An Independent Technical
Report on the Material Assets
of Katanga Mining Limited,
Katanga Province, Democratic
Republic of Congo
Submitted to:
Katanga Mining Limited
Suite 300
204 Black Street
Whitehorse Y1A 2M9
Yukon Territory
Canada
Eng), GSSA
To:
Ontario Securities Commission, as Principal Regulator
British Columbia Securities Commission
Alberta Securities Commission
Saskatchewan Financial Services Commission Securities Division
The Manitoba Securities Commission
Autorit des Marchs Financiers
Nova Scotia Securities Commission
Prince Edward Island, Office of the Attorney General Securities Division
New Brunswick, Securities Administration Branch
Securities Commission of Newfoundland and Labrador
Yukon, Registrar of Securities
Northwest Territories, Registrar of Securities
Nunavut, Registrar of Securities
The Toronto Stock Exchange
Katanga Mining Limited
I, Willem van der Schyff, PriSciNat, (Registration Number 400176/05), am a qualified person (as such term is defined under National
Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects ( NI 43-101 )) responsible for preparing or supervising the preparation
of the entire technical report entitled An Independent Technical Report on the Material Assets of Katanga Mining Limited, Katanga
Province, Democratic Republic of Congo dated March 30, 2012 (the Technical Report ) prepared for Katanga Mining Limited (the
Corporation ).
Pursuant to section 8.3 of NI 43-101, I hereby consent to the Corporation's public filing of the Technical Report and extracts from or
summaries of the Technical Report, including extracts from or summaries of the Technical Report contained in the Corporation's Annual
Information Form dated March 30, 2012 (the Annual Information Form).
I confirm that I have read the Annual Information Form and that it fairly and accurately represents the information contained in the
Technical Report that supports the disclosure.
Golder Associates: Operations in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America
Reg. No. 2002/007104/07 Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling
Golder, Golder Associates and the GA globe design are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation.
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Table of Contents
1.0 SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.4.1 Geology................................................................................................................................................. 16
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15.4 Kamoto Underground Life of Mine Plan - Previous Technical Study .......................................................... 67
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15.4.5 Long Hole Retreat Stoping General Layout Previous Technical Studies ........................................... 70
15.4.6 Cut-and-Fill Mining Methods and Variations Previous Technical Studies .......................................... 70
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16.1.2.1 Dilution............................................................................................................................................... 91
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20.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL COMMUNITY IMPACT .......................................... 128
20.1.4 The World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines...................................... 130
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TABLES
Table 1: Mining Assets ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Table 20: Statistical Analysis of KOV Open Pit; Kamoto East ........................................................................................... 40
Table 24: KTO Mine except Etang North: Omni-directional Variography Parameters ....................................................... 43
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Table 27: KOV Open Pit: Omni-directional Variography Parameters for Virgule ............................................................... 44
Table 28: KOV Open Pit: Omni-directional Variography Parameters for Oliviera .............................................................. 44
Table 29: Mashamba East Open Pit: Omni-directional Variography Parameters .............................................................. 44
Table 30: Tilwezembe Open Pit: Variogram Parameters for Manganiferous Dolomites .................................................... 44
Table 31: Tilwezembe Open Pit: Variogram Parameters for Breccia ................................................................................ 45
Table 32: Tilwezembe Open Pit: Variogram Parameters for Tillites and Argillites............................................................. 45
Table 33: Kananga Mine: Variogram Parameters for Upper Orebody ............................................................................... 45
Table 38: T-17 Open Pit: Density Determinations on Various Lithologies ......................................................................... 47
Table 40: Mashamba East Open Pit: Density Determinations on Various Lithologies ...................................................... 48
Table 42: Tilwezembe Open Pit: Density Determinations on Various Lithologies ............................................................. 49
Table 46: Summary of 2010 drill data for Kamoto East ..................................................................................................... 53
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Table 61: KTO Mine: Modifying factors for the PPCF Method........................................................................................... 87
Table 80: Global refined copper market balance (Source: USGS 2006-2009, ICSG 2010-2012) ................................... 125
Table 84: Summary of relevant Environmental and Social DRC legislation relating to KCC ........................................... 128
Table 90: KCC cash flow for 2012 to 2021 ...................................................................................................................... 140
Table 91: KCC cash flow for 2022 to 2030 and LOM total .............................................................................................. 141
Table 94: Royalty, tax and import duty assumptions ....................................................................................................... 142
Table 95: Sensitivity of the value of KMLs interest in KCC to changes in metal prices .................................................. 143
Table 96: Sensitivity of the value of KMLs interest in KCC to changes in operating costs ............................................. 143
