TESIS DE GRADO
INGENIERO CIVIL
Presentada por:
GUAYAQUIL ECUADOR
2009
AGRADECIMIENTO
investigacin.
DEDICATORIA
Luis Alfredo
A mis padres y hermanos, quienes
Hugo Enrique
siempre.
final de mi carrera.
Jessica Paola
TRIBUNAL DE GRADUACIN
__________________________ __________________________
PRESIDENTE
__________________________ __________________________
VOCAL VOCAL
DECLARACIN EXPRESA
exclusivamente; y el patrimonio
LITORAL
(Reglamento de Graduacin de la
ESPOL)
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
cemento portland ordinario como uno de los pasos para obtener hormigones
RESUMEN ....................................................................................................... I
INDICE GENERAL.......................................................................................... II
INDICE DE FIGURAS.................................................................................... IV
INTRODUCCIN ............................................................................................ 1
CAPTULO 1 ................................................................................................... 4
1. USO DE CEMENTO PUZOLNICO EN HORMIGONES DE ALTO
DESEMPEO ................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Antecedentes..................................................................................... 4
1.2 Definicin del Cemento Portland Puzolnico ..................................... 5
1.3 Reacciones qumicas durante el proceso de hidratacin................... 5
1.4 Propiedades del Hormign utilizando Cemento Portland Puzolnico 8
1.4.1 Propiedades en estado fresco..................................................... 8
1.4.2 Propiedades del hormign en estado endurecido ..................... 11
CAPTULO 2 ................................................................................................. 15
2. USO DE MICROSILICE EN HORMIGONES DE ALTO DESEMPEO . 15
2.1 Definicin y obtencin de microslice ............................................... 15
2.2 Propiedades del cemento con microslice........................................ 19
2.3 Aplicaciones de hormign con microslice. ...................................... 21
2.3.1 Aplicacin en puentes. .............................................................. 22
2.3.2 Edificios y otras estructuras. ..................................................... 25
2.3.3 Hormign proyectado (shotcrete) .............................................. 30
51
CAPITULO 3 ................................................................................................. 33
3. CENIZA DE CASCARILLA DE ARROZ PARA HORMIGONES DE ALTO
DESEMPEO ............................................................................................... 33
3.1 Definicin de las Cascarilla de Arroz ............................................... 33
3.2 Propiedades Fsicas de la cascarilla de Arroz. ................................ 33
3.3 Propiedades Qumicas de la Cascarilla de Arroz............................. 35
3.4 Propiedades de la Ceniza de Cascarilla de Arroz (CCA)................ 36
3.4.1 Composicin Mineral de la CCA Ceniza de Cascarilla de Arroz 36
3.4.2 Propiedades fsicas de la CCA Ceniza de Cascarilla de Arroz . 37
3.5 Obtencin de Slice de la Cascarilla de Arroz en el Ecuador........... 38
3.5.1 Produccin del Arroz en el Ecuador .......................................... 38
3.5.2 Anlisis de la Obtencin del Slice en el Ecuador ..................... 39
3.6 Aplicaciones de Hormign con Slice de la Ceniza de Cascarilla de
Arroz 40
3.6.1 Hormign Auto-Nivelantes ........................................................ 40
Conclusiones y Recomendaciones ............................................................... 44
Bibliografia .................................................................................................... 47
52
INDICE DE FIGURAS
53
INDICE DE TABLAS
Tabla I: Pruebas usadas para evaluar al hormign en estado fresco [4] ...... 10
Tabla II. Anlisis qumico de la microslice. ............................................... 19
Tabla III Proporciones para la mezcla de los especmenes [20] ................. 31
Tabla IV Resultados de los ensayos [20].................................................... 32
Tabla V. Poder calorfico inferior de la cascarilla de arroz en funcin del
contenido de humedad. ................................................................................ 34
Tabla VI. Anlisis ltimo de la Cascarilla de arroz de Daule ........................ 35
Tabla VIi. Composicin Mineral de Ceniza en la Cascarilla de Arroz en Daule
...................................................................................................................... 36
TABLA VIII. Propiedades de la Ceniza de la cascarilla de arroz obtenida en
Daule ............................................................................................................ 37
TABLA IX. Granulometra de Agregados Finos y Grueso............................. 41
TABLA X. Composicin Qumica de la ceniza de la Cascarilla de Arroz ...... 42
54
ABREVIATURAS
SCH Silico-calcreos-hidratados
C Carbono
MPa Megapascales
H Hidrgeno
O Oxgeno
N Nitrgeno
S Azufre
CL Cloro
SO4 Sulfatos
Recordando los inicios del hormign procesado, se puede decir que en los
14 MPa que llegando a los aos 30 este valor fue el doble. De aqu en
hormign.
