Global Independent Study Unit

Violation of Womens rights in the Muslim population

Kennedy Roland

Table of Contents
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Preface...2

Significance...4

Background...6

Expert8

Role of Control.10

Logic of Evil.12

Case Studies
Saudi Arabia.14
Malaysia...16
Sudan....18

International Organizations..19

Canadian Connections..21

Solutions...24

Bibliography.26
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Preface

Muslims are those who believe in Islam, which is one of over 4,200 religions in the

world. Islam is believed to have originated in Saudi Arabia in the seventh century. Secular

history states that the prophet Muhammad dictated the Quran; the religious text that Muslims

believe in, and introduced Islam in 610 A.D. However the devoted Muslim believes that Islam

began much before Muhammad existed. The Quran states that it was passed down from their

God, Allah, through the angel Gabriel, to Muhammad. Muslims believe that God had chosen

Muhammad to be the last messenger to this world, and to deliver the message of peace. There are

slight variances in the beliefs of this proclamation, for example, the traditional Sunni Muslims

believe that Muhammad struggled with this experience, and overcame evil powers that tricked

his mind; whereas the Shia Muslims believe that he expected the angel Gabriel to come, and it

was a celebratory passing of the Quran. Muhammad first introduced Islam to his wife, Khadija,

and initiated her into this religion, making her the first Muslim individual. Muslims now follow

the Quranic way of life, which entails being honerst, kind, humble, and respectful. There are

more than 1.6 billion Muslims on earth, making it the second most practiced religion in the

world, next to Christianity.

Saudi Arabia, where the Islam religion was formed, was also one of the original fifty one

countries that started the United Nations (UN). The UN officially came into existence on

October 24th 1945 when the Charter had been approved by the Soviet Union, the United States,

the United Kingdom, China, and France. The goal of the UN was to maintain international peace

and security, promote social progress, and better living standards and human rights. The

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted on December 10th 1948 by the
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UN General Assembly in Paris. The UDHR was drafted in 1946 at the second General Assembly

by 18 members of the UN, who came from a variety of different cultural, political, and religious

backgrounds.

Human rights are things one is entitled to have, be, or do based solely off the fact that

one is human. One is born with their rights, there is no need to hearn them, and they are the same

for every man, woman, or child. Countries often have human rights laws in order to ensure that

human rights are respected.

There are many violations of human rights in Muslim communities and predominantly

Muslim countries. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes many basic civic,

political, social, and cultural rights; however, it is each individual countrys duty to ensure and

respect the rights of their population, and that does not always happen. This creates conflict

when deciding what is the right thing to do when forced to choose between the law and ones

religion. This report will focus on the problems of how women are treated in the religion of

Islam, alongside the Universal Human Rights.

Significance
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There are many rights that we, as Canadians, can enjoy in our free country; however

there are many people in the world who are not as fortunate. Human rights are the basic

expectations of one's life that they are given at birth. One does not have to earn their rights,

however they can be taken away from them. It is important for people to have these human rights

so that they have equal opportunities to become successful in life. For human rights to thrive,

religious rights must come second; Muslims rights are just as important as any other human

beings rights, however many fundamentalist Muslims will often put the beliefs of Islam ahead

of their basic human rights.

Sharia law is the law of Islam, this is where the majority of conflicts between human

rights and the religion of Islam arise. Sharia law favours men, and compromises many womens

rights. For those who follow Sharia law, a male may beat their wife, have sexual relations with

prepubescent girls, and rape female captives. Females are deemed to be lacking intelligence and

faith, they may not divorce their husband, and they are considered to have only half the rights

males have; meaning in any legal situation, one mans word is the same as two womens. Even

though this is the law that many Muslims do not believe in, it violates a basic code of human

rights.

It is important that Muslim women are getting the rights they deserve because they are

human. Womens rights are human rights, and under Sharia law, majority of womens rights are

set aside in order to please men. After the second world war, the UN created the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights to ensure equal opportunity and rights for individuals everywhere.