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Table 97: Sensitivity of the value of KMLs interest in KCC to changes in capital expenditure........................................ 143
FIGURES
Figure 1: Property Boundaries of KCC's Exploitation Permits ........................................................................................... 29
Figure 6: Oblique view of Mashamba East Resource Model and Planned Pit Layout ....................................................... 34
Figure 8: Oblique view of Tilwezembe Pit with Resource Model and Pit Layout ............................................................... 35
Figure 12: General configuration of mining areas at Kamoto underground mine .............................................................. 67
Figure 20: T-17 current pit, showing open pit extensions and underground access.......................................................... 77
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Figure 32: T-17 extension with crusher protection and road and river diversions ............................................................. 94
Figure 34: T-17 current pit survey showing section line A-A ............................................................................................. 95
Figure 35: Section line A-A of the T-17 pit extension relative to the 2011 T-17 pit survey ................................................ 96
Figure 36: T-17 extension tonnage and copper grade profile ............................................................................................ 97
Figure 37: T-17 ore type profile excluding T-17 extension ................................................................................................ 97
Figure 41: KOV pit design relative to the end of 2011 pit survey..................................................................................... 101
Figure 42: Section B-B through KOV indicating the ultimate pit versus the current pit .................................................... 101
Figure 46: KOV ultimate pit with mined out area and pit block designs........................................................................... 104
Figure 47: Isometric view showing mined out and adjusted pit designs .......................................................................... 104
Figure 53: Life of Mine plan ROM ore profile for the combined KCC operation............................................................... 111
Figure 54: LOM Plan waste profile for the combined KCC operation .............................................................................. 111
Figure 55: LOM recovered copper profile for the combined KCC operation .................................................................... 112
Figure 56: LOM Plan recovered cobalt profile for the combined KCC operation ............................................................. 112
Figure 57: KCC Filtration, Bagging and Storage Plant .................................................................................................... 116
Figure 58: The Kamoto Concentrator Phase 4 Block Flow Diagram ............................................................................... 118
Figure 59: Earthworks underway for the construction of the SX Plant ............................................................................ 122
Figure 61: The Luilu Phase 4 Block Flow Diagram ......................................................................................................... 124
Figure 62: The London Metal Exchange copper price from January 2007 to date (Source: LME) .................................. 126
Figure 63: The London Metal Exchange cobalt price from April 2010 to date (Source: LME) ......................................... 127
Figure 65: Sensitivity of the value of KMLs holding in KCC to changes in key variables ................................................ 144
Figure 66: Map of Infrastructure on perimeters of the convention AJVA - KCC .............................................................. 152
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Document Limitations
APPENDIX B
Abbreviations and Glossary of Terms
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1.0 SUMMARY
1.1 Introduction
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd (GAA) was commissioned by Katanga Mining Limited (KML) to prepare
this Independent Technical Report (ITR), which complies with the Canadian Securities Administrators'
National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101), in respect of the
Material Assets (as defined below) owned and operated by KML.
These deposits are hosted mainly by metasedimentary rocks of the late proterozoic Katangan system, a 7km
thick succession of sediments with minor Volcanics, Volcanoclastics and intrusive rocks. Geochronological
data indicates an age of deposition of the Katangan sediments of about 880 million years and deformation
during the Katangan orogeny at less than 650 million years. This deformation resulted in the NS-SE trending
Lufilian Arc, which extends from Namibia on the west coast of Africa through to Zambia, lying to the south of
the DRC. Within the DRC, the zone of deformation extends for more than 300 km from Kolwezi in the north-
west to Lubumbashi in the south-east.
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Stratigraphically, the rich copper and cobalt deposits found in Zambia and the DRC are localized in the Roan
Supergroup (the Roan). The Roan occurs at the base of the Katanga succession, unconformably overlying
the basement rock of Kibaran age (mid-proterozic). The Roan is separated from the overlying rocks of the
Kundelungu and Nguba Supergroups by a conglomerate, the Grand Conglomerate. The Nguba (previously
known as the Lower Kundelungu) is composed of sandstones and shales with a basal conglomerate, while
the Kundelungu consists essentially of sediments and is separated from the Nguba by a conglomerate, the
(French) petit conglomerat.
Within the Lufilian Arc are large-scale E-W to NW-SE trending folds with wavelengths extending for
kilometres. The folds are faulted along the crests of the anticlines through which rocks of the Roan have
been diapirically injected into the fault zones, squeezed up fault planes and over-thrust to lie above rocks of
the younger Kundelungu. The over-thrust Roan lithologies occur as segments or fragments on surface. The
fragments are intact units that preserve the original geological succession within each. A fragment could be
hundreds of metres and aligned across the fault plane.
In the Katangan Copperbelt, mining for copper and cobalt occurs in these outcropping to sub-outcropping
fragments.
