1DPH



&ODVV

)6.JHQHUDWLRQXVLQJWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGDQGGHPRGXODWLRQ


([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQXVLQJWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGDQG
GHPRGXODWLRQ

3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
$WLWVVLPSOHVWIUHTXHQF\VKLIWNH\LQJ)6.LVWKHIUHTXHQF\PRGXODWLRQ)0VFKHPHZLWKD
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOIRUWKHPHVVDJHLQVWHDGRIVSHHFKDQGRUPXVLF$VVXFKWKHDGYDQWDJHRI
)6.RYHU$6.LVWKHVDPHDVWKHDGYDQWDJHRI)0RYHU$0QRLVHLPPXQLW\

5HFDOOWKDWQRLVHPDQLIHVWVLWVHOIDVYDULDWLRQVLQWKHWUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDOVDPSOLWXGH$V
$0$6.GHPRGXODWLRQLVGHVLJQHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHVLJQDOVDPSOLWXGHYDULDWLRQVWKH
GHPRGXODWLRQSURFHVVDOVRUHVSRQGVWRWKHQRLVHDGGLQJLWWRWKHUHFRYHUHGPHVVDJH)RU$0
WUDQVPLVVLRQVWKHDGGHGQRLVHLVKHDUGDVKLVVFUDFNOHVDQGSRSV)RU$6.WUDQVPLVVLRQVWKH
DGGHGQRLVHFDQFKDQJHWKHORJLFVWDWHRIELWVDQGFRUUXSWWKHGDWD

)0)6.UHVLVWVWKLVSUREOHPWKRXJKLVQRWFRPSOHWHO\LPPXQHIURPLWEHFDXVHGHPRGXODWLRQ
LVGHVLJQHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHVLJQDOVIUHTXHQF\YDULDWLRQV7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHDQ\YDULDWLRQV
LQWKHVLJQDOVDPSOLWXGHGXHWRQRLVHFDQEHUHPRYHGE\DOLPLWHU

)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVZKDWDQ)6.VLJQDOORRNVOLNHWLPHFRLQFLGHQWZLWKWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO
WKDWKDVEHHQXVHGWRJHQHUDWHLW








)LJXUH


1RWLFHWKDWWKH)6.VLJQDOVZLWFKHVEHWZHHQWZRVLQHZDYHV7KHVLQHZDYHWKDWFRUUHVSRQGV
ZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDLVFDOOHGWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\7KHVLQHZDYHWKDWFRUUHVSRQGV
ZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDLVFDOOHGWKHPDUNIUHTXHQF\,Q)LJXUHWKHPDUNIUHTXHQF\
LVKLJKHUWKDQWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\EXWWKLVLVQRWDQHFHVVDU\UHTXLUHPHQWRI)6.WKH
UHODWLYHIUHTXHQF\FDQEHUHYHUVHG


 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
)6.JHQHUDWLRQFDQEHKDQGOHGE\FRQYHQWLRQDO)0PRGXODWRUFLUFXLWVLQFOXGLQJWKHYROWDJH
FRQWUROOHGRVFLOODWRU9&2,QIDFWWKH9&2LVXVHGIRUDQRWKHU(PRQD'$7([)6.JHQHUDWLRQ
H[SHULPHQWVHH([SHULPHQW9ROXPH

$QDOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ




I

'LJLWDO )6.
GDWD VLJQDO

I


)LJXUH


$V\RXFDQVHHWKLVDUUDQJHPHQWXVHVWZRRVFLOODWRUVRQHIRUWKH)6.VLJQDOVPDUNIUHTXHQF\
DQGWKHRWKHULWVVSDFHIUHTXHQF\7KHRVFLOODWRUVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRDQ$GGHUYLDHOHFWURQLF
VZLWFKHVRIVRPHVRUWWKHUHDUHPDQ\PHWKRGVRILPSOHPHQWLQJWKHVZLWFKVRZHOOQRWZRUU\
DERXWH[DFWO\KRZWKLVLVDFKLHYHGKHUH,PSRUWDQWO\RQHRIWKHVZLWFKHVLVFRQWUROOHGE\WKH
GLJLWDOGDWDGLUHFWO\ZKLOHWKHRWKHULVFRQWUROOHGE\DQLQYHUWHGFRS\RIWKHGDWD

1RZVXSSRVHWKDWWKHORJLFVZLWFKHVDUHDFWLYHKLJKDQGVRDUHFORVHGZKHQWKHLULQSXWLVD
ORJLF:KHQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDLVORJLFWKH$GGHUVLQSXWVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRIEXWQRWI
7KHQZKHQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOLVORJLFWKH$GGHUVLQSXWVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRIEXWQRWI
7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHWKH$GGHUVRXWSXWLVRQHIUHTXHQF\IRURQHRIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOV
ORJLFVWDWHVDQGDGLIIHUHQWIUHTXHQF\IRUWKHRWKHU,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH$GGHUVRXWSXWLVDQ
)6.VLJQDOWKDWFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHGLJLWDOGDWD




([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

)6.GHPRGXODWLRQFDQEHKDQGOHGE\FRQYHQWLRQDO)0GHPRGXODWRUVVXFKDVWKH]HURFURVVLQJ
GHWHFWRUUHIHUWRWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQRI([SHULPHQWLQ9ROXPHIRUDQH[SODQDWLRQ
RIWKLVFLUFXLWVRSHUDWLRQDQGWKHSKDVHORFNHGORRS$OWHUQDWLYHO\LIWKH)6.VLJQDOLVSDVVHG
WKURXJKDVXIILFLHQWO\VHOHFWLYHILOWHUWKHWZRVLQHZDYHVWKDWPDNHLWXSFDQEHLQGLYLGXDOO\
SLFNHGRXW&RQVLGHUHGRQWKHLURZQHDFKVLJQDOLVDQ$6.VLJQDODQGVRWKHGDWDFDQEH
UHFRYHUHGE\SDVVLQJHLWKHURQHRIWKHPWKURXJKDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUUHIHUWRWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQRI([SHULPHQWIRUDQH[SODQDWLRQRIWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUV
RSHUDWLRQ


7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RXOOXVHWKH(PRQD'$7([WRLPSOHPHQWWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGRI
JHQHUDWLQJDQ)6.VLJQDO'LJLWDOGDWDIRUWKHPHVVDJHLVPRGHOOHGE\WKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRU
PRGXOH<RXOOWKHQUHFRYHUWKHGDWDE\XVLQJDILOWHUWRSLFNRXWRQHRIWKHVLQHZDYHVLQWKH
)6.VLJQDODQGGHPRGXODWHLWXVLQJDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU

,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW


3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQWV 9RO,QWURVWRWKH1,(/9,6,,WKH(PRQD'$7([DQG6)3FRQWURO
([SHULPHQW9RO)UHTXHQF\6KLIW.H\LQJRSWLRQDO