Once one is a Muslim living under Sharia law, it is very hard to leave it, and is often punishable
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by death. This creates many problems when women try to defend themselves. Women and

Muslims are both human, which means they should have the exact same rights as any other

human. Many Muslims are deprived of gay rights, the right to consensual sex outside of

marriage, and many womens rights. In many countries, Muslims rights are compromised

everyday because of what they believe in, as well as what others believe about Muslims.

Currently there is a feminist movement where many people across first world countries

are fighting for things such as the gender wage gap. This is very important to people, and yet

many of those who show their support do not realize that some women in other countries can not

even get a job, just because their religion has deemed it fit for a man, never mind being paid less

than men. If there is enough people in the world to start rallies and protests, and who care

strongly enough about equality between the genders, then there is enough people to raise

awareness about the mistreatment of women within the religion of Islam. It is 2017 and the

world still continues to struggle with equality considering gender, race, or class and if everyone

could realize that every single person deserves the same chance at life, then we would finally

start to see change. There are many advocates that believe in equality, however it will take action

in order to achieve this.

Background

For thirty years after the prophet Muhammad died, caliphs, who are political religious

rulers worked to develop laws to follow for Islam because the Quran talked about many

standards of human conduct, but had very little information in regards to any legal matters. Two
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opposing groups fought over Islamic law, with some believing that only the words of the Quran

and of the prophet Muhammad should make up Sharia Law, whereas others thought that

qualified legal scholars should be able to argue their opinions into Sharia Law. Around the year

900, it was completed to be what we know it as now today, and Islamic specialists created

handbooks based off of Sharia Law to assist them in making the right rulings.

Some predominantly Muslim countries follow a sort of dual system, this is where the

government is secular, but Muslim families can choose to bring specific disputes to Sharia

courts. Isis and Boko Haram are the ones who are following the most strict version of Sharia law,

they are fundamentalist groups, ISIS is in Iraq and syria, and Boko Haram is in Nigeria. Majority

of Muslim countries allow for all Muslims to be dealt with under Sharia courts, and regular court

systems for non-muslims.

When the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved in 1948, it created a

controversy over one particular article in the Quran. Many eastern countries had a problem with

the fact that the declaration did not coincide with the right to be the gift of god, and they did not

like that the declaration gave people the opportunity to change their religion. This was settled on

the government level when the foreign minister of Pakistan, Muhammad Zufrullah Khan, gave

his support in lieu of the country because of the fact that the Quran gave the option to believe or

disbelieve. Through colonization and influences from western countries, they adopted a similar

law system that did not coincide with Sharia Law.

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Discluding Saudi Arabia, the majority of Muslim countries signed the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights, however some countries, such as Iran have fought westernization

and foreign interference, and is still continuing to follow a fairly strict version of Sharia law; this

means that they are disregarding the rights of Muslim women living in these countries, taking

away their vote, and even the ability to drive. Sharia Law states that it will deny equality under

the law to females, homosexuals, or apostates; therefore womens rights will continue to be

overlooked until either a method is created for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to

work harmoniously alongside Sharia Law, or to take precedence over it.

Expert

There are many people in the world who care deeply about this issue, however there is

one person who has experienced the discrimination in very intense ways, Malala Yousafzai.

Malala was born in Pakistan in 1997, her father was an anti-Taliban activist, and he had founded

the school that Malala attended. She was an advocate for girls right to education since she was
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very young, and had been nominated for two peace prizes, and won the Pakistan National Youth

Peace Prize in 2011. The Taliban had heard of her activism and had a death threat placed upon

her, Malala and her family never thought that they would try to injure a child, and she was

worried about her father getting attacked; although on October 9th 2012, Malala was shot in the

face by the Taliban on her way home from school. In 2015 she won the Nobel Peace Prize, and

was the youngest person to ever receive this prize. Malala has been a major contributor to

womens rights by being an advocate, as well as funding schools for girls. She started her own

not for profit organization that is working towards educating girls all over the world, as well as

starting a petition called I am Malala, which brought over three million people together to sign,

and raised awareness about girls who are being denied access to education. Malala is an asset

towards the fight for basic human rights within Muslim communities because she often takes a

peaceful approach and truly believes in equality.