1.4.2 Mineralisation
Primary mineralisation, in the form of sulphides, within the Lower Roan is associated with the D Strat and
RSF for the OBI and the SDB and SDS for the OBS and is thought to be syn-sedimentary in origin. Typical
primary copper sulphide minerals are bornite, chalcopyrite, chalcosite and occasional native copper while
cobalt is in the form of carrolite. The mineralization occurs as disseminations or in association with
hydrothermal carbonate alteration and silicification.
Supergene mineralization is generally associated with the levels of oxidation in the sub-surface sometimes
deeper than 100m below the surface. The most common secondary supergene minerals for copper and
cobalt are malachite and heterogenite. Malachite is the main mineral mined within the confines of the current
KOV Open Pit.
The RSC, a lithological unit stratigraphically intermediate between the upper and lower ore body host rocks,
contains relatively less copper mineralization. The RSC contains appreciable copper mineralization near the
contacts with the overlying SDB formation and the underlying RSF formations. The middle portion of the
RSC, considered to be sterile by GCM, normally contains relatively less copper mineralization and is
sometimes not sampled. The mineral potential of the RSC is less well known than that of other formations.
The RSC has been observed to be well mineralized in supergene cobalt hydroxide, heterogenite, which
occurs as vug infillings, especially near the surface.
The mineralization at Tilwezembe Open Pit is atypical, being hosted by the Mwashya or R4 formation. The
mineralization generally occurs as infilling of fissures and open fractures associated with the brecciation. The
typical mineralization consists mainly of copper minerals (chalcopyrite, malachite and pseudomalachite),
cobalt minerals (heterogenite, carrolite and spherocobaltite) and manganese (Mn) minerals (psilomelane and
magnetite).
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KTC Operating
Luilu Refinery Operating
3) Mineral resources are not ore reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability.
4) The mineral resource estimates are for KCC's entire interest, whereas the Company owns 75% of KCC.
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3) Mineral resources are not ore reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability.
4) The mineral resource estimates are for KCC's entire interest, whereas the Company owns 75% of KCC.
There are no changes in the mineral resources reported for Mashamba East Open Pit, Kananga Mine and
Tilwezembe Open Pit.
Overall, the mineral resources for Kamoto Copper Company (KCC) (in which the Company has a 75%
interest) decreased by 9.9 million tonnes (2% of total mineral resources), while the TCu grade
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increased by 2% due to the increase in copper grade, which exists below the current pit floor in the T-17
Open Pit.
The material changes (more than 5% difference) in the mineral resources for KTO, T-17 Open Pit and
KOV Open Pit are: a total increase of 5% in the measured mineral resource of KTO is based on the
depletion of the resource due to mining (1.4 million tonnes) in 2011, an increase in the resource of 2.9
million tonnes due to the development of a new resource model for Etang North, which is based on new
exploration data and updated density information, with subsequent movement of resources from
Indicated mineral resources to measured mineral resources (increased confidence in the resource
estimate) and a slight increase in the total tonnage due to a change in interpretation;
A decrease of 8% (2.8 million tonnes) in the indicated mineral resources of KTO is based on the
movement of resources from indicated to measured mineral resources (increase in confidence in the
resource estimate) based on the new interpretation;
The increase in measured mineral resources of 4.5 million tonnes for the T-17 Open Pit and 3.9 million
tonnes for the KOV Open Pit, respectively, is due to increased confidence in the resource estimate
based on recent exploration results, updated density information and new resource models based on
new interpretations that are based on new drilling information; and
The RSC lithological component of the T-17 Open Pit below planned pit-bottom (8.9 million tonnes) was
excluded from the resource statement to conform to the reporting of the mineral resources of KTO,
where the RSC lithological component is excluded due to mining method limitations in the underground
mines. All of these mineral resources are in the inferred category.
The current plan for KTO is to ramp yearly production up to 2.2 million tonnes of sulphide ore, to coincide
with the completion of the Phase 4 processing plant expansion. Dilutions and mining over breaks applied
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vary from 4% to 13% and mining extractions vary from 3% 5% inclusive of geological losses. The run-of-
mine (ROM) head grade remains relatively constant at an average of 3.85% Cu over the life of 36.2 million
tonnes ROM.
Two underground mines are planned for a production ramp up from 2018 onwards to replace and/or
supplement production from the open pit operations. Conceptual work has been completed on T-17
underground and Kamoto East underground projects. These projects are planned on a total of 14.4 and
14.6 million tonnes ROM respectively at diluted grades of 3.63%Cu and 4.44%Cu.
T-17 Open Pit is approaching depletion and surface mining will conclude within the current open pit
economic boundaries during 2012.
