do not allow respiration

its a (continuous carbon) cycle

accept carbon dioxide goes back into the air
accept trees use CO2 which is released when trees are burnt

no new carbon (dioxide) is produced or

no locked up carbon (dioxide) is released
accept no carbon (dioxide) from fossil fuels is produced
3
[7]

Page 25 of 32
M6. (a) (i) heat / evaporate the crude oil / change to gas or vapour
do not accept heat with catalyst
1

cool / condense (hydrocarbons)

allow small molecules at top and / or large molecules at bottom
1

at different temperatures / boiling points

if the answer describes cracking no marks
1

(ii) C4H10
1

(b) H H H

H C C C H

H H H
1

(c) (i) C5 to C8 fraction are fuels or easier to burn or petrol (fraction)

accept C21 to C24 fraction not useful as fuels
do not accept produce more energy
1

(ii) C2H4
do not accept C4H8
1

(iii) any three from:

use different / lighter crude oils

develop markets for low demand fractions

develop new techniques / equipment to use low demand fractions

as fuels

cracking

convert low demand fractions to high demand fractions or bigger

molecules to smaller molecules

develop alternative / bio fuels

do not accept price
3
[10]

Page 26 of 32
M7. (a) (i) by (fractional) distillation
accept a description of the distillation process (heat and how
separation works) eg heat and condense
accept boil / vapourise etc for heat

or

fractionation
1

(ii) CO2
note the order of these products must be correct
1

H2O
wrong way round = 1 mark
1

(b) (i) (hexane) has been broken down (into smaller hydrocarbons / molecules)
1
accept (thermal) decomposition / cracked / split / broken up owtte

(ii) H H

C = C

H H
accept CH2 = CH2
1

(iii) water / hydrogen oxide / steam

accept H2O
1

Page 27 of 32
 (c) candidates must include both sugar cane and crude oil in their evaluation
and both an advantage and a disadvantage to gain full marks.
if they do not then the maximum mark is three

any four from:

advantages of using sugar

country has no wealth to buy (large quantities of) crude oil

not expensive alone

country has limited technological development

or

underdeveloped / third world country

able / suitable climate to grow sugar cane

enough land to grow sugar cane / land cannot be used to grow food / deforestation

sugar is a renewable source

or

crude oil is a non-renewable resource / finite resource / limited resources

CO2 / carbon neutral

advantages of using alkanes:

economic costs are low

continuous process

country has large oil resources

country has oil refineries / cracking plants

very pure product

faster process
4
[10]

M8. (a) fractional distillation

1

boiling point or use

1

Page 28 of 32
 (b) (i) mixture: compounds or elements or substances together but not chemically
combined
ignore references to separation
1

compound: (different) elements or different atoms together and chemically combined

ignore references to separation
1

(ii) element: contains only one type of atom

accept made of atoms which contain the same number of protons
1

compound: contains different types of atom chemically combined

chemically combined not needed here if already stated in (b)(i)
1
[6]

M9. (a) the more C atoms the higher the b.pt./temperature

Allow just higher. Not answer based on melting point
for 1 mark
1

(b) (fractional) distillation/fractionation

for 1 mark
1

(c)

must include H atoms and lines not CH3 CH3

for 1 mark
1
[3]

M10. (a) hydrogen and carbon

for 1 mark
1

Page 29 of 32
 (b) (i) the oil is evaporated / boiled / liquid converted to gas / vaporised

oil is condensed/changed back to liquid/cooled below boiling point (not just cooled)

liquids of different boiling points condense at different levels /

fractions with lower boiling points form near the top /
boiling point linked to chain length or Mr
each for 1 mark
3

(ii) Assume they mean naphtha unless they say otherwise.

smaller molecules
/contains less atoms
/lower boiling point
/more volatile
/less bonds to break
/lower activation energy

If the answer is given the opposite way around then diesel must
be specified.
any one for 1 mark
1

(iii)

correct number of atoms = 1

correct number of bonds (attached to correct atoms) = 1
Accept diagrams which show electrons correctly.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 = 1
for 2 marks
2
[7]

M11. (a) B because it contains more of the light fraction)

1

Quantitative answer e.g. B has 30%,

A has 20% / 10% more / 1.5 times more
1

(b) (i)

Page 30 of 32
 (ii) heat
1

catalyst
if neither mark gained allow cracking for 1 mark
1
[5]

M12. (a) both bars correct height_ (to better than half a square)
1 mark for both

both bars correctly labelled

(w.r.t. relative height_s if these incorrect)
for 1 mark
2

(b) a lot less / much less / 18 times less (converse must specify coal)
gains 1 mark
1

(c) ideas that

at high temperatures (produced when fuels burn)

nitrogen and oxygen from air / atmosphere combine / react

or nitrogen from air / atmosphere oxidises
for 1 mark each
2

(d) ideas that

coal produces most carbon dioxide / more CO2 than gas / oil

because coal is (mostly) carbon

gas produces less carbon dioxide than coal / oil

oil and gas also contain hydrogen / contain more hydrogen atoms than carbon
atoms / also produce water
any three for 1 mark each
3

(e) sulphur
for 1 mark
2
[9]

Page 31 of 32
Page 32 of 32