1
hormigones de 60 MPa. y ms teniendo como un ejemplo claro el canal de la
inicia el fraguado.
2
El tercer captulo nos da a conocer las ventajas de un material como la
cascarilla de arroz que puede ser usado como adicin en hormigones de alto
3
CAPTULO 1
1. USO DE CEMENTO PUZOLNICO EN
HORMIGONES DE ALTO DESEMPEO
1.1 Antecedentes
[1] y [2].
4
1.2 Definicin del Cemento Portland Puzolnico
propiedades cementicias[3].
5
Las puzolanas, incorporadas dentro cemento portland tienen la
calcreos-hidratados):
6
FIGURA1.1: Cambios en el contenido de (OH)2Ca durante la
hidratacin del CPP[2].
7
1.4 Propiedades del Hormign utilizando Cemento Portland
Puzolnico
hormign.
ordinario (300 m2/kg < Blaine < 350 m2/kg), debido a esto
8
se utiliza cemento portland puzolnico respecto al cemento
[2].
9
muy diferente al observado cuando no se aplica
vibracin.
Relacionada al esfuerzo de
Slump Gravedad
fluencia
Presin por Relacionada al esfuerzo de
Esfera de Kelly
penetracin fluencia
Prueba de Presin por Relacionada al esfuerzo de
Vicat penetracin fluencia
K-slump Gravedad Relacionada a la segregacin
10
1.4.2 Propiedades del hormign en estado endurecido
puzolana.
hormign[3].
11
1.4.2.2 Desarrollo de Temperatura
esfuerzos adicionales.
12
de hidratacin es menor que el cemento portland
ordinario.
1.4.2.3 Durabilidad
a la fisuracin.
13
cemento y la pasta que se forma en la hidratacin
14
CAPTULO 2
2. USO DE MICROSILICE EN HORMIGONES DE ALTO
DESEMPEO
1
ACI 116R
15
Figura 2.1. Horno de arco elctrico.
16
una partcula de cemento [6]. En la figura 2.2 se presenta un
17
Figura 2.3. Partculas de microslice, imagen a un aumento de 10000x.
de carbn.
18
En la Tabla II se muestra, a manera de informativo, un anlisis de
19
hormign y, al ser menos permeable, incrementa tambin la
20
2.3 Aplicaciones de hormign con microslice.
21
2.3.1 Aplicacin en puentes.
forma estndar.2
2
B.W. Russell, PCI Journal, Vol. 39, No 4, Julio Agosto, 1994, pp. 76-89.
22
Puente Confederacin, Isla Prncipe Edward, Canad [4]
siguiente lista:
m de altura.
trnsito.
23
Cargas medioambientales como el hielo, viento, olas y
colisin de embarcaciones.
24
Los requerimientos en el recubrimiento de la cubierta de
cemento.
25
Las Torres Petronas, Kuala Lumpur. [4]
26
ncleo de ambas torres y en las columnas perimetrales.
de 20 cm (8).
27
Grado 35: Resistencias de 35 MPa en 28 das, utilizados
28
Edificio de almacenaje en el sitio Nuclear Hanford,
Washington. [19]
29
Figura 2.9. Esquema del edificio de almacenaje de Hanford
30
En el hormign endurecido incrementa la densidad, las
el uso de microslice.