The KOV Open Pit delivers a ROM head grade of 4.33%Cu for a total of 83.8 million tonnes of ROM ore up
to 2030. Ore production from the KOV Open Pit is primarily oxide material at 78% on average. The ore
reserve is estimated at 55.1 million tonnes at 4.74%Cu, classified as probable ore reserves. KOV Open Pit
is the major operational source of copper based on the current LOM plan.
For Mashamba East open pit, a total ROM production of 12.8 million tonnes at 2.72%Cu is planned at a
production rate of up to 1.5 million tonnes per year. The pit would produce only oxide ore and the probable
ore reserve is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes at 3.00%Cu.
KCC currently has an operational plan up to 2030 to mine a total of 169 million tonnes of copper ore, at an
average copper grade of 3.90%Cu. The ore reserve estimate is 96.0 million tonnes at an average grade of
4.21%Cu.
Inclusion of the ore reserve up to 2014 at T-17 underground due to additional technical and design
studies conducted during 2011; and
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2) The ore reserve estimates are for KCC's entire interest in such ore reserves, whereas the Company owns 75%
of KCC.
3) Numbers may not add due to rounding.
The ore reserves at KTO are qualified up to 2014. Appropriate technical design and scheduling study is
required in the next 18 months to enable an ore reserve estimate from 2014 due to the material and strategic
mine planning changes envisaged. The impact of these changes on the LOM Plan, mining infrastructure
requirements and mining operational costs requires appropriate technical study.
Exploration drilling continued in KTO, T-17 Open Pit and KOV Open Pit;
Re-interpretation of the geology of Etang North orebody in KTO, T-17 orebody and the orebodies in
KOV;
Milling capacity at KTC was increased to 7.68 million tonnes of ore per year; and
Luilu Refinery production capacity was increased to 150,000 tonnes of copper per annum due to the
plant upgrade programme. Phase 3 was completed during the second quarter of 2011 and the New
Phase 4 (inclusive of Phase 5) commenced during the fourth quarter of 2011.
Table 7: Plant and Processing Developments
Increase in Increase in Increase in Increase in
Old Cu Co New Cu Co
Completion Completion
Phase Capacity kt Capacity kt Phase Capacity kt Capacity kt
per annum per annum per annum per annum
Refurbishment of existing facilities
1 2007 35 2 1 2007 35 2
2 2009 35 2 2 2009 35 2
3 2011 80 4 3 2011 80 4
Subtotal 150 8 150 8
Phase 4
22.0 (as
4 2013 120 Cobalt
Hydroxide)
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1.9 Recommendations
The Qualified Person recommends the following actions be taken in respect of the Material Assets:
Further exploration of the operations which have underground mine potential such as the T-17
underground and KTE should be continued;
Dewatering strategy needs to be implemented particularly for open pits such as Mashamba East;
Plant and processing improvements and construction of new infrastructure such as the Solvent
Extraction Plant and Electro-Winning Plant in terms of phase 4 need to be completed;
The capacity of the existing KTC tailings facility needs to be increased and the new tailings strategy
needs to be implemented i.e. the use of a lime treatment plant to treat tailings prior to deposition and
the authorisation and use of the Mupine Pit as a super tailings facility needs to be operationalised;
New deposition sites should be investigated since the existing tailings and waste facilities will require
expansion in the future.
7.5% 6,921
12.5% 5,078
Because KCC is an existing operation and not a start-up, the internal rate of return and payback period are
not meaningful calculations.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
This ITR has been compiled for KML by GAA staff and other sub-consultants.
This ITR has been prepared to provide an insight into any material changes in the scientific and technical
information concerning the Material Assets.
This ITR was prepared in compliance with the standards set out in the Canadian Securities Administrators
NI 43-101, Companion Policy 43-101 CP and Form 43-101F1 and in conformity with the JORC Code of the
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and the Minerals Council
of Australia.
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van der Schyff who is a Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101. Mr. van der Schyff retains responsibility
for his contribution described above.
Mr. van der Schyff has been a consultant with GAA for 7 years, prior to which he worked at a major mining
house as a resource geologist.
This ITR is intended to update the 2011 Technical Report to reflect the following changes:
Phases 4 and 5 of the SX/EW refinery modular project are to be replaced by a New Phase 4 consisting
of the conversion of the existing Luilu Copper Electro- Refinery to an EW plant fed by a new SX plant.
This has resulted in $229 million of capital expenditure savings;
Restatement of the mineral resources to reflect the updated resource model of KTO, T-17 and KOV;
Update of the Life of Mine (LOM) plan, including confirmation of the intention to mine KTE from
underground and to exploit additional T-17 mineral resources through underground mining techniques;
and
Restatement of ore reserves to reflect the change in mining strategy with the exclusion of the KTE
mineral resources from ore reserves pending finalization of the mine plan.
