PHYSICS

FORM 5

Chapter 6

Waves
Compiled by In collaboration with

Cikgu Desikan Cikgu Khairul Anuar

SMK Changkat Beruas, Perak SMK Seri Mahkota, Kuantan
 Chapter 6
Waves
Dear students,
You see, God helps only people who work hard. That principle is very
clear.
~A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
FORM 5 PHYSICS

Learning Objectives :
1. Understanding waves 5. Analysing interference of waves
2. Analysing reflection of waves 6. Analysing sound waves
3. Analysing refraction of waves 7. Analysing electromagnetic waves
4. Analysing diffraction of waves
2016

Analysis of Past Year Questions

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
P1 6 6 6 8 7 6 4 7
A 1 1 1 2 1 1 - 1
P2 B - - - 1 - 1 - -
C 1 1 - - - - - 1
A - - 1 1 - 1 - -
P3
B - - - - 1 - 1 -
 Chapter 6
Waves
Dear students,
Either you run the day or the day runs you.

Concept Map

Wavefront Waves Oscillating/ Vibrating system

Loss of energy
Propagation
Types of waves Displacement, y Damping
Amplitude, a
Longitudinal Transverse
Frequency, f
Resonance
Example Wavefront,
Sound Water Light Electromagnetic Formula
Speed Graph
phenomena
Properties V=f

Pitch Reflection Refraction Spectrum y-t y-s

Loudness Diffraction Interference

6.1 Waves
What is waves ? How do waves transfer energy?

When energy is transferred by a wave

from a vibrating source to a distant
receiver, there is no transfer of matter
between the two points.
Type :

________________
by vibrating mechanical bodies Example
such as a guitar strings or a
tuning fork

________________
result of vibrations of electrons in
an atom

________________
by a disturbance on a still water
surface When the string is shaken up and down, a
disturbance moves along the length of the
string. It is the disturbance that moves
along the length of the string, not parts of
the string itself.

4
Example

Drop a stone in a quite pond.

It will produce a wave that moves out from the center in expanding circles.
It is the disturbance that moves, not the water.
After the disturbance passes, the water is where it was before the wave was produced .

Wave moves outwards

Cork moves up and down as
the wave passes

The energy transferred from a ____________________(the stone) to a ___________

(the cork) which does not involve the transfer of ___________(water).

The string and water is the medium through which wave energy travels.

5
What is Transverse Wave ?

direction of wave
side to side propagation
movement

fixed
end

direction of vibration
of particles

The motion of the particles medium (spring) is at right angles to the direction in which the wave
travels.

Example

1.

2.

6
What is Longitudinal Wave ?

backwards and
forwards movement
direction of wave
propagation
fixed
end

rarefaction rarefaction
direction of vibration of
particles

The particles of the medium (spring) move along the direction of the wave. The wave that travels
along the spring consists of a series of compression and rarefaction.

Example

1.

7
Direction Direction

Transverse Longitudinal
Waves Waves
Example Example

8
What is a ripple tank?
The phenomenon of water waves can be
investigated using a ripple tank.
Lamphouse

The water waves are produced by a

vibrating bar on the water surface. To cell and
The tank is leveled so that the depth of rheostat
water in the tank is uniform to ensure water Down for circular
waves propagate with uniform speed waves
Straight wave Stroboscope
dipper
Rubber
Band

Eccentric Sponge
beach
Water

Wave pattern on
white screen

9
 The water acts as a lens to produce a pattern of
crest light from lamp bright and dark regions on a piece of white
paper placed under the tank when light passes
through it.
trough Water waves have crests and troughs.

water Crest
the highest position of the wave acts as a
convex lens

Trough
the lowest position acts as a concave lens.

Light rays from the lamp on top will focus onto

screen the white screen below.
dark bright dark bright dark

Bright lines correspond to the _____________

Dark lines correspond to __________________

10
Wavefronts are lines joining Direction of propagation
all points vibrating at the Q S U V
same phase and of equal
distances from the source of
the waves. Ripple tank
Plane
Dipper Water Wavefront
The wavefronts of both
transverse wave and
longitudinal wave are P R T U Crest
perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of Trough
the waves.

Wavefront

2.
1. Plane wavefronts

Direction
of
propagation
Direction
of propagation
11
Vibration/Oscillation Amplitude (a)
The movement from one
extreme position to the other
and back to the same
position
Amplitude relates to
loudness in sound and
Waves brightness in light.