Although Malala is more focused toward giving girls an education, she also strives for

equality in general. Many girls living in these predominantly Muslim countries are denied their

fundamental right to education because men think they do not deserve it, they have to take care

of their siblings, or they are married off. Malala is trying to change this because she believes that

When girls are educated, everyone benefits (Yousafzai). More than one hundred thirty million

girls are without an education today. Malala believes that twelve years of good education is

enough to give girls the skills that they need to thrive in the workplace, as well as at home or in

public. The right to be educated is a basic human right, however there is more than seventy

countries in which violence will be used on any girls that show an interest in going to school.
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Role of Control

The ruling government has the role of control in the violation of human rights among

Muslim populations. Currently many Muslim governments follow along the rules of Islam

(Sharia Law), instead of what the world has deemed as the most basic, yet important set of

human rights.
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Religion also has a major role of control in this issue. The Quran was interpreted to

create Sharia law, however it states very little about legal matters, therefore each Muslims

interpretation of a law system based off of the Quran could be very different. The interpretation

of the Quran that lead to the creation of Sharia law is the reason that Muslim womens rights are

so limited. The fact that the religion of Islam did not outright state the unorthodox rules that

fundamentalist Muslims follow is proof that Islam has a major role of control in this situation,

and solely the interpretation of it can make people believe that one gender is far less superior

than the other.

Even though the government and the religion of Islam have the power to change

the way women are treated within fundamentalist Muslim communities, the people are the ones

who need the power. Social media has become a major outlet to quickly spread ideas, news, or

other important information. Media and social media have essentially become a way to spark

initiation in people; by spreading awareness of a specific issue, more people are likely to get

engaged and do something about it. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was established

more than sixty years ago, if people universally knew what their human rights were, in this case

people within Muslim countries, there would be more awareness when denied. The power of

people when they are united is enough to change the world, many individuals are not aware that

Muslims are treated this way, or that it is as extreme as it is. The role of control needs to be

presented to western countries through social media, the positive actions have been seen before

through taking in refugees, sending foreign aid, and peacekeeping missions. The people of the

world should be able to control their own situation because they are the ones who are living

through it; some may argue that the Quran is outdated in some ways, and because some of its
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ideologies are no longer valid, then it becomes the peoples duty to stand up for their rights and

change the things that are no longer acceptable in our time period. The world has seen examples

of the power of social media, and it would benefit from providing more awareness on the

violation of womens rights in Muslim populations.

Logic of Evil

To the free minded people, the evil would be the interpretation of the Quran

and the religion of Islam. It is easy to say that a declaration created by the UN should take

priority over the Quran if you do not believe in Islam. There are many Muslim countries that

have signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, so technically they are entitled to their

basic human rights, however because they have subscribed to the religion of Islam, and follow

Sharia law, these rights come second to what the prophet Muhammad has written. The logic

behind the religion of Islam is the fact that it is very hard to become a non-muslim after you are
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already Muslim. Sharia law says that converting from Muslim to any other religion, or lack

thereof, is punishable by death. This makes it difficult for an individual to take action and put

their rights above their religion, especially if they are a fundamentalist because they believe that

the Quran should take precedence over everything else. One could also argue that the evil is the

government that has put these Muslim countries under Sharia law. There is not one country that

exists where every single person living within it all believe in the same religion, which is part of

the reason the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was created. The point of that document

was to create an equal base for any man, woman, religion, or race; although the government is

the one who is in charge of implementing it. In this case, the governments of predominantly

Muslim countries could be looked at as the evil because they have chosen to not put the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights in place, and have decided to not protect the rights of

women by doing so.

For a devout Muslim, there might not be any evil at all in this situation.

Fundamentalist Muslims strongly believe that they should live the Quranic way of life, and so

they do not necessarily see that their rights are being placed second, but just accept that this is

the way they are supposed to live their life as a Muslim. Some might say that this is an evil

within itself because Muslims are forming biases based off of their religion, which is a sort of

evil forming inside of them.

The logic of evil is hard to comprehend because depending on who you talk to,

the opposing side is either the worlds law, or Islamic law. Neither of them are perfect, and there
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is not yet a way for them to coexist. It is an internal conflict within someone to decide whether or

not religion should be placed ahead of ones basic human rights.