Unless otherwise stated, all units of measurements in this ITR are metric; all costs are expressed in United
States dollars ($); and the payable metals, copper and cobalt, are priced in $ per pound ($/lb). A detailed
glossary of terms used in this ITR is attached as APPENDIX B.
The rehabilitation and expansion of the plant and facilities have been broken down into phases (each a
Phase). Where these Phases have changed from the previous Technical Report, they are referred to as a
new phase (New Phase). Phases 1, 2 and 3 and New Phase 4 are detailed in Table 7: Plant and Processing
Developments.
In the preparation of this ITR, the Qualified Person has relied on the technical contributions by GAA sub-
consultants, SNC Lavalin (Robin Gardiner) in respect of sections 3.0 and 17.0, as well as the Ukwazi Group
(Jaco Lotheringen) in respect of sections 3.0, 14.0, 15.0 and 16.0.
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This ITR is an update of the 2011 Technical Report as discussed in Section 2.3. The Qualified Person has
also relied on the 2009 Technical Report prepared by SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (SRK). Table
6 provides details of the reports and information that have been relied upon by the Qualified Person in
preparing this ITR:
Table 9: Reliance on Other Experts
Organisation Report NI 43-101 Section
Economic Analysis
Risk Assessment
Ownership
Material Assets
A Technical Report on the Material Assets of
GAA Katanga Mining Limited, Katanga Province, Mineral Resources and Reserves
DRC, dated March 31, 2011
Drilling and Exploration
Mineral Processing
Ownership
Material Assets
Mineral Experts Report on the Material
GAA Assets of Katanga Mining Limited, Katanga Mineral Resources and Reserves
Province, DRC, dated March 31, 2011
Drilling and Exploration
Mineral Processing
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PEs under the DRC Mining Code are renewable in accordance with the terms of the DRC Mining Code for
periods of 15 years.
A PE grants to its holder the exclusive right to carry out exploration and exploitation works for the minerals
for which it has been granted. This right covers the construction of necessary facilities for mining exploration,
the use of water and wood resources, and the free commercialisation of products for sale, in compliance with
corresponding legislation.
Following the release of the Commissions report in November of 2007, KCC and DCP were notified on
February 11, 2008 by the DRC Ministry of Mines (CAMI) of the objections and requirements regarding their
partnerships with GCM.
In July of 2008, GCM and Katanga Finance Limited (KFL), a 100% subsidiary of KML, entered into a
memorandum of understanding in terms of which certain amendments were agreed to be as reflected in an
amended joint venture agreement. The parties agreed to the merger of KCC and DCP.
In August of 2008, the CAMI issued terms of reference for the renegotiation and/or termination of the mining
contracts entered into by KCC and DCP.
Following a number of meetings during the course of the last quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009,
GCM, KFL and Global Enterprises Corporate Ltd. (GEC), in the presence of KCC, DCP, SIMCO, Katanga
Mining Holdings Limited, Katanga Mining Finance Limited and KML (BVI) Holdco Ltd., entered into an
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amended joint venture agreement (AJVA) on July 25, 2009 (was also the effective date) which resulted in the
termination of the original KCC joint venture agreement and the DCP joint venture agreement. The merger of
KCC and DCP was ratified by Presidential Decree on April 27, 2010.
Certain Permit dExploitations (each a PE) were transferred from DCP to KCC. The whole of PE525
(comprising 13 carrs) and part of PE4958 (i.e. the new PE11602 described below and comprising two
carrs containing the T-17 deposit) were transferred to KCC. The Kamoto, Mashamba East and T-17
deposits and any extensions of these deposits which are within the perimeter of PE525 and the two
carrs of PE4958 that have been transferred to KCC, shall be for the sole benefit of KCC. Such transfer
was completed pursuant to a transfer deed dated July 27, 2009 and evidenced by the CAMI in its
exploitation certificate no. CAMI/CE/5621/2009 dated November 27, 2009;
DCP PEs were transferred to KCC following completion of the merger with DCP. In addition, one carr
of PE 7044 (i.e. new PE11601 being an extension of the Kananga deposit) was transferred by GCM to
KCC since the holder of PE652 released the carr to be transferred from its tailings area. Such transfer
was completed pursuant to a transfer deed dated July 27, 2009 and evidenced by CAMI in its
exploitation certificate no. CAMI/CE/5622/2009 dated November 27, 2009; and
The perimeter of the merged KCC/DCP concession area will contain the Necessary Surfaces (as
defined in the AJVA.
