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A Bibliography of Fieldwork in the Ethnography of Communication
Author(s): Gerry Philipsen and Donal Carbaugh
Source: Language in Society, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), pp. 387-397
Published by: Cambridge University Press
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Lang. Soc. I5, 387-398. Printedin the United States of America

A bibliography of fieldwork in the ethnography of

communication'
GERRY PHILIPSEN
Departmentof Speech Communication
Universityof Washington

DONAL CARBAUGH
Department of Communication
University of Pittsburgh

In I962, Dell Hymes proposedthe projecthe subsequentlynamed the ethnogra-

phy of communication(Hymes 196I, 1962, i964b).2 Its central motive was to
create a theory of linguistic communication which is grounded in the com-
parativeanalysis of many communities and their distinctive ways of speaking.
Just as there is a comparativepolitics, law, religion, and so forth, he said, so
should there be a comparative analysis of "studies ethnographicin basis and
communicative in scope" (Hymes 1964b:9). Such studies would be "whole
ethnographiesfocused on communicative behavior" (i964b:9) and would be
guided by, and subsequentlyused to guide the revision of, a descriptive frame-
work which itself is a model of sociolinguistic description.
Since the initial call for fieldwork in I962, a large fund of studies has been
published, as well as a series of programmaticstatements(Hymes 1967, 1972,
1974; Sherzer & Darnell 1972; Bauman & Sherzer 1975) and essay reviews
(Pride 1973; Bauman & Sherzer i975; Sherzer 1977; Stewart & Philipsen 1984;
Leeds-Hurwitz 1984; Sigman 1984). Although there have been comparative
analyses based on fieldwork done using this approach(Irvine I979; Braithwaite
198I) and readers devoted to fieldwork directed to a common theme (Bloch
1975; Brenneis & Myers I984), critics have charged that descriptive fieldwork
has been emphasizedat the expense of comparativeanalysis (Bloch I976; Leach
1976; Watson-Gegeo 1976). One condition which impedes comparativeanalysis
of the extant data is the absence of a comprehensive bibliographyof published
studies in the ethnographyof communication. It is the purpose of this reportto
remedy this deficiency by supplying a list of fieldwork published since I962
which is responsive to Hymes's call for ethnographicstudies in communication.
There are several emergent lines of comparativeanalysis which can be facili-
tated by using the materials compiled here. Basso's hypothesis (1970) about
universalconditions for silence behavior, for example, could be tested crosscul-

0047-4045/86/150387-I2 $2.50 ? I986 CambridgeUniversity Press

387

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 GERRY PHILIPSEN AND DONAL CARBAUGH

turally(see Tannen & Saville-Troike [i985] as well as Braithwaite[1981] for a

start in this direction). There are considerable materials available for a
crossculturalinquiryinto Searle's views (1976) aboutspeech acts (see, for exam-
ple, Rosaldo [1982] for the use of a single case). Keenan (1976) has used an
ethnographiccase to qualify and evaluate Grice's (1975) maxims (see also
Brown & Levinson I978). Scollon and Scollon (I98I) presenta systematic and
sustainedcomparativeanalysis of Athabaskanand Canadianand AmericanEn-
glish speakers' practices with regard to self-presentation, distributionof talk
versus silence, informationstructure, and content organization. In addition to
their use in testing and evaluating extant hypotheses, these materialscould be
combed for generatingand developing hypotheses about speaking in society and
culture, includinghypotheses about sociolinguistic descriptionand statement.In
all of these instances, presentedhere not as an exhaustiveor systematicoutline of
potentialapplicationsbut only as examples of the kind of work which has been
begun, the presentcompilationcould be used to press into service a wide arrayof
empirical materialsfor comparativeanalysis.
The bibliographypresented here was compiled in and through a process of
combing referencesin publishedstudies. consulting the Social Science Citations
Index, reviewing the indexes and tables of contents of relevant journals, and
eliciting suggestions from researchersin this field. After compiling an initial list
of approximatelyI o items, based on our own search, we circulatedthe list to
several scholars active in the ethnographyof communication, asking that they
bring to our attentionerrorsand omissions, and as a result of their suggestions
several items were added to the working list. Having assembled a working list,
we checked each study to ascertainits appropriatenessfor inclusion. As a result
of checking each item, we eliminated many and have includedonly those which
(a) explicitly acknowledge an intent to contributeto the ethnographyof commu-
nication, (b) do not explicitly acknowledgethe ethnographyof communicationas
a programmaticcontext for the study but do use its precepts and specialized
terminology,or (c) do not acknowledgeexplicitly theirstatusas ethnographiesof
communicationbut are part of a larger series of studies by an authorwho has
elsewhere located his or her work within this tradition. Still, the total is some
2IO. We hope that readerswho detect omissions will bring these to our attention
so that necessary additionscan be made in subsequentversions of the bibliogra-
phy. Whateverits limitations might be, we hope the bibliographyin its present
version provides both a useful startingpoint and a stimulus for systematic re-
view, interpretation,and evaluation of the extant fieldwork literature.

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 ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY

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NOTES

i. These authorswould like to acknowledgethe assistanceof F. LindaDuke and MichaelHuspek,

and the general criticisms and suggestions of items made by Keith Basso, RichardBauman, Donald
Brenneis, Regna Darnell, Gary Gossen, Dell Hymes, Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz, Joel Sherzer, and
StuartSigman.
2. Referencesto publicationsother thanfieldwork studies are given separatelyin 'References not
in Bibliography," which follows. They are indicated in the text in italics.

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