SI unit: meter, m

Wavelength ()
The distance between two adjacent points of
the same phase on a wave.

The distance between two successive The distance between two successive
crests or two successive troughs compressions or two successive
rarefactions in a sound wave. 12
Period (T) Frequency, f

SI unit is second (s).

Waves
SI unit is Hertz (Hz)

Wave Speed (v) Relationship

The speed of a wave is the The relationship between speed,
measurement of how fast a crest is wavelength and frequency
moving from a fixed point.

SI unit is ms-1.

Displacement-distance graph Displacement-time graph

Displacement Displacement

Distance Time

13
Exercise 6.1.1
1. Determine wave length and amplitude from 3. A whistle produces a sound at a frequency of
the graph given below. 400 Hz. If the speed of the sound is 600ms-1,
Displacement
determine the wavelength of the sound
18 cm wave.

Time
5 cm

4.
12 cm

2. A slinky spring vibrated to generate

longitudinal waves.
40 cm
Determine wave length of water wave from
the diagram given above.

The wavelength of the waves is _________.

14
5. The figure shows the waveform of a slinky 6. Determine the frequency of the wave.
spring which vibrated at a frequency of 8 Hz.
Displacement/ m
Displacement/ m
6
10

1.0 Time/ms
2.0 distance/ m
-6
10

Determine
a) amplitude
b) wavelength
c) wave speed
7. The circular waves produced by a vibrating
sphere dipper with a frequency of 5 Hz.
What is the wave speed of the wave.

4.5 cm

15
Damping
Graph
Displacement

The amplitude of an oscillating system will

gradually decrease and become zero when
the oscillation stops. Time

Causes
To enable an oscillating system to go on
1. Loss of energy in the system to
continuously, an external force must be
overcome frictional forces or air
applied to the system.
resistance
.
The external force supplies energy to the
system. Such a motion is called a _________
2. Loss of energy due to the extension
________________.
and compression of the molecules in
the system
The frequency of a system which oscillates
.
freely without the action of an external force is
called the .

16
Resonance
Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency ____________ to its natural
frequency by an __________________________.
The resonating system oscillates at its __________________________________.

Good Effects
1. The tuner in a radio or television enables us to select the programmes we are interested. The
circuit in the tuner is adjusted until resonance is achieved, at the frequency transmitted by a
particular station selected. Hence a strong electrical signal is produced.

2. The loudness of music produced by musical instruments such as the trumpet and flute is the
result of resonance in the air.

Bad Effects

1. A strong wind can cause a bridge to vibrate

at a frequency equal to its natural frequency.
The bridge will collapse as it vibrates with
maximum amplitude.

2. A soprano singer singing at

a frequency equal to the
natural frequency of
vibration of the glass.
Maximum vibration will cause the glass
Tacoma Bridge shattered into pieces.
17
Experiment in Bartons pendulum
What happens when pendulum X is made to oscillate?

Exercise 6.1.2
1. The figure shows a simple pendulum with a mass of
40.0 g and a length, L of 20.0 cm. The pendulum
makes 20 complete oscillations in 18.80 seconds.
Relationship between period of oscillation, T of the
simple pendulum with its length, L is expressed in the
formula below as :

Highest
C A L where g is gravitational
Lowest B Position T=2 acceleration.
Position g

18
a) Using the letters A,B and C from the figure, state
i. the equilibrium position

ii. the order of the positions of pendulum bob in a complete oscillation.

b) Calculate period of oscillation of the pendulum.

c) Calculate frequency of oscillation of the pendulum.

d) What happens to the frequency of the pendulum when pendulum bob with a mass of
50.0 g is used.