(TXLSPHQW

 3HUVRQDOFRPSXWHUZLWKDSSURSULDWHVRIWZDUHLQVWDOOHG

 1,(/9,6,,SOXV86%FDEOHDQGSRZHUSDFN

 (PRQD'$7([H[SHULPHQWDODGGLQPRGXOH
 7KUHH%1&WRPPEDQDQDSOXJOHDGV

 $VVRUWHGPPEDQDQDSOXJSDWFKOHDGV






 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ

3URFHGXUH

3DUW$6HWWLQJXSWKHVZLWFKFRQWUROVLJQDOV
7RLPSOHPHQW)6.XVLQJWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGDVDPSOHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGDQLQYHUWHGFRS\
RILWDUHQHHGHG7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRVHWWKHVHXS

 (QVXUHWKDWWKH1,(/9,6,,SRZHUVZLWFKDWWKHEDFNRIWKHXQLWLVRII

 &DUHIXOO\SOXJWKH(PRQD'$7([H[SHULPHQWDODGGLQPRGXOHLQWRWKH1,(/9,6,,

 6HWWKH&RQWURO0RGHVZLWFKRQWKH'$7([PRGXOHWRSULJKWFRUQHUWR3&&RQWURO

 &RQQHFWWKH1,(/9,6,,WRWKH3&XVLQJWKH86%FDEOH

1RWH7KLVPD\DOUHDG\KDYHEHHQGRQHIRU\RX

 7XUQRQWKH1,(/9,6,,SRZHUVZLWFKDWWKHUHDURIWKHXQLWWKHQWXUQRQLWV
3URWRW\SLQJ%RDUG3RZHUVZLWFKDWWKHWRSULJKWFRUQHUQHDUWKHSRZHULQGLFDWRU

 7XUQRQWKH3&DQGOHWLWERRWXS

 /DXQFKWKH1,(/9,6P[VRIWZDUH

 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,9DULDEOH3RZHU6XSSOLHV9,

 6HWWKH9DULDEOH3RZHU6XSSOLHVSRVLWLYHRXWSXWYROWDJHWR9

 &RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ

1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW


MASTER SEQUENCE FUNCTION UTILITIES

SIGNALS GENERATOR GENERATOR FGEN
COMPARATOR
LINE
REF
O
CODE TRIG
5V TTL
1
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1O RZ-AMI 10VDC
11 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrm s max
IN OUT
100kHz
X
SINE RECTIFIER CH 0
100kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y

100kHz CLK
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF CH 1
SPEECH
8kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2kHz
DIGITAL + RC LPF
GND
2kHz
SINE
GND



)LJXUH


([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPRGHODGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGLWV6<1&RXWSXWLVXVHG
WRWULJJHUWKHVFRSHWRSURYLGHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\7KH&RPSDUDWRURQWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOH
WRJHWKHUZLWKD'&YROWDJHIURPWKH1,(/9,6,,9DULDEOH3RZHU6XSSOLHVLVXVHGWRLQYHUW
WKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO

'LJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+
0DVWHU 6HTXHQFH
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU &RPSDUDWRU

&/. ,1
,QYHUWHG
N+] GLJLWDOVLJQDO
&ORFN 7R&+
6<1& 5()

9'&

6<1&
7R75,*

'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ ,QYHUVLRQ


)LJXUH


 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,2VFLOORVFRSH9,

 $GMXVWWKHVFRSHWRYLHZWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGLWVLQYHUWHGFRS\(VVHQWLDOVFRSH
VHWWLQJVLQFOXGH

&+9HUWLFDO3RVLWLRQWR9
7LPHEDVHWRPVGLY
7ULJJHU7\SHWR'LJLWDO

 &RPSDUHWKHVLJQDOV

1RWH<RXVKRXOGKDYHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\RIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDEHLQJPRGHOOHGE\WKH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGDQLQYHUWHGFRS\RILWRQWKH&RPSDUDWRUVRXWSXW



$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ


 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ

3DUW%,PSOHPHQWLQJWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGRI)6.JHQHUDWLRQ
1RZWKDWWKHUHTXLUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOVKDYHEHHQVHWXSWKH\FDQEHXVHGWRFRQWUROWKH
HOHFWURQLFVZLWFKHVWKDWDUHSDUWRIWKHVZLWFKLQJPHWKRGRIJHQHUDWLQJ)6.GHVFULEHGLQWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ

 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,)XQFWLRQ*HQHUDWRU9,

 $GMXVWWKHIXQFWLRQJHQHUDWRUXVLQJLWVVRIWFRQWUROVIRUDQRXWSXWZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ
VSHFLILFDWLRQV

:DYHVKDSH6LQH
)UHTXHQF\N+]
$PSOLWXGH9SS
'&2IIVHW9
0RGXODWLRQ7\SH1RQH

 0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ

1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWWKHGRWWHGOLQHVVKRZOHDGVDOUHDG\LQSODFH


MASTER SEQUENCE FUNCTION UTILITIES
SIGNALS GENERATOR GENERATOR FGEN
COMPARATOR
LINE
REF
CODE TRIG
O 5V TTL
1
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1 O RZ-AMI 10VDC
1 1 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrm s max
IN OUT
100kHz
X
SINE RECTIFIER CH 0
100kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y

100kHz CLK
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF CH 1
SPEECH
8kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2kHz
DIGITAL + RC LPF
GND
2kHz
SINE
GND

DUAL ANALOG
SW ITCH
S/ H

S&H S&H
IN OUT

IN 1

CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2

IN 2 OUT


)LJXUH



([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

7KHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH'XDO
$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOHLPSOHPHQWVWKHHQWLUHVZLWFKLQJSURFHVVQHFHVVDU\IRU)6.JHQHUDWLRQ

0DVWHU
6LJQDOV

N+] ,1

&21

'LJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDO
7R&+
6<1& )6.VLJQDO
7R75,* 7R&+

)XQFWLRQ
*HQHUDWRU
&21

N+] ,1


)LJXUH


 &RPSDUHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLWKWKH)6.VLJQDORQWKH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOHV
RXWSXW

1RWH<RXOOSUREDEO\QHHGWRUHWXUQWKHVFRSHV&KDQQHO9HUWLFDO3RVLWLRQFRQWUROEDFN
WR9


4XHVWLRQ
:KDWVWKHQDPHIRUWKH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOHVRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WKDW
FRUUHVSRQGVZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWD"7LS,I\RXUHQRWVXUHVHHWKHSUHOLPLQDU\
GLVFXVVLRQ



4XHVWLRQ
:KDWVWKHQDPHIRUWKH'XDO$QDORJ6ZLWFKPRGXOHVRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\WKDW
FRUUHVSRQGVZLWKORJLFVLQWKHGLJLWDOGDWD"


 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ

4XHVWLRQ
%DVHGRQ\RXUREVHUYDWLRQVRIWKH)6.VLJQDOZKLFKRIWKHWZRLVWKHKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\"
([SODLQ\RXUDQVZHU





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ



3DUW&$ORRNDWWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI)6.VLJQDOV
:KHQORRNLQJDWWKH)6.VLJQDOLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQLWSUHWW\FOHDUWKDWLWVPDGHXSRIMXVWWZR
VLQHZDYHV2ULVLW"7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXLQYHVWLJDWHWKH)6.VLJQDOLQWKH
IUHTXHQF\GRPDLQE\XVLQJWKH1,(/9,6,,'\QDPLF6LJQDO$QDO\]HU