31
Materiales Sin microslice Con microslice
Grava de 3/8 (kg/cm3) 640 640
Arena (kg/cm3) 969 969
3
Agua (kg/cm ) 180 180
Acelerante 3% 3%
Fibra (kg) 20 20
32
CAPITULO 3
[10]
33
estructura presenta un volumen poroso del 54%, cavidades que
10 17644
20 15412
30 13180
40 10947
50 8715
60 6413
34
3.3 Propiedades Qumicas de la Cascarilla de Arroz.
Daule.[17]
Componente
%
Qumico
SiO2 83.2
Al2O3 0.95
Fe2O3 1.05
CaO 1.02
MgO 1.03
K2O 1.29
Na2O 0.15
P2O5 0.40
SO3 0.13
TiO2 0.08
CL 0.07
Perdida 10.6
Total 99.97
35
3.4 Propiedades de la Ceniza de Cascarilla de Arroz (CCA)
de Arroz
[17]
36
Componente Ceniza de Cascarilla
Qumico de Arroz
TiO2 0.05
CL 0.05
Perdida 1.1
Total 99.9
Arroz
Daule [16]
Propiedades Valor
37
3.5 Obtencin de Slice de la Cascarilla de Arroz en el Ecuador
Ros.
38
3.5.2 Anlisis de la Obtencin del Slice en el Ecuador
pilado
39
Con esta produccin de ceniza de cascarilla de arroz en el
Cascarilla de Arroz
3.6.1.1 Agregados
40
2.71, con una absorcin de 5.1%, con una
Porcentaje de Pasante%
Agregado Agregado
Tamiz
Fino Grueso
1/2in 100 100
3/8in 100 51.2
#4 100 0.9
#8 81.2 -
#16 60.3 -
#30 38.7 -
#50 19.2 -
#100 3.7 -
41
3.6.1.3 Ceniza de Cascara de arroz
de Arroz
Ceniza de
Componente
Cascarilla de
Qumico
Arroz
SiO2 91.2
Al2O3 0.94
Fe2O3 0.37
CaO 2.15
MgO 0.88
K2O 2.10
3.6.1.1 Aditivos
42
cemento en un 10 y 20 % se puede observas los
un 4% a la dosificacin patrn
43
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
Esto hace que sea una excelente alternativa de diseo y constructiva donde
carga como a agentes externos (hielo deshielo, abrasin, etc) y por ello se
44
deben considerar medidas para evitar las fisuras por contraccin plstica que
pasar los 180 das la dosificacin con 20% de cascarilla de arroz tiene un
45
APENDICE A
46
PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 23 AUGUST 2007 ISSN 1307-6884
cm2/g and specific gravity 3.15gr/cm3 were used. Chemical and hardened concrete properties such as 28 days compressive
composition of ordinary cement is reported in Table I. strength, flexural strength ,and modulus of elasticity. Fresh
properties amount are in acceptable limited from European
B. Rice Husk Ash Specifications and Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete
The Rice husk ash is from Guilan Research Park and treated [5].
by Grinding; its chemical composition is given in Table I. For the experiments, six series of self compacting concrete
with six series of ordinary concrete were mixed: Two different
TABLE I replacement percentages of cement by RHA, 10%, and 20%
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION RAW MATERIAL
with mix have no RHA and two different water/cementicious
Materials SiO2 AL2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 LOI material ratios (0.40 and 0.35), were used for both of self
RHA 91.2 0.94 0.37 2.15 0.88 - - compacting and ordinary concrete specimens. The mixture
Cement 18.1 5.58 2.43 62 2.43 3.1 4.4 proportions according to water/Binder ratio adopted and are
reported in Tables III and IV.
C. Fine Aggregate
The fine aggregates consisted of river sand with maximum TABLE III
size of 4.75 mm, with a modulus of fineness Mx = 2.97; MIX DESIGN (KG/M3)
normal grading. Specific gravity was 2.59, and absorption Mix Gravel Sand Water Cement RHA W
/B
value was 4.7%.Also the sieve analyses of fine aggregates are
given in Table II. SCC(0%RHA) 770 970 184 460 0 0.4
SCC(10%RHA) 770 970 184 414 46 0.4
D. Coarse Aggregate SCC(20%RHA) 770 970 184 368 92 0.4
Coarse aggregate is from river gravel with a maximum size
OC(0%RHA) 1043 700 184 460 0 0.4
of 12.5 mm and normal continuous grading. The specific
gravity of the coarse aggregates was 2.71, absorption value OC(10%RHA) 1043 700 184 414 46 0.4
was 5.1%. Also the sieve analyses of the coarse aggregates are OC(20%RHA) 1043 700 184 368 92 0.4
given in Table II.