Pursuant to the AJVA, the Necessary Surfaces will be sourced from PE8841 held by GCM and from one
carr close to the T-17 deposit. Easements have been granted to enable KCC to establish and maintain
operating facilities for the KOV Open Pit waste removal conveyor belt system. KCC has agreed to fund an
independent contractor to determine whether the surfaces identified as potential Necessary Surfaces contain
any mineral reserves. Provided no mineral reserves are discovered, the relevant surfaces shall be converted
into multiple PEs (where required) and shall be leased to KCC. Should any mineral reserves be discovered
in the identified surfaces, the mineral reserves shall be transferred to KCC and shall count as Replacement
Reserves (as defined in 6.2 below) under the terms of the AJVA.
In addition, under the AJVA, KCC was granted an option for a period of three years following its merger with
DCP to increase the Necessary Surfaces by the five carrs (to be leased) contained in PE8841, if such
extension is required for the project. Beyond this three-year period, KCC shall have a pre-emptive right on
these 5 carrs in the event that GCM is willing to transfer or make any part of them available to third parties.
The rent for the Necessary Surfaces (including the five additional carrs if the option is exercised within the
three year period) amounts to $600,000/year. However, KCC, as the merged entity, will remain liable for the
payment of the rental tax (22%) which will be in addition to the royalties owed by KCC to GCM.
As part of the AJVA, it has also been agreed that upon the winding up or liquidation of KCC, the mining
rights and titles of KCC shall revert to GCM without further consideration.
Pursuant to the AJVA, GCM and KCC have signed an agreement relating to the lease by GCM to KCC of
certain equipment and installations as described in an annex to the AJVA (the Equipment and Installations).
The rent for the Equipment and Installations payable by KCC to GCM is $1,200,000/year to be deducted
from the royalties owed by KCC to GCM. However, KCC will remain liable for the payment of the rental tax
(22%) which will be in addition to these royalties.
KCC shall retrocede the Equipment and Installations free of charge to GCM upon lawful termination or final
expiry of the AJVA.
As part of the AJVA, it has also been agreed that GCM grants and/or makes available to KCC, subject to
payment of the reasonable maintenance costs, the following rights:
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(iii) All the supplementary rights that can facilitate access to or use of the lands involved and the
facilities located thereon, which GCM enjoys outside the perimeter of the KCC project insofar as
they are necessary or desirable to carry out the project in the most cost effective manner.
No pas de porte (entry premium) shall be paid to GCM in relation to the transfer of the mineral reserves to be
transferred to KCC as compensation for the Released Deposits (the Replacement Reserves).
Pursuant to the AJVA, GCM and KCC are also required to jointly scope, implement and manage an
exploration programme (the Exploration Programme) with the object of identifying sufficient Replacement
Reserves and transferring them to KCC by no later than July 1, 2015. The Exploration Programme can take
place within the perimeters of:
(i) The KCC PEs (excluding the KTO, Mashamba East Open Pit, Tilwezembe Open Pit, Kananga
Mine, T-17 Open Pit and KOV Open Pit deposits and any extensions of these deposits);
(ii) The Necessary Surfaces; or
(iii) Other perimeters belonging to GCM.
The Exploration Programme is to be financed by way of a loan from KCC to GCM and refunded, without
interest, by GCM through the set-off against the royalties and dividends payable by KCC.
If any Replacement Reserves are identified by GCM as a result of the Exploration Programme or otherwise,
they shall be evaluated and certified in accordance with the JORC Code of the Australasian Institute of
Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Mineral Council of Australia, as amended.
Once GCM has satisfied KCC that it has good legal title to such Replacement Reserves and they are
covered by valid PEs, KCC shall enter into a transfer deed or a lease, pursuant to which the Replacement
Reserves shall be transferred or leased (amodi) to KCC.
If GCM does not replace these Released Deposits by July 1, 2015 it must pay $285,000,000 as financial
compensation. KFL, GEC and GCM agreed that the financial compensation would be due from July 1, 2015
and that interest would be charged if the financial compensation is not paid within the two months following 1
July 2015. During the first 12 months following the two month grace period the interest rate applicable to the
unpaid financial compensation amount would be limited to the London Interbank Offering Rate (Libor) (6
month) as opposed to Libor (6 month) + 300 basis points which will become applicable as of the end of the
12 month period.
GCM accepts that KCC may withhold any future revenues owed to GCM (i.e. royalties and dividends, with
the exception of the pas de porte) until the financial compensation is fully paid.
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Additional surface rights fees are payable by KCC as the merged entity holder of exploitation mining rights
to the central government of the DRC pursuant to Article 238 of the DRC Mining Code at the rate of $0,08
per hectare.
$5 million previously paid by GEC to Gcamines as a loan, was converted into a pas de porte
payment.