 6XVSHQGWKHVFRSHVRSHUDWLRQE\FOLFNLQJRQLWV6WRSFRQWURORQFH

1RWH7KHVFRSHVGLVSOD\VKRXOGIUHH]HDQGLWVKDUGZDUHKDVEHHQGHDFWLYDWHG7KLVLVD
QHFHVVDU\VWHSDVWKHVFRSHDQGVLJQDODQDO\]HUVKDUHKDUGZDUHUHVRXUFHVDQGVRWKH\
FDQQRWEHRSHUDWHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\

 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,'\QDPLF6LJQDO$QDO\]HU9,

 $GMXVWWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVFRQWUROVDVIROORZV

 ,QSXW6HWWLQJV 
6RXUFH&KDQQHOWR6&23(&+ 9ROWDJH5DQJHWR9
 
))76HWWLQJV $YHUDJLQJ
)UHTXHQF\6SDQWR 0RGHWR506
5HVROXWLRQWR :HLJKWLQJWR([SRQHQWLDO
:LQGRZ WR7HUP%+DUULV RI$YHUDJHVWR
 
7ULJJHU6HWWLQJV 
7\SHWR'LJLWDO 
 
)UHTXHQF\'LVSOD\ 
8QLWVWRG% &XUVRUV2QER[XQFKHFNHGIRUQRZ
0RGHWR506 
6FDOHWR$XWR 


([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

 $FWLYDWHWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVFXUVRUVE\FKHFNLQJWKDWLVWLFNLQJ&XUVRUV2QER[

1RWH:KHQ\RXGRJUHHQKRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOOLQHVVKRXOGDSSHDURQWKHVLJQDO
DQDO\]HUVIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQGLVSOD\

1RWH,I\RXKDYHXVHGWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVFXUVRUVEHIRUHMXPSWR6WHSRQWKH
QH[WSDJH


7KH1,(/9,6,,'\QDPLF6LJQDO$QDO\]HUKDVWZRFXUVRUV&DQG&WKDWGHIDXOWWRWKHOHIW
PRVWVLGHRIWKHGLVSOD\ZKHQWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,LVODXQFKHG7KH\UHUHSRVLWLRQHGE\
JUDEELQJWKHLUYHUWLFDOOLQHVZLWKWKHPRXVHDQGPRYLQJWKHPRXVHOHIWRUULJKW


 8VHWKHPRXVHWRJUDEDQGPRYHWKHYHUWLFDOOLQHRIFXUVRU&

1RWH$V\RXGRQRWLFHWKDWFXUVRU&PRYHVDORQJWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVWUDFHDQGWKDW
WKHYHUWLFDODQGKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVPRYHVRWKDWWKH\DOZD\VLQWHUVHFWDW&

 5HSHDW6WHSIRUFXUVRU&

1RWH)LQHFRQWURORYHUWKHFXUVRUVSRVLWLRQLVREWDLQHGE\XVLQJWKHFXUVRUV3RVLWLRQ
FRQWUROLQWKH&XUVRU6HWWLQJVDUHDEHORZWKHGLVSOD\


7KH1,(/9,6,,'\QDPLF6LJQDO$QDO\]HULQFOXGHVDWRROWKDWPHDVXUHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQ
PDJQLWXGHDQGIUHTXHQF\EHWZHHQWKHWZRFXUVRUV7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVGLVSOD\HGLQJUHHQ
EHWZHHQWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUSDUWVRIWKHGLVSOD\


 0RYHWKHFXUVRUVZKLOHZDWFKLQJWKHPHDVXUHPHQWUHDGRXWWRREVHUYHWKHHIIHFW

 3RVLWLRQWKHFXUVRUVVRWKDWWKH\UHRQWRSRIHDFKRWKHUDQGQRWHWKHPHDVXUHPHQW

1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIGLIIHUHQFHLQPDJQLWXGHDQGIUHTXHQF\VKRXOG
ERWKEH]HUR


8VHIXOO\ZKHQRQHRIWKHFXUVRUVLVPRYHGWRWKHH[WUHPHOHIWRIWKHGLVSOD\LWVSRVLWLRQRQ
WKH;D[LVLV]HUR7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHFXUVRULVVLWWLQJRQ+],WDOVRPHDQVWKDWWKH
PHDVXUHPHQWUHDGRXWJLYHVDQDEVROXWHYDOXHRIIUHTXHQF\IRUWKHRWKHUFXUVRU7KLVPDNHV
VHQVHZKHQ\RXWKLQNDERXWLWEHFDXVHWKHUHDGRXWJLYHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQIUHTXHQF\EHWZHHQ
WKHWZRFXUVRUVEXWRQHRIWKHPLV]HUR





 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ

 0RYH&WRWKHH[WUHPHOHIWRIWKHGLVSOD\

 8VH&WRLGHQWLI\WKHN+]DQGN+]VLQHZDYHVLQWKH)6.VLJQDO


4XHVWLRQ
1RWLFHWKDWWKHUHVDUHJLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHVLQHZDYHVDQGRQHLWKHUVLGHRIWKHPWKDWLV
UHDVRQDEO\IODWDWDERXWG%RUDWDERXWRQHWHQWKWKHYROWDJHRIWKHVLQHZDYHV
:KDWLVWKLVWHOOLQJ\RXDERXWWKH)6.VLJQDO"




4XHVWLRQ
1RWLFHDOVRWKDWWKHUHDUHKXPSVLQWKHVSHFWUXPDWDERXWN+]LQWHUYDOVVWDUWLQJDW
DERXWN+]:KDWLVWKLVWHOOLQJ\RXDERXWWKH)6.VLJQDO"





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ




)LJXUHLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQLVVRPHZKDWPLVOHDGLQJLQWKDWWKHWUDQVLWLRQEHWZHHQ
WKHVSDFHDQGPDUNIUHTXHQFLHVRFFXUVDWWKH]HURFURVVLQJSRLQWRIWKHWZRVLQHZDYHV
+RZHYHUWKLVLVQRWWKHFDVHZLWKWKH)6.VLJQDOWKDW\RXKDYHJHQHUDWHG,QVWHDGWKHUHDUH
VKDUSWUDQVLWLRQVFDOOHGGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVEHWZHHQWKHWZR7KHVHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVFRQWULEXWHWR
PDNLQJWKHVSHFWUXPRI)6.PXFKPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQRQHPLJKWILUVWH[SHFW

,QYHVWLJDWHWKHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVLQWKH)6.VLJQDOIRU\RXUVHOIE\IROORZLQJWKHQH[WVHWRI
LQVWUXFWLRQV

 &ORVHWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,

 5HVWDUWWKHVFRSHV9,

 6HWWKHVFRSHV7LPHEDVHWRVGLY



([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

 &RPSDUH\RXU)6.VLJQDOZLWKWKH)6.VLJQDOLQ)LJXUHSD\LQJSDUWLFXODUDWWHQWLRQWR
WKHWUDQVLWLRQSRLQWVEHWZHHQWKHVSDFHDQGPDUNIUHTXHQFLHV