Case Study- Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is a predominantly Muslim country, and the beliefs of Islam have seeped

deep into the laws of the country. Women have lived and continue to live under the male

guardianship system, a system in which a woman must get permission of a male family member,

whether it be a father, brother, uncle or husband, in order to do a large variety of things. This

means that women must get permission before they are allowed to travel, marry, file a legal

claim, access healthcare or work. Although there are some parts of Saudi Arabia that are not as

strict, the majority of the country is governed by a strict version of Islamic law. Women must

wear an abaya, a long cloak, as well as a headscarf that covers everything except for her eyes.
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This is to cover any sign of beauty, and women will often be harassed if they were visible

makeup as it is seen as trying to show beauty. A woman's body has become so objectified in

Saudi Arabia that not only are women not allowed to swim in public, they are also not allowed

to try clothes on in closed change rooms either. Women are also not allowed to drive, but there is

one Saudi male trying to solve this, however he believes that women should only be allowed to

drive their children to school, or to take a family member to the hospital. Women living in Saudi

Arabia have not only been banned from playing sports, but they are also prohibited to go watch

any sports tournaments. It is not only the women, but also anyone who supports the reform will

be repressed by the government if they are to show any type of activism towards the issue.

The Quran has been declared the constitution of Saudi Arabia, making a great impact on

the womens lives who are currently living within that country. There is millions of women

living in Saudi Arabia who are missing out on so many opportunities because of the severity of

the Islamic law that they live under. The ruling of Islam takes precedence over any other belief in

Saudi Arabia, which makes it difficult for other cultures to have any influence on how the

country is run, or for changes to be made from within the country. Even though it will be a very

difficult task to try and create change, there are signs that show a potential for a change. For the

first time in the history of Saudi Arabia, four women participated in the 2016 summer olympics,

shortly after the first womens department got introduced to the General Authority for Sports. In

Saudi Arabia there is also a high amount of migrant workers, many of which go through abuse,

sometimes to the extent of forced labour. Some companies have gone as far as not paying their

workers or force people to work against their will. In 2011 Saudi Arabia introduced labor

reforms which created a three tiered system that enabled more equality within the workplace.
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Case Study- Malaysia

Malaysia has had some success with bringing rights to the women of their Islamic

country, however it is still nowhere near to the equivalent of mens rights, or human rights in

general. Islamic law is being used in Malaysia which is causing advocates for human rights to

struggle to be able to make any changes. There is no lack of womens groups within Malaysia,

many of the women have joined together to attempt to get some of their basic human rights,

however they are challenging a form of government that makes basic human rights sound like a

radical concept. A group was started in Malaysia called Sisters-In-Islam (SIS), they are striving

to create equal rights for women without straying from their belief in Islam. Their message is

that the Quran has been misinterpreted, and Islam can allow women to be equal to men,

however they are not supported, and many believe that western influence has caused SIS to think
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like this, and they should be shunned from the religion of Islam. No matter how many groups

have formed to stand up for womens rights, there have been just as many that are working

against it. There is an organization working directly against SIS called the Obedient Wives Club.

They believe that the reason a woman would face domestic violence is because the wife had

failed to fully satisfy her husband. This group of women strongly believes that their behaviour

has invited the violence they receive, and they campaign against womens rights group. This

makes it difficult for any progress to be made because for every group of women that is fighting

for the human rights that they deserve, there is a group telling them it is wrong and that they are

going against the religion of Islam. The main Islamic party in Malaysia is the Pan-Malaysia

Islamic Party (PAS), they are an extremist political party that follows Sharia law, they believe

that they should bring back punishments such as stoning and the death penalty. Malaysia is one

of the least strict countries that adheres to Islamic Law, however it still does not provide women

with the opportunity and the rights that they deserve.