$24.5 million which was paid by way of set-off against the amount of the advance granted by KFL to
Gcamines for payment of the subscription price, and
$5 million was paid upon the transfer of PE525, PE11601 and PE11602 to KCC, described in Section
6.1 above; and
$10 million on an annual basis between 2009 and 2011 and $15 million on an annual basis between
2012 and 2015, with a final payment in 2016 of $15.5 million. The parties have agreed that these
amounts shall be paid without any deductions or set off.
No further pas de porte will be payable in respect of the Replacement Reserves; however, any additional
tonnage brought by Gcamines to KCC as the merged joint venture after the Released Deposits have
been fully compensated will incur a new pas de porte payment of $35/t copper.
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6.0 HISTORY
Other than as disclosed under section Property Description and Location or in the chart below, there has
been no material change to the information contained in the History section of the 2009 Technical Report.
The chronological developments in regards to the Material Assets are tabulated below.
Table 11: Chronological developments for Material Assets
Unit 2008 2009 2010 2011
KTO
Mined ore Mt 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.6
Cu grade % 3.93 3.85 3.82 3.93
Co grade % 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.54
KOV
Mined ore Mt 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.5
Cu grade % 0.00 0.00 4.43 4.97
Co grade % 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.24
T-17 Open Pit
Mined ore Mt 0.4 1.6 1.9 0.4
Cu grade % 1.72 1.30 2.35 2.68
Co grade % 0.89 0.85 0.93 0.69
Tilwezembe Open Pit
Mined ore Mt 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cu grade % 1.39 0.00 0.00 0.00
Co grade % 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
Within the Kolwezi Nappe, each of the project areas, T-17 Open Pit, KTO Mine, KOV Open Pit, Kananga
Mine and Mashamba East Open Pit contain fragments with intact successions of Series Des Mines
lithologies, which host the copper and cobalt mineralization. The fragments are often structurally complex,
being tightly folded and exhibiting variable strikes and dips both within individual rafts and between
neighbouring rafts.
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flanks. Dips in the flank regions are between 45 to 85. The ore body is subdivided into three regions as
follows and shown in the geological model, Figure 2:
Etang North.
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Other fragments within the area are OEUF and Variante. The OEUF consists mostly of hanging-wall
lithologies occurring above the Virgule fragment, and the Variante lies below the Virgule and Oliveira
fragments but outcrops towards the east in the Musonoi West area. Lower Roan lithologies have been
identified in the Variante, but investigations indicate poor copper and cobalt mineralization within these
lithologies. Within each of the mineralized fragments, the succession of lithologies is intact, although in the
FNSR fragment the Lower Roan lithologies occur overturned.
The fragments that make up the KOV Open Pit orebody occur in an east-west-striking synclinal structure
consisting of a steeply dipping southern limb and a shallow dipping northern limb, respectively named the
Kamoto East and Virgule orebodies, while the Oliveira fragment is a shallower-dipping orebody in faulted
contact with and below the Virgule orebody.
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Structurally, the lithologies of the Mashamba East orebody strike to the north-east and dip gently to the
north in the west and wraps around to strike almost north-south and dip to the east in the eastern portion of
the property. The orebody consist of four units, RSF, SDB, BOMZ and RSC.
Figure 6: Oblique view of Mashamba East Resource Model and Planned Pit Layout
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Figure 8: Oblique view of Tilwezembe Pit with Resource Model and Pit Layout
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Stratiform deposits are hydrothermal deposits but the ore minerals are always confined within specific
strata and are distributed in a manner that resembles particles in a sedimentary rock. Because stratiform
deposits so closely resemble sedimentary rocks, controversy surrounds their origin. In certain cases, such
as the White Pine copper deposits of Michigan, the historic Kupferschiefer deposits of Germany and
Poland, and the important copper deposits of Zambia and DRC, research has demonstrated that the origin
is similar to that of Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) depositsthat is, a hydrothermal solution moves through
a porous aquifer at the base of a pile of sedimentary strata and, at certain places, deposits ore minerals in
the overlying shales. The major difference between stratiform deposits and MVT deposits is that, in the
case of stratiform deposits, the host rocks are generally shales (fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rocks)
containing significant amounts of organic matter and fine-grained pyrite.
In ore deposit geology, supergene processes or enrichment occur relatively near the surface. Supergene
processes include the predominance of meteoric water circulation with concomitant oxidation and chemical
weathering. The descending meteoric waters oxidize the primary (hypogene) sulphide ore minerals and
redistribute the metallic ore elements. Supergene enrichment occurs at the base of the oxidized portion of
an ore deposit. Metals that have been leached from the oxidized ore are carried downward by percolating
groundwater, and react with hypogene sulphides at the supergene-hypogene boundary. The reaction
produces secondary sulphides with metal contents higher than those of the primary ore. This is particularly
noted in copper ore deposits where the copper sulphide minerals chalcocite, covellite, digenite, and
djurleite are deposited by the descending surface waters.