4XHVWLRQ
:K\DUHWKHUHVKDUSFKDQJHVLQYROWDJHRQWKH$GGHUPRGXOHVRXWSXWZKHQWKHGLJLWDO
GDWDFKDQJHVVWDWH"7LS/RRNDWWKH)6.VLJQDOFORVHO\DQGWKLQNDERXWZKDWPXVWEH
SUHVHQWRQWKHRVFLOODWRUVRXWSXWDWWKHFURVVRYHUSRLQWV



4XHVWLRQ
5HPRYLQJWKHVKDUSFKDQJHLQYROWDJHDWWKHWUDQVLWLRQSRLQWVEHWZHHQWKHVSDFHDQG
PDUNIUHTXHQFLHVZRXOGUHGXFHWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHVHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVZKLFKZRXOGLQWXUQ
UHGXFHWKHFRPSOH[LW\DQGEDQGZLGWKRIWKH)6.VLJQDO

&DQ\RXWKLQNRIDZD\RIDFKLHYLQJWKLV"7LS7KH)6.VLJQDOVPDUNIUHTXHQF\DOUHDG\
VDWLVILHVSDUWRIWKLVVROXWLRQ





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ


 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ

3DUW''HPRGXODWLQJDQ)6.VLJQDOXVLQJILOWHULQJDQGDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
$V)6.LVUHDOO\MXVW)0ZLWKDGLJLWDOPHVVDJHLQVWHDGRIVSHHFKDQGRUPXVLFLWFDQEH
UHFRYHUHGXVLQJDQ\RIWKH)0GHPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHV+RZHYHUEHFDXVHWKH)6.VLJQDO
VZLWFKHVEDFNDQGIRUWKEHWZHHQMXVWWZRIUHTXHQFLHVZHFDQXVHDPHWKRGRIGHPRGXODWLQJ
LWWKDWFDQQRWEHXVHGWRGHPRGXODWHVSHHFKHQFRGHG)0VLJQDOV7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKH
H[SHULPHQWOHWV\RXGRWKLV

 5HWXUQWKHVFRSHV7LPHEDVHWRPVGLY

 /DXQFKWKH'$7([VRIWIURQWSDQHO6)3DQGFKHFNWKDW\RXKDYHVRIWFRQWURORYHUWKH
'$7([ERDUG

 /RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHRQWKH'$7([6)3DQGWXUQLWVVRIW&XWRII
)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH

 7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHVVRIW*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH

 0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ


MASTER SEQUENCE FUNCTION UTILITIES

SIGNALS GENERATOR GENERATOR FGEN
COMPARATOR
LINE
REF
CODE TRIG
O 5V TTL
1
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1 O RZ-AMI 10VDC
1 1 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrm s max
IN OUT
100kHz
X
SINE RECTIFIER CH 0
100kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y

100kHz CLK
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF CH 1
SPEECH
8kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2kHz
DIGITAL + RC LPF
GND
2kHz
SINE
GND

DUAL ANALOG TUNEABLE

SW ITCH LPF
S/ H

S&H S&H f C x10 0

IN OUT

IN 1

fC
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2

GAIN

IN 2 OUT IN OUT



)LJXUH



([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

7KHDGGLWLRQVWRWKHVHWXSLQ)LJXUHWKDWGHPRGXODWHWKH)6.VLJQDOFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\
WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRSLFNRXW
WKHORZHUIUHTXHQF\RIWKH)6.VLJQDOVWZRVLQHZDYHVDQGWKH',2'(DQG5&/3)RQWKH
8WLOLWLHVPRGXOHIRUPWKHHQYHORSHGHWHFWRUWRFRPSOHWHWKH)6.VLJQDOVGHPRGXODWLRQ



7XQHDEOH 8WLOLWLHV
/RZSDVV)LOWHU PRGXOH

)6. (QYHORSH 'HPRGXODWHG

VLJQDO GHWHFWRU )6.VLJQDO

7R&+


)LJXUH


 6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHVFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH)6.
VLJQDOVKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWKDVEHHQUHPRYHGRUDWOHDVWPLQLPLVHGZKLOH
NHHSLQJDVPXFKRIWKHORZHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWDVSRVVLEOH

 &RPSDUHWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGWKHILOWHUVRXWSXW


4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKH)6.VLJQDOVWZRVLQHZDYHVLVWKHILOWHUOHWWLQJWKURXJK"



4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVWKHILOWHUHG)6.VLJQDOQRZORRNOLNH"





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ





 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ

 &KDQJHWKHVFRSHV&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ



MASTER SEQUENCE FUNCTION UTILITIES
SIGNALS GENERATOR GENERATOR FGEN
COMPARATOR
LINE
REF
CODE TRIG
O 5V TTL
1
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1 O RZ-AMI 10VDC
1 1 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrm s max
IN OUT
100kHz
X
SINE RECTIFIER CH 0
100kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y

100kHz CLK
DIGITAL DIODE & RC LPF CH 1
SPEECH
8kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2kHz
DIGITAL + RC LPF
GND
2kHz
SINE
GND

DUAL ANALOG TUNEABLE

SW ITCH LPF
S/ H

S&H S&H f C x10 0

IN OUT

IN 1

fC
CONTROL 1
CONTROL 2

GAIN

IN 2 OUT IN OUT



)LJXUH


7KHFKDQJHWRWKHVFRSHV&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ
)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH





([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 


)6. (QYHORSH 'HPRGXODWHG

VLJQDO GHWHFWRU )6.VLJQDO
7R&+


)LJXUH


 &RPSDUHWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZLWKWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO


4XHVWLRQ
7KHWZRVLJQDOVDUHQRWDJUHDWOLNHQHVV:K\LVWKHUHFRYHUHGGDWDVLJQDOVRGLVWRUWHG"






$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ












 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW)6.JHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJPHWKRG GHPRGXODWLRQ
 
  
1DPH



&ODVV

3ULQFLSOHVRI*DXVVLDQ)6.*)6.

([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*DXVVLDQ)6.*)6.

3UHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ
)LJXUHEHORZVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIDSRVVLEOH)6.VLJQDO


)6.

I I

)LJXUH


2QWKHIDFHRILWWKH)6.VLJQDOORRNVOLNHLWFRQVLVWVRIMXVWWZRVLQHZDYHVIDQGI7KLV
DOVRVXJJHVWVWKDWLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQWKH)6.VLJQDOORRNVOLNH)LJXUHDEHORZ
+RZHYHUQHLWKHURIWKHVHSURSRVLWLRQVDUHFRUUHFW

:KHQWKHGLJLWDOGDWDFKDQJHVVWDWHWKHDFWRIVZLWFKLQJEHWZHHQIDQGIPDNHVWKH)6.
VLJQDOPXFKPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQVLPSO\FRQVLVWLQJRIMXVWWZRVLQHZDYHV0RUHRYHUWKH)6.
VLJQDOVEDQGZLGWKLVPXFKZLGHUWKDQWKHVLPSOHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQIDQGI3UHGLFWLQJWKH
VSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDQ)6.VLJQDOLVQRVPDOOWDVNDQGLVQRWDWWHPSWHGKHUH+RZHYHUD
VLPSOLILHGYHUVLRQRIDQ)6.VLJQDOVDFWXDOVSHFWUXPLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEEHORZ


V V

f f
I I I I

)LJXUHD     )LJXUHE


$QRYHUDUFKLQJFRQFHUQRISUREDEO\DOOPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVLVWKHPRGXODWHGVLJQDOV
EDQGZLGWK$SSOLFDWLRQVDUHEHLQJGHYHORSHGHYHU\GD\WKDWUHTXLUHDFFHVVWRWKHUDGLR
IUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPEXWLWVDILQLWHUHVRXUFH$VVXFKLWVLPSRUWDQWWRNHHSWKHEDQGZLGWKRI
PRGXODWHGVLJQDOVWRDPLQLPXPZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJWKHDJUHHGTXDOLW\RIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQOLQN
'RLQJVRDOORZVIRUWKHPD[LPXPQXPEHURISRVVLEOHXVHUV



 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.