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Case Study- Sudan

Sudan is run under a very strict government, if one were to speak against the current

government, they would be tortured, detained or killed. Many innocent civilians have been

attacked, killed and raped by government forces; Sudan does not follow the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights. The United States of America put economic sanctions on Sudan in

1997 after the civil war because of the large amount of human rights being violated. The human

rights situation has failed to improve, and because of this, Barack Obama, the president of the

United States, lifted the sanctions in January of 2017 with the hopes of Sudans peoples human

rights being recognized. If there is no progress seen by July of 2017, then the United States will

place the economic sanctions back on Sudan. As of May 2017, Sudan has made no measurable

progress, and human rights are still being violated all across the country. Female human rights

defenders have tried to take a stand to fight for their human rights, however they have been

silenced with sexual abuse and other forms of violence. Sudanese women who defend human
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rights experience political repression like their male colleagues but are also vulnerable to sexual

assault and intimidation because they are women, (Bekele). Women are discriminated against

more so than men, even if they completed the exact same action. There are videos and proof of

government officials threatening to rape women who complained about how they are being

treated. Some women have spoken about being threatened of rape, and they were sent to jail

because of speaking out about what had happened to them. Public protests against the way the

government is treating the people in Sudan have grown even more since the Arab Spring in

2011. During all the protests

International Organizations

There is an organization called Women Living Under Muslim Law (WLUML), they are

an international network that helps women when they have been mistreated. WLUML was

created in 1984 to help connect individual women connect to other organizations based on their

needs, they deal with many different scenarios, even non-Muslim women who are living in

predominantly Muslim countries. This organization is a major advocate for ending violence

against women, as well as promoting their legal rights. It is now represented in over 70 countries.

WLUML is not a traditional organization in which one would have a membership, instead it has

contacts with many individual women, as well as helpful organizations and it maintains two way

communication to attempt to get help to where it is needed. The current goals of WLUML are to

promote and protect womens equality under laws, and to prevent isolation of women by

connecting them with global feminist progressive groups. Although this charity has helped many

women to live better lives, there is a case where it was a disadvantage. There is a woman, Homa

Hoodfar, and Iranian University Professor, who was being investigated simply because she was
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associated with WLUML, and they thought she was leading a feminist conspiracy to overthrow

the government.

Another group that is fighting for womens rights within Muslim populations is

Womens Islamic initiative in Spirituality and Equality (WISE). The goals of WISE are to

destroy gender based discriminations within Islam, and to de-legitimize the interpretations of

Islam that are against women. Their vision is a world where all humans are equal and women are

motivated to reach their full potential. WISE was formed in 2006 as a grassroots social justice

group and a faith based global group, until 2015 when it became an independent operation. They

have created their own method of change that runs in four steps, collaboration, education,

communication, and action. WISE intends to provide immediate help in the situation, share the

story with others who may not be aware that this is a problem, spread the opinions of Muslim

women, and create action on a grassroots level.

For those who currently live in the United States of America but continue to face

discrimination because of their religion, there is the AHA Foundation. The AHA Foundations

work is built on the belief that there is no culture, tradition or religion that justifies violence

against women and girls. (AHA foundation). This specific organization was originally founded

by Ayaan Hirsi Ali with the goal of ending honor violence that affects women and girls living in

the United States. The special part of this organization is the womens leadership program, in

which they identify womens rights advocates around the world in an attempt to spark change.

This is beneficial to have because it creates the opportunity for women and girls everywhere to

know that they are not the only ones experiencing this oppression, and the potential to create
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change by spreading the knowledge so that women can advocate for themselves and their

individual society.

Canadian Connection

Muslim womens rights being violated can connect to Canada in a number of

different ways. One thing that is slowly becoming more prevalent is honour killings in Canada.

There have only been thirteen cases of murders in Canada since 2002, however the number has

been slowly increasing. The most common scenario is a first generation Muslim girl wanting to

fit into Western culture such as the clothes or hobbies, and being killed by their families for not

following Sharia law, or what the family thinks the girl should be doing. It is not only the men

doing it either; a Muslim mom living in Quebec attacked her own daughter with a meat cleaver

after she stayed out all night, and it was proven to be an honour crime. The only reason that the

daughter is still alive today is because of the fact that the father found the mother attacking her

and intervene Honour killings are one of the negative things that are happening to Muslims in

Canada, however there is also solace to be sought here.