19
e) Determine the frequency of the pendulum when the length of pendulum, L is increased to
80 cm.

f) After oscillating number of times, the pendulum finally stops. Why?

g) Sketch a displacement- time graph to show the oscillations of the pendulum untul it stops.

h) State the types of energy of pendulum when it located

i. at B

ii. at C

iii. between B and C

20
6.2 Reflection of waves
Reflection of waves occurs when a wave Lamphouse
strikes an obstacle.
The wave undergoes a change in direction To cell and
of propagation when it is reflected. rheostat
The value of frequency (f), wavelength Down for circular
waves
() and speed (v) remain the same after Straight wave
reflection. dipper
Rubber
Band
Law of Reflection:
Reflector Sponge
beach
Incident wave : Water
the wave before it strikes the
obstacle
Reflected wave: Complete the diagrams to show reflection of water
the wave which has undergone a waves.
change in direction of propagation white screen
after reflection. a) b)

i = angle of incident the angle

between the direction of propagation
of incident wave and the normal
r = angle of reflection the angle
between the direction of propagation

21
6.3 Refraction of waves
Refraction of waves
a phenomenon in which the direction of
propagation of a wave changes when
passing from one medium to another
medium.
After refraction, the wave has the _________,
but a _____________ speed, frequency and
direction of propagation.
Lamphouse

The change in the direction of wave occurs To cell and

when there is a change in the speed of the wave rheostat
at the boundary of two mediums. Down for circular
waves
The relationship between v and of a Straight wave
water wave in deep and shallow water: dipper
Rubber
Band
v=f f is constant
Plastic
plate Sponge
beach
Water
=k
v1 v2 v1 > v2
1 2 1 > 2
white screen
Shallow water
Deep water Deep water
Plastic plate 22
 Shallow water

Normal
Deep Normal Shallow Deep
water water water

Water waves Water waves

passes from passes from
deep water to shallow water to
shallow water deep water

23
Complete the diagrams which show refraction of water waves.
1) 4)

Deep Shallow Deep Deep Deep

2) Shallow
Shallow Deep

5)

Deep

3) Deep Deep

Shallow

Deep Shallow Deep

24
Exercise 6.3
1. A plane wave has a wavelength of 2 cm 2. The diagram shows a plane water wave
and a velocity of 8 cm s-1 as it moves over moving from one area P to another area Q
the surface of shallow water. When the of different depth.
plane wave moves into an area of greater
depth, its velocity becomes 12 cm s-1. P Q
What is
a) the wavelength
b) the frequency of the wave in the area
of greater depth? 12 cm 12 cm
If the speed of water wave in P is 18 cms-1,
what is the speed of water wave in Q?

25
6.4 Diffraction of waves
Diffraction Of Waves
A phenomenon in which waves spread out as they pass through a aperture/ gap or round a
small obstacle.

Frequency, wavelength and Factors that influence

speed of waves do not the effect of diffraction
change.

Changes in the
direction of
propagation and Characteristics of
the pattern of the diffracted waves
waves.

The effect of diffraction is obvious if:

1. the size of the gap or obstacle is
The amplitude of the
__________________________.
diffraction wave
decreases (its energy
2. the wavelength is _____________
decrease).
_________________________

The effect of diffraction is obvious if the shape of the diffracted waves more spread out or
more circular.
26
Pembelauan Gelombang Air Pemerhatian

(a) Celah lebar

The waves are bend only at the
Lampu
edges after passing through the gap.
The effect of diffraction is not obvious
ke bekalan kuasa
dan rheostat
Pencelup
sfera Stroboskop
Pencelup
Gelang satah
getah

Tebing
(b) Celah sempit
Obstacle spon Gelombang membulat dan kelihatan
Air berpunca dari celah kecil. Kesan
pembelauan adalah ketara.

Skrin putih

27
(c) Large Obstacle
The waves only curved at the edge
which adjacent to the barrier after
passing the obstacle. The effect of
diffraction is not obvious.
(d) Small Obstacle
The waves only curved at the edge
which adjacent to the barrier after
passing the obstacle. The effect of
diffraction is obvious.

***
As the size of the gap or obstacle is smaller, the effect of diffraction becomes obvious.

28
Diffraction of Light

a) Single Slit b) Pin hole

alternate
bright bands and dark bright and
bands of different width. dark ring

Screen Light spread after

passing the pin
hole
Light
spreads
out behind
the slit
Laser beam

1. Light is diffracted if it passes through a

narrow slit comparable in size to its
0.1mm
wavelength.
wide slit
2. However, the effect is not obvious as the
size of the slit increases.
3. This is because the wavelengths of light are
Laser beam
very short.
29
The effect of wavelength and the size of the gap on the pattern of diffraction of light
a) Wavelength b) Size of aperture/ gap

The wavelength of red light is _____________
than blue light.
The effect diffraction is __________________
when the wavelength is greater.
The size of the gap in the diagram (ii)
_________________ than the size of the gap in
the figure (i).
The effect diffraction is ________________
when the size of gap is smaller.
30
Diffraction of Sound

Radio

Radio
Cleaner

Cleaner

A cleaner can hear the sound of a radio placed nearby a corner of a wall but he cannot see
the radio. Why?