$YDULDWLRQRI)6.WKDWKDVEHHQGHVLJQHGVSHFLILFDOO\WRUHGXFHWKH)6.VLJQDOVVSHFWUXP
UHTXLUHPHQWVLV*DXVVLDQ)UHTXHQF\6KLIW.H\LQJ*)6.*)6.LVXVHGZLWK%OXHWRRWK
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVDPRQJRWKHUVDQGLVWKHVDPHDV)6.EXWZLWKRQHH[FHSWLRQWKHGLJLWDO
GDWDVLJQDOLVSDVVHGWKURXJKD*DXVVLDQORZSDVVILOWHUSULRUWRPRGXODWLRQ

*DXVVLDQILOWHUVDUHSRSXODUIRUSXOVHVKDSLQJRISXOVHWUDLQVVXFKDVGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOV
EHFDXVHWKH\HOLPLQDWHRYHUVKRRWZKLOHPLQLPLVLQJWKHLQHYLWDEOHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHVLJQDOVULVH
DQGIDOOWLPHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKORZSDVVILOWHULQJ7KLVPDLQWDLQVWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHSXOVH
WUDLQVVKDSHZKLOHPLQLPLVLQJLWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ,QWXUQWKLVUHGXFHVWKHVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH*)6.VLJQDOWKDWWKH*DXVVLDQOLPLWHGGDWDVLJQDOLVXVHGWRJHQHUDWH


7KHH[SHULPHQW
)RUWKLVH[SHULPHQW\RXOOXVHWKH(PRQD'$7([WRJHQHUDWH)6.DQGDPRGHORI*)6.WR
FRPSDUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRVLJQDOVLQERWKWKHWLPHDQGIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQV<RXOO
WKHQGHPRGXODWH*)6.XVLQJDQ)6.GHPRGXODWRUDQGREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWVRQWKH
GHPRGXODWRUVRXWSXW

,WVKRXOGWDNH\RXDERXWPLQXWHVWRFRPSOHWHWKLVH[SHULPHQW


3UHUHTXLVLWHV
([SHULPHQWV 9RO,QWURVWRWKH1,(/9,6,,WKH(PRQD'$7([DQG6)3FRQWURO
([SHULPHQW9RO)UHTXHQF\6KLIW.H\LQJ


(TXLSPHQW

 3HUVRQDOFRPSXWHUZLWKDSSURSULDWHVRIWZDUHLQVWDOOHG

 1,(/9,6,,SOXV86%FDEOHDQGSRZHUSDFN

 (PRQD'$7([H[SHULPHQWDODGGLQPRGXOH

 7KUHH%1&WRPPEDQDQDSOXJOHDGV

 $VVRUWHGPPEDQDQDSOXJSDWFKOHDGV




([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

3URFHGXUH

3DUW$*HQHUDWLQJDFRQYHQWLRQDO)6.VLJQDODQGH[DPLQLQJLWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ
7RDSSUHFLDWHWKHEDQGZLGWKLPSURYHPHQWVRI*)6.LWVXVHIXOWRILUVWFRQVLGHUWKHVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQRIDFRQYHQWLRQDO)6.VLJQDO7KHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWJHWV\RXWRGRWKLV

 (QVXUHWKDWWKH1,(/9,6,,SRZHUVZLWFKDWWKHEDFNRIWKHXQLWLVRII

 &DUHIXOO\SOXJWKH(PRQD'$7([H[SHULPHQWDODGGLQPRGXOHLQWRWKH1,(/9,6,,

 6HWWKH&RQWURO0RGHVZLWFKRQWKH'$7([PRGXOHWRSULJKWFRUQHUWR3&&RQWURO

 &RQQHFWWKH1,(/9,6,,WRWKH3&XVLQJWKH86%FDEOH

1RWH7KLVPD\DOUHDG\KDYHEHHQGRQHIRU\RX

 7XUQRQWKH1,(/9,6,,SRZHUVZLWFKDWWKHUHDURIWKHXQLWWKHQWXUQRQLWV
3URWRW\SLQJ%RDUG3RZHUVZLWFKDWWKHWRSULJKWFRUQHUQHDUWKHSRZHULQGLFDWRU

 7XUQRQWKH3&DQGOHWLWERRWXS

 /DXQFKWKH1,(/9,6P[VRIWZDUH

 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,)XQFWLRQ*HQHUDWRU9,

 $GMXVWWKHIXQFWLRQJHQHUDWRUXVLQJLWVVRIWFRQWUROVIRUDQRXWSXWZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ
VSHFLILFDWLRQV

:DYHVKDSH6LQH
)UHTXHQF\N+]
$PSOLWXGH9SS
'&2IIVHW9
0RGXODWLRQ7\SH)0





 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.

 &RQQHFWWKHVHWXSVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ

1RWH,QVHUWWKHEODFNSOXJVRIWKHRVFLOORVFRSHOHDGVLQWRDJURXQG*1'VRFNHW


MASTER SEQUENCE FUNCTION
SIGNALS GENERATOR GENERATOR FGEN
LINE

O
CODE TRIG
5V TTL
1
OO NRZ-L
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1O RZ-AM I 10VDC
11 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrms max
100kHz
X
SINE CH 0
100kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y

100kHz CLK
DIGITAL
SPEECH CH 1
8kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2kHz
DIGITAL +
GND
2kHz
SINE
GND


)LJXUH


7KLVVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ7KH6HTXHQFH
*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRPRGHODGLJLWDOVLJQDODQGLWV6<1&RXWSXWLVXVHGWRWULJJHUWKH
VFRSHWRSURYLGHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\7KHIXQFWLRQJHQHUDWRUV9&2IDFLOLW\LVXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKH
)6.VLJQDOZLWKDQRPLQDOFDUULHURUUHVWIUHTXHQF\RIN+]


'LJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+
0DVWHU 6HTXHQFH )XQF*HQ
6LJQDOV *HQHUDWRU 9&2

&/.
)6.VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
&ORFN
6<1& N+]UHVW
IUHTXHQF\