In Canada, the current government has been a major advocate for womens rights

and has gone as far as to create the first cabinet that consists of exactly half men and half women.
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Justin Trudeau, the current Prime Minister was influenced by his father to strive for basic human

rights within Canada, regardless of what religion one follows:

I had an extraordinary example in a father who had deeply, deeply held personal views

that were informed by the fact that he went to church every Sunday, read the Bible

regularly to us, and raised us very religiously, as Catholics. But at the same time my

father had no problem legalizing divorce, decriminalizing homosexuality and moving in

ways that recognized the basic rights of the people. He too held fast to his beliefs. But he

also understood that as leaders, as political figures, and as representatives of a larger

community, our utmost responsibility is to stand up for peoples rights. (Trudeau).

Trudeau believes in giving all men and women an equal opportunity in Canada, no matter what

their beliefs are. We will love you and we will stand with you was Justin Trudeaus response

towards the more than one million Canadian Muslims after the attack on the Centre culturel

islamique de Qubec mosque.

There are many Muslims who have emigrated to Canada and are no longer living

under Sharia law. There are many things that they can benefit from as a woman or just a Muslim

individual in general, such as being able to marry someone of the same sex and women being

allowed to drive and vote. There is also many organizations working within Canada to ensure

that Muslims opinions are heard, and minimize Islamophobia such as the Muslim Canadian

Congress. This particular organization was started in 2001 after the attacks on the Twin Towers.

The terrorist attacks that happened have caused a lot of discrimination against Islam, even

though there are millions of innocent Muslims, many people associated the religion with the

events that occurred in the United States. This organization was started because of this, and their
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goals are admirable in the sense that they are aiming to allow basic human rights for everyone,

while still respecting the Quran and the beliefs of Muslims:

The Muslim Canadian Congress quickly established itself as a more liberal-thinking (as

opposed to the highly conservative Islamism movement) with their stances on various

controversial subjects. Their only belief is that all Muslims should adhere to the 5

commandments of the Quran faith in God, regular prayers, paying a tax to the poor,

fasting for a month every year and a once in a lifetime visit to Hajj. In their own words,

all other rules and laws that are commonly associated with Islam, such as burkas and

Shariah Law, are not actually rules from the prophet Mohammed and, if they cause more

harm than good, need to be eliminated from practice. (The Muslim Canadian Congress).

This organization is the first ever to openly support the rights of Muslim same sex marriages, and

have written about it many times. This is a benefit for those who are struggling with wanting the

rights they deserve while still following their religion.

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Solutions

There is no solution that will work perfectly because you would have to change the

beliefs and opinions of billions of people. A problem that often arises is the fact that Sharia Law

is based off of an interpretation of the Quran, meaning that these are not the words of the

prophet Muhammad. Many women believe that there is a better interpretation for an Islamic

country to follow that would allow for women to have more basic human rights. Although for

those living under this strict version of Sharia Law, one of the best ways to help this situation

would be to educate all the struggling women in predominantly Muslim countries, and make

them aware of what their basic human rights are. If they are aware of what other lifestyles are

like they may be more likely to take action against it. You would need a lot of people to start this

action in order for it to be successful, because the more people you have, the more attention from

the media and the government you will receive. Different governments could be shamed for

showing this kind treatment towards women and that could spark change to be made. Some

countries with a good economy could put sanctions on any country that does not give women the

equal rights that they deserve under the UDHR, however this becomes controversial because it

could be considered discrimination against a religion. It is a difficult subject to create a solution

for because of the fact that you have to decided whether a religion is more important than the

basic human rights that the world has declared.

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In order for change to be made, new policies need to be put into place. It will take a long

time for women to receive the rights that they deserve across the globe, however it is an

attainable goal. One step at a time, the world could slowly allow women more and more

opportunity. A start could be guaranteeing education to every single girl, or changing some of

the smaller laws and policies that are in place. There is no way to make billions of people stop

believing in something, but the world will see change if Islamic law is taken into consideration

again. There are many interpretations of the Quran, therefore the current one in use may not be

the most effective or reasonable.

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