31
 Piccolo

If a marching band is approaching on a cross street, which instruments will you hear first?

32
6.5 Interference of waves

Interference of waves
A phenomenon of waves which occurs a result of superposition of waves.

33
How does interference occur?

Wave interference occurs when

two waves meet while propagating Lamphouse
along the same medium.
When the two waves are
superposed, interference will occur To cell and
either constructive interference or rheostat
destructive interference.
spherical
dippers
coherent sources
Coherent sources are sources that Rubber
Band
produce wave having the same
_____________ and a _____________
_________________________. Sponge
beach
Water

t white screen

34
Principle of superposition of Waves

Superposition of two waves originating from two coherent sources.

Superposition of two crests Superposition of two troughs

Resultant
Amplitude
Cork Cork
2a
a a

Resultant
Amplitude

Superposition of a crest and a trough

Resultant
Amplitude
35
Interference of water waves
Interference pattern of water waves produced when two coherent waves superposed.

S1

S2

1. S1 and S2 are the sources of coherent waves.

2. Water wave interference pattern shown is the result of constructive interference and destructive
interference occurs.
3. For ease of discussion, the wavefront of the crests is represented by a full line while the
wavefront of the troughs is represented by a dotted line as shown in the diagram on the next
page.
36
 Interference of Waves

Constructive interference occurs when two
waves at same phase (two crests or two
troughs) coincide to produce a wave with
crests and troughs of maximum amplitude
(+2a or -2a).
Destructive interference occurs when two
waves at out of phase (crest of one wave with
the trough of the other wave) coincide, thus
canceling each other with the result that the
resultant amplitude = 0.

Keys :
Maximum crest wave (2 crests meet)
Zero amplitude (trough meets crest) A point where constructive
Maximum trough wave (2 troughs meet) interference occurs.

Node line Antinode line

A point where destructive

interference occurs.

Wavefront (troughs)

Wavefront (crests)

S2 Waves sources S1
37
 Youngs Formula
Factors affecting the interference pattern
The relationship between , a, x and D
The interference pattern depend on the
Node line
x x Antinode line value of x. When x changes, the
interference pattern also changes .

D x

S1 a S2 ****Draw graphs 0

x x
a = distance between two coherent sources
= wavelength
x = distance between two consecutive node (or
antinode) lines
D = distance from the two sources to the point of
measurement of x
1
0 a D
38 0
 Skrin
Dwi-celah
Celah x An interference pattern is produced as a result
Sumber
cahaya x
Corak Interferens
Eksperimen dwicelah Young boleh digunakan
untuk mengukur panjang gelombang sesuatu
sumber cahaya dengan menggunakan
persamaan:
a = Distance between the two
slits on the double slit plate
D =Distance between the
double-slit plate and the
screen
= The wavelength of light
(depends on its color.)
x = Distance between two
consecutive bright fringes or
dark fringes.
Interference of Lights
Occurs when an incident light wave passes
through a double slit.
of the superposition of two emerging light waves
from the double slit.
Youngs double-slit experiment
Use ______________________________
(light wave with only one wavelength)
The double slit must be very narrow (about
0.5 mm) to produce a clear interference
pattern because the wavelength of light is
very small.
When light from monochromatic source
passes through a double slit, two sources of
coherent light are produced.
The interference pattern consists of alternate
bright and dark fringes that can be seen on a
distant screen.
Bright fringes :
Dark fringes :
39
 Interference of Sound Wave 1. The two loud speakers are the sources of the
two coherent sound waves as they are
Occurs when two coherent sound waves
connected to the same audio signal generator.
interact on the basis of the principle of
2. A student will hear alternating loud and soft
superposition to produce a pattern of
sounds as he walks along the straight path
alternating loud and soft sounds .
(XY) at a distance of D from the
loudspeakers.
3. The alternating loud and soft sounds is
caused by interference of the sound waves.
Loudspeaker
X
K
Interference
Audio signal L
pattern
generator
K