6<1&
7R75,*

'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ )6.JHQHUDWLRQ


)LJXUH


([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

 /DXQFKWKH'$7([VRIWIURQWSDQHO6)3DQGFKHFNWKDW\RXKDYHVRIWFRQWURORYHUWKH
'$7([ERDUG

 /RFDWHWKH6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHRQWKH'$7([6)3DQGVHWLWVVRIW',3VZLWFKHV
WR

 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,2VFLOORVFRSH9,

 $GMXVWWKHVFRSHWRYLHZWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDODQGWKH)6.VLJQDO(VVHQWLDOVFRSH
VHWWLQJVLQFOXGH

7LPHEDVHWRVGLY
7ULJJHU7\SHWR'LJLWDO

 &RPSDUHWKHVLJQDOV

1RWH<RXVKRXOGKDYHDVWDEOHGLVSOD\RIWKHGLJLWDOGDWDEHLQJPRGHOOHGE\WKH
6HTXHQFH*HQHUDWRUPRGXOHDQGWKH)6.VLJQDOWKDWLWVEHLQJXVHGWRJHQHUDWH

 8VHWKHVFRSHWRGHWHUPLQHWKH)6.VLJQDOVPDUNIUHTXHQF\5HFRUGWKHPDUNIUHTXHQF\
LQ7DEOHEHORZ

1RWH7KHPDUNIUHTXHQF\LVDOUHDG\EHLQJPHDVXUHGE\WKHVFRSHDQGLVEHLQJUHDGRXW
LQWKHVFRSHPHDVXUHPHQWOLQHIRU&+DWWKHERWWRPRILWVGLVSOD\

 *LYHQWKHIXQFWLRQJHQHUDWRUV9&2LVOLQHDUXVHWKH9&2VUHVWDQGPDUNIUHTXHQFLHVWR
FDOFXODWHWKH)6.VLJQDOVVSDFHIUHTXHQF\5HFRUGWKHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\LQ7DEOHDOVR

7LS7KHVSDFHIUHTXHQF\LVDYDOXHEHORZWKHUHVWIUHTXHQF\



7DEOH
)6.VLJQDOV )6.VLJQDOV
VSDFHIUHTXHQF\ PDUNIUHTXHQF\
 





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ





 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.

 6XVSHQGWKHVFRSHVRSHUDWLRQE\FOLFNLQJRQLWV6WRSFRQWURORQFH

1RWH7KHVFRSHVGLVSOD\VKRXOGIUHH]HDQGLWVKDUGZDUHKDVEHHQGHDFWLYDWHG7KLVLVD
QHFHVVDU\VWHSDVWKHVFRSHDQGVLJQDODQDO\]HUVKDUHKDUGZDUHUHVRXUFHVDQGVRWKH\
FDQQRWEHRSHUDWHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\

 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,'\QDPLF6LJQDO$QDO\]HU9,

 $GMXVWWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVFRQWUROVDVIROORZV

 ,QSXW6HWWLQJV 
6RXUFH&KDQQHOWR6&23(&+ 9ROWDJH5DQJHWR9
 
))76HWWLQJV $YHUDJLQJ
)UHTXHQF\6SDQWR 0RGHWR506
5HVROXWLRQWR :HLJKWLQJWR([SRQHQWLDO
:LQGRZ WR7HUP%+DUULV RI$YHUDJHVWR
 
7ULJJHU6HWWLQJV 
7\SHWR'LJLWDO 
 
)UHTXHQF\'LVSOD\ 
8QLWVWRG% &XUVRUV2QER[XQFKHFNHGIRUQRZ
0RGHWR506 
6FDOHWR$XWR 

 $FWLYDWHWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVFXUVRUVE\FKHFNLQJWKDWLVWLFNLQJ&XUVRUV2QER[

1RWH:KHQ\RXGRJUHHQKRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOOLQHVVKRXOGDSSHDURQWKHVLJQDO
DQDO\]HUVIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQGLVSOD\

1RWH,I\RXKDYHXVHGWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVFXUVRUVEHIRUHMXPSWR6WHSRQWKH
QH[WSDJH


7KH1,(/9,6,,'\QDPLF6LJQDO$QDO\]HUKDVWZRFXUVRUV&DQG&WKDWGHIDXOWWRWKHOHIW
PRVWVLGHRIWKHGLVSOD\ZKHQWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,LVODXQFKHG7KH\UHUHSRVLWLRQHGE\
JUDEELQJWKHLUYHUWLFDOOLQHVZLWKWKHPRXVHDQGPRYLQJWKHPRXVHOHIWRUULJKW


 8VHWKHPRXVHWRJUDEDQGPRYHWKHYHUWLFDOOLQHRIFXUVRU&

1RWH$V\RXGRQRWLFHWKDWFXUVRU&PRYHVDORQJWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVWUDFHDQGWKDW
WKHYHUWLFDODQGKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVPRYHVRWKDWWKH\DOZD\VLQWHUVHFWDW&



([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

 5HSHDW6WHSIRUFXUVRU&

1RWH)LQHFRQWURORYHUWKHFXUVRUVSRVLWLRQLVREWDLQHGE\XVLQJWKHFXUVRUV3RVLWLRQ
FRQWUROLQWKH&XUVRU6HWWLQJVDUHDEHORZWKHGLVSOD\


7KH1,(/9,6,,'\QDPLF6LJQDO$QDO\]HULQFOXGHVDWRROWKDWPHDVXUHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQ
PDJQLWXGHDQGIUHTXHQF\EHWZHHQWKHWZRFXUVRUV7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVGLVSOD\HGLQJUHHQ
EHWZHHQWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUSDUWVRIWKHGLVSOD\


 0RYHWKHFXUVRUVZKLOHZDWFKLQJWKHPHDVXUHPHQWUHDGRXWWRREVHUYHWKHHIIHFW

 3RVLWLRQWKHFXUVRUVVRWKDWWKH\UHRQWRSRIHDFKRWKHUDQGQRWHWKHPHDVXUHPHQW

1RWH:KHQ\RXGRWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIGLIIHUHQFHLQPDJQLWXGHDQGIUHTXHQF\VKRXOG
ERWKEH]HUR


8VHIXOO\ZKHQRQHRIWKHFXUVRUVLVPRYHGWRWKHH[WUHPHOHIWRIWKHGLVSOD\LWVSRVLWLRQRQ
WKH;D[LVLV]HUR7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHFXUVRULVVLWWLQJRQ+],WDOVRPHDQVWKDWWKH
PHDVXUHPHQWUHDGRXWJLYHVDQDEVROXWHYDOXHRIIUHTXHQF\IRUWKHRWKHUFXUVRU7KLVPDNHV
VHQVHZKHQ\RXWKLQNDERXWLWEHFDXVHWKHUHDGRXWJLYHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQIUHTXHQF\EHWZHHQ
WKHWZRFXUVRUVEXWRQHRIWKHPLV]HUR


 0RYH&WRWKHH[WUHPHOHIWRIWKHGLVSOD\

 8VH&WRORFDWHWKHVLQHZDYHVDWWKHPDUNDQGVSDFHIUHTXHQFLHVWKDW\RXSUHGLFWHG
IRU6WHSVDQG


4XHVWLRQ
1RWLFHWKDWWKH)6.VLJQDOVVSHFWUXPPRUHFORVHO\UHVHPEOHV)LJXUHEWKDQDLQWKH
SUHOLPLQDU\GLVFXVVLRQ:KDWLVWKLVWHOOLQJ\RXDERXWWKH)6.VLJQDO"





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ


 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.