TABLE II
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES TABLE IV
MIX DESIGN (KG/M3)
Percentage passed (%)
W
Sieve Mix Gravel Sand Water Cement RHA /B
Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates
SCC(0%RHA) 770 1000 161 460 0 0.35
1/2in 100 100
3/8in 100 51.2 SCC(10%RHA) 770 1000 161 414 46 0.35
#4 100 0.9
CC(20%RHA) 770 1000 161 368 92 0.35
#8 81.2 -
#16 60.3 - OC(0%RHA) 1043 750 161 460 0 0.35
#30 38.7 - OC(10%RHA) 1043 750 161 414 46 0.35
#50 19.2 -
OC(20%RHA) 1043 750 161 368 92 0.35
#100 3.7 -
E. Admixture
A complex retarding super-plasticizer super viscos1 was IV. EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION
used. Its water reduction rate 30% and the dosage of the In this study, all of concrete specimens were made and
admixture is 1% + justify amount. covered with plastic sheet and burlap for the first 24 hours to
prevent moisture loss. After 24 hours, the specimens were
III. MIX DESIGN demodeled and placed in the water with 222 c for all times
Self-compactability can be largely affected by the of test. Specimens dimensions are shown in Table V.
characteristics of materials and the mix proportion. A rational
mix-design method for self-compacting concrete using a
variety of materials is necessary. Okamura and Ozawa have TABLE V
SPECIMENS DIMENSION
proposed a simple mix-proportioning system assuming
general supply from ready-mixed concrete plants [7]. The Dimensions Length Wide Height
Type of test (cm) (cm) (cm)
coarse and fine aggregate contents are fixed so that self-
compactability can be achieved easily by adjusting the water Compressive strength 10 10 10
powder ratio and super plasticizer dosage only. Flexural strength 45 10 10
In this investigation, with first by try and error, different Modulus of elasticity 10 10 10
mix design of SCC were casted and tested to find out the fresh Porosity 10 10 10
properties such as value of slump flow, L-box and V-funnel
compressive strength than normal concrete. This difference is OC(0%RHA) OC(10%RHA) OC(20%RHA)
6
SCC(0%RHA) SCC(10%RHA) SCC(20%RHA) 5
OC(0%RHA) OC(10%RHA) OC(20%RHA) 4
98 0 50 100 150 200
Age (Day s)
88
Compressive strength (Mpa)
78
Fig. 3 Flexural strength (Water/Binder=0.40)
68
58
10
9
Fig. 1 Compressive strength (Water/Binder=0.40)
8
7
Also, increasing the amount of rice husk ash replacement in
6
matrix shows a greater effect on strength of normal concrete
5
than SCC mixes.
4
The mixes containing 20% rice husk ash have the highest 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
compressive strength than the others. In addition water to Age (Days)
binder ratio has more impact on normal concrete rather than Fig. 4 Flexural strength (Water/Binder=0.35)
self-compact concrete. Moreover, by increasing the amount of
replacement, water to binder ratio rises up.
According to results, SCC mixes show the strength about
12% to 20% more than normal concrete.
SCC(0%RHA) SCC(10%RHA) SCC(20%RHA) In flexural strength like compressive one, mixes containing
OC(0%RHA) OC(10%RHA) OC(20%RHA) rice husk ash indicate lower compressive strength until 60
days rather than samples with no replacement and by
100
increasing the rate of pozzolanic reactions of rice husk ash in
90
the matrix, strength of composite mixes goes up.
Compressive strength (Mpa)
80 Also the mixes containing 20% rice husk ash have the
70 highest flexural strength in all cases.
60 Moreover, by increasing the amount of replacement,
50 flexural strength rises up. This increase is grater in normal
40 concrete than SCC.
30 In addition by increasing the amount of replacement in self-
20
compact concrete, effect of water to binder ratio is more
0 20 40 60 80 100
Age (Days)
120 140 160 180 200 considerable than normal concrete. By increasing the amount
of replacement, water to binder ratio increases.