Audio signal
generator
L
K K = Loud sound
L L = Soft sound

K
L

Loudspeakers K

a= the distance between the two loudspeakers Y Loud sound:

D =Distance between the loudspeakers and the path
_________________________
along which interference can be detected
= The wavelength of sound waves is influenced by the Soft sound :
frequency of the audio signal generator.
x = Distance between two consecutive positions where _________________________
loud sound is heard 40
Exercise 6.5
1. In the interference of two coherent sources
of waves, the separation between two
spherical dippers is 3 cm and the distance
between two consecutive node lines is 4 cm
measured at a distance of 15 cm from the
two coherent sources of waves. Calculate
the wavelength of the water waves
originating from the sources.
2. In a Youngs double slit experiment, the
distance between the double slit and the
screen is 4.0 m and the separation of the
two slits is 0.5 mm. Calculate the distance
between two consecutive bright fringes for
violet light with a wavelength of 4.0 x 10-7 m.
41
3. The wavelength of light can be determined
with a double-slit plate.
14 mm
The diagram shows the pattern of
interference fringes obtained in a Youngs
double-slit experiment. The separation of
distance of the two slits is 0.25 mm and the
distance between the screen and the
double slit plate is 3.0 m.
Calculate the wavelength of light used in
the experiment.
4. In an experiment on the interference of
waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a
distance of 1.5 m from each other. They
are connected to an audio signal generator
to produce coherent sound waves at a
frequency of 0.5 kHz. Calculate
(a) the wavelength of the sound wave if
the speed of sound is 300 ms-1
(b) the distance between two consecutive
soft sounds at a perpendicular
distance of 5 m from the source of the
sound.
42
6.6 Sound waves
1. Sound is a form of energy propagated
as waves that make our eardrums
vibrate.
2. Sound waves are caused by
vibrating objects.
3. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
How the loudness relates to amplitude?
The loudness of the sound depends on its
amplitude.
If the amplitude is increased, the loudness
increases.
How the pitch relates to frequency ?
A high pitch sound corresponds to a high
frequency and a low pitch sound
corresponds to a low frequency of vibration.
How is sound produced by a vibrating
objects ?
Sound waves are produced when a vibrating
object causes the air molecules around it to
_______________.
When a tuning fork vibrates, layers of air
vibrate and the sound energy is propagated
through the air around it in the form of waves.
When the tuning fork moves forwards, the air
is _________________
When the tuning fork moves backwards, the
air layers are pulled apart and cause a
___________________.
Therefore, a ____________ of rarefactions
and compressions will produce sound.
direction
Vibration propagation
compression rarefaction
Tuning Fork
43
Relationship between amplitude and Relation between pitch and frequency of
loudness of sound sound

The audio signal generator is switched on and The audio signal is switched on and the
the frequency of the sound wave is adjusted to loudness is adjusted to a suitable level. The
a suitable level. The loudness of the sound is frequency of the sound is varied from low to
varied from a lot to a high level gradually. high gradually.
Observation of the shape of the sound wave Observation of the shape of the sound wave
displayed on the screen of oscilloscope. displayed on the screen of oscilloscope.
Amplitude of Loudness Frequency of Pitch of
Wave form Wave form
sound wave of sound sound wave sound

Write : Low / Medium / High

Write : Low / Medium / High
CRO

Audio signal
generator Microphone

Loudspeaker 44
 Applications of reflection of sound waves
Ultrasound waves is used to scan and capture the Sonogram
image of a fetus in a mothers womb and the image of
internal organ in a body.
Transmitter, R
Transmitter P emits ultrasound downwards to the Detector
fetus. P
Detector R receives the ultrasound (echoes) reflected Abdomen
by the various parts of the fetus.
The soft tissues of the fetus absorb most of the
incident ultrasound, reflect very little.
The bony parts will absorb very little, but reflect most Fetus
of the ultrasound.
The reflected ultrasound will produce an image of
contrasting brightness.