'HWHUPLQLQJWKHWKHRUHWLFDOEDQGZLGWKRI)0)6.VLJQDOVLVQRVPDOOWDVN1HLWKHULVLWD
VLPSOHPDWWHUWRGRVRZKHQYLHZLQJWKHVLJQDOLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ7RDSSUHFLDWHWKLV
SRLQWIROORZWKHQH[WFRXSOHRIVWHSV


 6HWWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV)UHTXHQF\6SDQWRN+]DQGJLYHWKHGLVSOD\DIHZVHFRQGVWR
XSGDWH

 5HSHDWWKHVWHSDERYHIRUIUHTXHQF\VSDQVRIN+]WKHQN+]


7RDYRLGWKHFRPSOH[LVVXHRIGHWHUPLQHWKHH[DFWEDQGZLGWKRI)0)6.VLJQDOVZHOOUHVWULFW
RXUVHOYHVWRDTXDOLWDWLYHVSHFWUXPFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ)6.DQG*)6.




$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ




3DUW%*HQHUDWLQJD*)6.VLJQDODQGFRPSDULQJLWVVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQWRWKDWRI)6.
5HFDOOWKDW*)6.LVEDVLFDOO\)6.JHQHUDWHGXVLQJDEDQGOLPLWHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO7UXH
*)6.EDQGOLPLWVWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOXVLQJD*DXVVLDQORZSDVVILOWHU7KLVW\SHRIILOWHULV
WKHRSWLPDOW\SHRIORZSDVVILOWHUWRXVHDVLWPLQLPLVHVWKHVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJWKHLQWHJULW\RILWVVKDSH+RZHYHUD*DXVVLDQILOWHULVQRW
DYDLODEOHRQWKH(PRQD'$7([7KDWEHLQJWKHFDVHWKHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQWEDQG
OLPLWVWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOXVLQJWKH%DVHEDQG/3)RQWKH&KDQQHOPRGXOH7KLVLVVXIILFLHQW
IRURXUSXUSRVHVKHUH

 5HWXUQWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV)UHTXHQF\6SDQWRN+]

 6XVSHQGWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,

1RWH2QFHWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,KDVEHHQVXVSHQGHGWKHLPDJHRQWKHGLVSOD\LV
IUR]HQ,PSRUWDQWO\LWVDIUR]HQLPDJHRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQDO)6.VLJQDOVVSHFWUDO
FRPSRVLWLRQ



([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

 0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ

1RWH5HPHPEHUWKDWWKHGRWWHGOLQHVVKRZOHDGVDOUHDG\LQSODFH



MASTER SEQUENCE CHANNEL FUNCTION

SIGNALS GENERATOR MODULE GENERATOR FGEN
LINE
CODE TRIG
O 5V TTL
1 CHANNEL
OO NRZ-L BPF
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1 O RZ-AM I 10VDC
1 1 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrms max
BASEBAND
100 kHz LPF
SINE X CH 0
100 kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y
ADDER
100 kHz CLK
DIGITAL CH 1
SPEECH NOISE
8kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2kHz
DIGITAL +
GND SIGNAL CHANNEL
2kHz OUT
SINE
GND



)LJXUH


7KHPRGLILFDWLRQWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHEHORZ
1RWLFHWKDWWKH&KDQQHOPRGXOHV%DVHEDQG/3)LVXVHGWREDQGOLPLWWKHGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOWR
FUHDWHDPRGHORID*)6.VLJQDO



'LJLWDOVLJQDO
7R&+

%DVHEDQG/3) 9&2

&/.
*)6.VLJQDO
N+] 7R&+
&ORFN
6<1& N+]UHVW
IUHTXHQF\

6<1&
7R75,*

'LJLWDOVLJQDOPRGHOOLQJ *)6.PRGHOOLQJ


)LJXUH



 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.

 %ULQJWKHVFRSHV9,ZLQGRZWRWKHIURQWRI3&VPRQLWRUEXWGRQWUHVWDUWLW\HW

1RWH7KHVFRSH9,VGLVSOD\LVIUR]HQZLWKWKHLPDJHRIWKH)6.VLJQDOJHQHUDWHG
HDUOLHU

 5HVWDUWWKHVFRSHV9,WRYLHZWKH*)6.VLJQDODQGSD\FORVHDWWHQWLRQWRDQ\FKDQJHLQ
WKHGLVSOD\WKDWRFFXUV


4XHVWLRQ
,VWKHUHDGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHWLPHGRPDLQEHWZHHQWKH)6.VLJQDOJHQHUDWHGHDUOLHUDQG
WKH*)6.VLJQDOSUHVHQWO\EHLQJPRGHOOHG"





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ




 6XVSHQGWKHVFRSH9,VRSHUDWLRQ

 %ULQJWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,ZLQGRZWRWKHIURQWRIWKH3&VPRQLWRUEXWGRQWUHVWDUW
LW\HW

1RWH5HFDOOWKDWWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUVGLVSOD\LVIUR]HQZLWKWKHLPDJHRIWKH)6.
VLJQDOVVSHFWUXP

 5HVWDUWWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,WRYLHZWKH*)6.VLJQDOLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQDQGSD\
FORVHDWWHQWLRQWRDQ\FKDQJHLQWKHGLVSOD\

 7RVHHDQ\FKDQJHLQVSHFWUXPEHWZHHQWKHWZRVLJQDOVDJDLQVXVSHQGWKHVLJQDO
DQDO\]HUV9,GLVFRQQHFWWKHSDWFKOHDGRQWKH%DVHEDQG/3)VRXWSXWDQGFRQQHFWLWWR
LWVLQSXWHIIHFWLYHO\UHPRYLQJWKHILOWHUWKHQUHVWDUWWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,7KHQ
UHSHDWWKLVSURFHGXUHUHWXUQLQJWKHSDWFKOHDGWRWKH%DVHEDQG/3)VRXWSXW



([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

4XHVWLRQ
,VWKHUHDGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQEHWZHHQWKH)6.VLJQDOJHQHUDWHGHDUOLHU
DQGWKH*)6.VLJQDOSUHVHQWO\EHLQJPRGHOOHG",IVRLQZKDWZD\"





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ




3DUW&7KHHIIHFWVRIEDQGOLPLWLQJWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDRQWKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDO
GDWD
*)6.GRHVQWDSSHDUWRFKDQJHWKH)6.VLJQDOVLJQLILFDQWO\LQWKHWLPHGRPDLQEXWDVL]HDEOH
FKXQNRIWKHVSHFWUXPLVUHPRYHG6RZKDWLVWKHLPSDFWRIWKLVLIDQ\RQWKHRXWSXWRIDQ
)6.GHPRGXODWRU"7RGLVFRYHUWKHDQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQWKHQH[WSDUWRIWKHH[SHULPHQW
JHWV\RXWRLPSOHPHQWWKH)6.GHPRGXODWRULQWURGXFHGLQDQRWKHU'$7([H[SHULPHQWWKH
HQYHORSHGHWHFWRUZLWKSUHILOWHULQJ

 &ORVHWKHVLJQDODQDO\]HUV9,

 5HVWDUWWKHVFRSHV9,

 /DXQFKDQGUXQWKH1,(/9,6,,9DULDEOH3RZHU6XSSOLHV

 6HWWKH9DULDEOH3RZHU6XSSOLHVSRVLWLYHRXWSXWWR9

 /RFDWHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHRQWKH'$7([6)3DQGWXUQLWVVRIW&XWRII
)UHTXHQF\$GMXVWFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH

 7XUQWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHVVRIW*DLQFRQWUROIXOO\FORFNZLVH



 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.

