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Turbocharger Application Guidelines

The Benefits of Turbocharging

| Introduction to Turbocharging | Turbocharger Concepts

Higher power density

A naturally aspirated diesel engine is limited in power and torque capability by its cubic capacity
and rotational speed. The resulting swept volume limits fuelling level as the air available for
combustion is restricted by a smoke limited air/fuel ratio. Maximum rotational speed is limited
by reciprocating loads and not the combustion cycle.

On the other hand, if supercharging is employed, inlet air density to the cylinders can be
increased. Power output/cylinder or power density is limited only by the mass of the air charge
and the need to operate within thermal and mechanical limits of the engine system. Mechanical
supercharging systems use screw compressors, centrifugal compressors, roots blowers. All
these devices require power from the crankshaft so the increase in power density is at the
expense of some loss in overall fuel consumption. Turbocharging is a specific type of
supercharging where the additional parasitic losses of a mechanical supercharger are
eliminated.

Low fuel consumption

In a turbocharger engine, the power to drive the supercharging compressor is dependent on
extracting energy from the exhaust stream which does not rely on crankshaft power. However,
a potentially adverse effect on the engine is the increased exhaust manifold pressure to
generate a suitable expansion ratio across the turbine. Four stroke diesel engines are tolerant
of high levels of back pressure so that turbocharging can increase thermal efficiency, up to 45%
in some heavy duty automotive engines, with attendant improvement in fuel consumption.

Thermal efficiency of a diesel engine is partly determined by the heat losses through the
pistons, liners and cylinder head which form the combustion chamber. Dr Bchi found that gas
temperatures do not change significantly provided the engine operates at a constant air/fuel
ratio. Thus, for a given power output, a large engine operating at a low mean effective pressure
will inherently have higher losses than a smaller engine operating at a higher mean effective
pressure. The smaller highly rated engine will consequently have better efficiency. This is
known as ''downsizing.''

Brake mean effective pressure (bmep) is a commonly used description of the average pressure
that must be applied to the pistons to develop the required engine power. The relationship
between engine power and bmep is proportional to engine swept volume and its rotational
speed. The relationship is defined by the equation:

PLAN
Brake Power =
Constant

Where P is brake mean effective pressure

LA is stroke x piston area x number of cylinders (swept volume)
N is engine speed
The very low fuel consumptions achieved by modern engines are also due in part to the
efficiency
Terms of use |of
the
2012turbo-machinery components. High efficiency means that a relatively low
Cummins Turbo Technologies
exhaust manifold pressure can be used to provide a very much higher inlet manifold pressure.

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