Sonogram
Image

45
Sonar

SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) used to

locate underwater objects or to measure the depth of a
seabed.
ship
The ultrasonic waves (sound waves frequency>
20,000 Hz) used in this technique.
The ultrasonic waves emitted from the transmitter and
reflected by objects on the seabed. Then reflected
waves detected by the receiver.
Time interval, t between emission and reception of the
ultrasonic wave signal measured using electronic Receiver Transmitter
devices.
If the speed of the sound waves, v is known, the depth
of the seabed, d can be measured by using the
formula: seabed

d = depth of seabed
v = speed of sound wave in water
t = time interval

CRO used to determine the time

interval, t
46
A bat can navigate in darkness

When ultrasonic waves emitted by the bat hit an

object, they are reflected back and received by the
bat.
The time between the emission of the sound
waves and reception of the reflected waves
enables the bat to estimate the position of the
object accurately.
This enables the bat to adjust its direction to avoid
knocking at the object.

Human echolocation lets blind man 'see!!!

Exercise 6.6
1. An ultrasonic wave is used to determine the depth of a seabed. A pulse of ultrasound is
generated and travels to the seabed and reflected by it. The time taken by a pulse of ultrasonic
wave to travel to and fro the seabed is 0.28 s. It the speed of sound in the water is 1 500 ms -1,
calculate the depth of the seabed.

47
6.7 Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio waves
long medium short micro ultra X-rays gamma
VHF UHF infra red light rays
waves waves waves waves violet

-3 -6 -9
1000 m 1m 1mm 1 x 10 1 x 10 1 x 10
mm mm mm
Increasing frequency

Increasing wavelength

Electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic waves, arranged in decreasing

wavelength (longest to shortest).
It consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X rays and
gamma rays.
Radio waves have the longest wavelength but are of low frequency waves. They carry very little
energy.
Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength but are of high frequency waves. They carry very
high energy.
48
Electro- Magnetic Waves
It is produced when electric and magnetic field vibrate at right angle to each other. The direction
of propagation of the wave is perpendicular to both fields .

Electric field, E

Electric field

Direction of
propagation

Magnetic field
Magnetic field, B

Properties Of Electro-magnetic Waves

They transfer energy from one point to another.

They are transverse waves.
They can travel through vacuum.
They travel at the same speed through vacuum (speed of light , c = 3 x 108 ms-1)
They all show wave properties such as reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference.
They obey the wave equation, v = f.

49
Visible Light
Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see.
Light can be seen as the colours of rainbow.
Each colour has a different wavelength.
Red has the longest wavelength and violet the shortest.
When all the waves are seen together, they make white light.
When white light shines through a prism, the white light is broken apart into the seven colours
of the visible light spectrum.
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

Applications Of Electro-magnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Sources Applications

wave
Gamma Rays Radioactive decay Engineering to detect leakages in
underground pipes
Medicine cancer treatment
Food sterilisation
Medicine
X- rays x-ray tube X-ray photograph of the internal organs of
the body, e.g to locate bone fracture.
Cancer treatment
Engineering to detect cracks in metal
Checking of luggage at airports

50
 Electromagnetic Sources Applications
wave
Ultraviolet rays Sun, mercury Stimulates the formation of vitamin D Detect
vapour lamp, hot fake notes
objects Fluorescent lamp
Sterilization of surgical tools
Visible light Flames, lamps, Visual communication
the sun Photography
Photosynthesis
Infrared radiation Hot objects such as Thermal imaging and physiotherapy
flames, human body, Infrared binoculars for night time vision. IR
sun radiation emitted by a living thing can be
detected.
Remote control for TV / VCR
Microwaves Radar transmitter Communication system with satellites
Microwaves oven Used in radar system
Cooking
Cellular (mobile) phone service
Radio waves Electrons oscillating For broadcasting and wireless
circuit in aerials communication
UHF (ultra high frequency) radio waves
television and hand phones
VHF (very high frequency) radio wave local
radio FM and wireless communication used
by the police
51
Detrimental effects of excessive exposure to certain components of the electromagnetic
spectrum
Radio Waves No evidence of hazard

Microwaves 1. Internal heating of body tissues when they enter our body.
2. Long exposure to mobile phones can cause brain tumor and
inner ear complications in children.
Infrared 1. Skin burns
Visible light No evidence of hazard
Ultraviolet 1. Damage to the surface cells (including skin cancer) and
blindness
X-rays 1. Damage to cells.
Gamma rays 2. Cancer, mutation
3. The mutated cells may result in the abnormal growth of cancer
cells.
4. Pregnant mothers who are exposed to X-rays and radiations
too frequently may cause abnormalities in new born babies.

It you thought that science was certain -- well,

that is just an error on your part.
.

Richard P. Feynman
(1918 - 1988) 52