 0RGLI\WKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ



MASTER SEQUENCE CHANNEL FUNCTION

SIGNALS GENERATOR MODULE GENERATOR FGEN
LINE

O
CODE TRIG
5V TTL
1 CHANNEL
OO NRZ-L BPF
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1 O RZ-AMI 10VDC
1 1 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrms max
BASEBAND
100 kHz LPF
SINE X CH 0
100 kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y
ADDER
100 kHz CLK
DIGITAL
SPEECH NOISE
CH 1
8kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2kHz
DIGITAL +
GND SIGNAL CHANNEL
2kHz OUT
SINE
GND

TUNEABLE UTILITIES
LPF
COMPARATOR
REF

f C x10 0

IN OUT
RECTIFIER

fC

DIODE & RC LPF

GAIN RC LPF

IN OUT




)LJXUH


7KH)6.GHPRGXODWRUWKDW\RXYHMXVWDGGHGWRWKHVHWXSFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFN
GLDJUDPLQ)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH7KH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHLVXVHGWRSLFNRXW
WKHORZHURIWKH*)6.VLJQDOVWZRVLQHZDYHVHIIHFWLYHO\WXUQLQJWKHVLJQDOLQWR$6.7KH
',2'( 5&/3)WRJHWKHUZLWKWKH5&/3)RQWKH8WLOLWLHVPRGXOHIRUPDQHQYHORSHGHWHFWRU
WRUHFRYHUWKHRULJLQDOGDWD+RZHYHUDV)6.*)6.PRGXODWLRQDGGVRWKHUVLQHZDYHVWRWKH
VLJQDOWKHVHDUHGHPRGXODWHGDORQJZLWKWKHVLQHZDYHVWKDWPDNHXSDFRS\RIWKHRULJLQDO
GLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHUHFRYHUHGGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOQHHGVFOHDQLQJXSDQGD
FRPSDUDWRULVXVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH




([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 

7XQHDEOH 8WLOLWLHV
/RZSDVV)LOWHU PRGXOH &RPSDUDWRU

*)6. (QYHORSH 'HPRGXODWHG

VLJQDO GHWHFWRU *)6.VLJQDO

5()

7R&+
9DULDEOH
3RZHU6XSSOLHV


)LJXUH


)RUWKLVW\SHRI)6.*)6.GHPRGXODWLRQWRZRUNWKHFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\RIWKHORZSDVVILOWHU
DWWKHIURQWHQGRIWKHDUUDQJHPHQWPXVWEHDGMXVWHGWRILOWHURXWWKHKLJKHURIWKH*)6.
VLJQDOVWZRVLQHZDYHV7KHQH[WVWHSVJHW\RXWRGRWKLVEHIRUHORRNLQJDWWKHUHFRYHUHG
GDWD


 6ORZO\UHGXFHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHVFXWRIIIUHTXHQF\XQWLOWKH*)6.
VLJQDOVKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWKDVEHHQUHPRYHGZKLOHNHHSLQJDVPXFKRIWKH
ORZHUIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQWDVSRVVLEOH


4XHVWLRQ
:KLFKRIWKH*)6.VLJQDOVWZRVLQHZDYHVLVWKHILOWHUOHWWLQJWKURXJK"



4XHVWLRQ
:KDWGRHVWKHILOWHUHG*)6.VLJQDOQRZORRNOLNH"





$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJ





 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.

 &KDQJHWKHVFRSHV&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHVHWXSDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEHORZ



MASTER SEQUENCE CHANNEL FUNCTION
SIGNALS GENERATOR MODULE GENERATOR FGEN
LINE
CODE TRIG
O 5V TTL
1 CHANNEL
OO NRZ-L BPF
O1 Bi-O
SYNC SCOPE
1O RZ-AMI 10VDC
11 NRZ-M ANALOG I/ O 7Vrms max
BASEBAND
10 0kHz LPF
SINE X CH 0
10 0kHz ACH1 DAC1
COS Y
ADDER
10 0kHz CLK
DIGITAL CH 1
SPEECH NOISE
8 kHz ACH0 DAC0
DIGITAL VARIABLE DC
2 kHz
DIGITAL +
GND SIGNAL CHANNEL
2 kHz OUT
SINE
GND

TUNEABLE UTILITIES
LPF
COMPARATOR
REF

f C x10 0

IN OUT
RECTIFIER

fC

DIODE & RC LPF

GAIN RC LPF

IN OUT



)LJXUH


7KHFKDQJHWRWKHVFRSHV&KDQQHOFRQQHFWLRQFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHEORFNGLDJUDPLQ
)LJXUHRQWKHQH[WSDJH




([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.(PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV 


7XQHDEOH 8WLOLWLHV
/RZSDVV)LOWHU PRGXOH &RPSDUDWRU

*)6. (QYHORSH 'HPRGXODWHG

VLJQDO GHWHFWRU *)6.VLJQDO
7R&+
5()

9DULDEOH
3RZHU6XSSOLHV



)LJXUH


 6HWWKHVFRSHV7LPHEDVHWRPVGLY

 &RPSDUHWKHWZRGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDOV,IWKH\UHQRWWKHVDPHDGMXVWWKH9DULDEOH3RZHU
6XSSOLHVSRVLWLYHRXWSXWVRIW9ROWDJHFRQWUROXQWLOWKH\DUHLJQRULQJDQ\SKDVHVKLIW

1RWH7KLVZLOOUHTXLUHILQHDGMXVWPHQWRIWKHUHIHUHQFHYROWDJHFORVHWR]HURYROWV<RX
PD\DOVROLNHWRILQHWXQHWKH7XQHDEOH/RZSDVV)LOWHUPRGXOHWRREWDLQWKHPRVW
GLVWLQFWLYHVLJQDOWRFRQYHUWWRGLJLWDO


4XHVWLRQ
+RZLVLWSRVVLEOHWRUHPRYHDODUJHSDUWRIDQ)6.VLJQDOVVSHFWUXPWRWXUQLWLQWR
*)6.\HWVWLOOEHDEOHWRUHFRYHUWKHRULJLQDOGLJLWDOGDWDVLJQDO"




$VNWKHLQVWUXFWRUWRFKHFN
\RXUZRUNEHIRUHILQLVKLQJ






 (PRQD,QVWUXPHQWV([SHULPHQW3ULQFLSOHVRI*)6.