Fig. 2 Compressive strength (Water/Binder=0.35)
C. Modulus of Elasticity Test and Result
All cases of study tested at 28, 60, 120& 180 days age. The
results are shown in Fig. 3.
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Age (Days)
VI. CONCLUSION
Base on experimental research for 12 self compacting
concrete mixes, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. SCC mixes show higher compressive and flexural
strength and lower module of elasticity rather than
normal concrete.
2. Replacement up to 20% of cement with rice husk ash
in matrix causes reduction in utilization of cement,
and expenditures, also can improve quality of
concrete at the age of more than 60 days.
3. Results indicate that pozzolanic reactions of rice husk
ash in the matrix composite were low in early ages,
but by aging the specimens to more than 60 days,
considerable effect have been seen in strength.
4. According to our study, addition of pozzolans like
rice husk ash to the concrete, can improve the
mechanical properties of specimens.
REFERENCES
[1] Ozawa, K., Maekawa, K., and Okamura, H., (1992) Development of
High Performance Concrete Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, The
University of Tokyo (B) Vol. XLI, No.3, pp. 381-439.
[2] Okamura,Hajime,Self-compacting high-performance concrete, (1997)
Concrete International, 19 (7), pp. 50-54.
[3] Ozawa, K, Development of high performance concrete based on the
durability design of concrete structures, EASEC-2, Vol. 1, pp.445-450
(1989).
[4] Peter Billberg, Form Pressure Generated by Self-Compacting Concrete
Influence of Thixotropy and Structural Behaviour at Rest Doctoral
Thesis, School of Architecture and the Built Environment Division of
Concrete Structures Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44
Stockholm, Sweden.
[5] A. A. Maghsoudi, Dahooei, Engineering properties of performance self
compacting concrete, conference of Tarbiyat Moddaress.2006.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzolana
Disponible en www.lomanegra.com.ar/pdf/trabajos/CPP.pdf
Disponible en
www.asocem.org.pe/SCMRoot/bva/f_doc/cemento/adicionado/cement
os_portland_MGC07.PDF.
Disponible en http://www.concrete.0catch.com/
www.lomanegra.com.ar/pdf/trabajos/had.pdf
http://www.quiminet.com.mx/ar4/ar_%2586%251D%25FF%25D3%25
C0W%2597%2524.htm
47
[7] Informaciones Tcnicas, Hormign de Alto Desempeo para
www.icpa.org.ar/files/hormigon_a_d.doc
http://foros.construaprende.com/concreto-de-alto-desempeno-hda-
empleando-microsilice-vt6247.html?hilit=microsilice
http://www.ferroatlantica.es/ferropem/html/espanol/microsilice.html
en:
www.utp.edu.co/php/revistas/ScientiaEtTechnica/docsFTP/102114255
-260.pdf
Disponible en :
http://ciruelo.uninorte.edu.co/pdf/ingenieria_desarrollo/12/estudio_de_l
a_variacion_en_la_conductividad_termica.pdf
[12] Giaccio G., Zerbino R., Tobes J., Lopez A., Isaia G. y Rodrguez G.
48
http://www.lemit.gov.ar/documentos/publicaciones/cyth/cyt13/1_aprove
chamiento_de_la_ceniza_de_la_cascara_de_arroz_para_la_elaboraci
on_de_hormigon.pdf
Proyectos, Disponible en
http://www.epn.edu.ec/bio2008/Documentos/Patricia%20Recalde%20-
%20Ministerio%20de%20Electricidad%20y%20Energia%20Renovable
.pdf.
http://www.cib.espol.edu.ec/bivir/tesis.asp?tco=2B425D585C565E4F4
F4F4F4F4
http://www.virtual.unal.edu.co/cursos/sedes/manizales/4080020/Leccio
nes/Capitulo%207/FORMAS%20VERTICALES.HTM
http://www.cib.espol.edu.ec/Digipath/D_Tesis_PDF/D-27105.pdf
49
http://www.cib.espol.edu.ec/Digipath/D_Tesis_PDF/D-22781.pdf
http://www.waset.org/pwaset/v23/v23-92.pdf
http://www.silicafume.org/general-silicafume.html,
http://www.silicafume.org/general-concrete.html
Revista del Instituto Mexicano del Concreto y del Cemento, Abril 1998.
50