The copper deposits in the DRC are well known world class deposits.
8.0 MINERALISATION
Primary mineralization, in the form of sulphides, within the Lower Roan is associated with the D Strat and
RSF for the OBI and the SDB and SDS for the OBS and is thought to be syn-sedimentary in origin. Typical
primary copper sulphide minerals are bornite, chalcopyrite, chalcosite and occasional native copper while
cobalt is in the form of carrolite. The mineralization occurs as disseminations or in association with
hydrothermal carbonate alteration and silicification.
Supergene mineralization is generally associated with the levels of oxidation in the sub-surface sometimes
deeper than 100m below surface. The most common secondary supergene minerals for copper and cobalt
are malachite and heterogenite. Malachite is the main mineral mined within the confines of the current KOV
Open Pit.
The RSC, a lithological unit stratigraphically intermediate between the upper and lower ore body host
rocks, contains relatively less copper mineralization. The RSC contains appreciable copper mineralization
near the contacts with the overlying SDB formation and the underlying RSF formations. The middle portion
of the RSC, considered to be sterile by GCM, normally contains relatively less copper mineralization and
is sometimes not sampled. The mineral potential of the RSC is less well known than that of other
formations.
The RSC has been observed to be well mineralized in supergene cobalt hydroxide, heterogenite, which
occurs as vug infillings, especially near the surface.
The mineralization at Tilwezembe Open Pit is atypical being hosted by the Mwashya or R4 Formation. The
mineralization generally occurs as infilling of fissures and open fractures associated with the brecciation.
The typical mineralization consists mainly of copper minerals (chalcopyrite, malachite and
pseudomalachite), cobalt minerals (heterogenite, carrolite and spherocobaltite) and manganese minerals
(psilomelane and magnetite).
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GAA has the overall responsibility for the sign-off on the mineral resources and ore reserves and as part of
that process has reviewed the methods and results adopted in the generation of the mineral resource
models from the respective consultants and KCC staff. GAAs review of the methods indicates similarities
of approach between the various consultants, and the findings of the review are summarized below:
Collate all the GCM geological information in the form of plans and sections and drill-hole logs in
hard-copy format;
Digitize the plans and sections for the generation of wireframe lithological models and capture drill-
hole data;
Define the envelopes outlining the limits of the zones of mineralization within each fragment in the
project. Generally, this is a lithological cut-off (or a 0%TCu cut-off) defining the OBI as mineralization
in the Rat Grises (RATGR, an argillaceous dolomite), DTSRAT and RSF and the OBS mineralization
within the SDB, the black ore mineral zone (BOMZ) and to a lesser extent, the shalle dolomitic (SD1a,
the argillaceous part of the SDB). The RSC, which is intermediate between the OBI and OBS, is
defined separately and split into a top, mid and bottom RSC. An exception was the work undertaken
by Snowden on Kananga and Tilwezembe, where a 0.50%TCu cut-off was used;
Undertake statistical and geostatistical analyses of the sample data within the defined envelopes of
mineralization and derive variogram parameters;
Estimate grades into the zones of mineralization using Kriging techniques with attendant geostatistical
parameters, search neighbourhood and input composite data; and
Classify the mineral resources into the various categories defined by the JORC Code.
9.0 EXPLORATION AND DATA
The project area contains mostly historical information from diamond drilling by the previous owners, GCM.
Since 2009, KCC has conducted infill drilling in the 3 main production areas (KOV Open Pit, KTO and T-17
Open Pit) and the results of these drillings campaigns are referenced below and are included in the mineral
resource or the ore reserve statements.
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Statistics from the lithological composites within each of the four fragments are presented in Table 17 to
Table 20.
Table 17: Statistical Analysis of KOV Open Pit; Virgule
Lithology Variable No Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std dev
BOMZ 77 0.10 12.00 3.54 3.10
SDB 296 0.02 12.92 5.97 3.60
RSC 384 0.08 23.14 4.39 3.47
%TCu
RSF 171 0.14 12.00 6.20 3.03
DSTRAT 103 0.50 12.00 6.43 2.41
RATGR 49 0.80 14.35 6.36 3.42
BOMZ 112 0.00 3.62 0.46 0.67
SDB 371 0.00 11.50 0.46 0.84
RSC 587 0.00 5.00 0.21 0.40
%TCo
RSF 244 0.00 2.25 0.19 0.32
DSTRAT 128 0.00 1.52 0.22 0.31
RATGR 103 0.00 0.99 0.09 0.16
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The experimental variogram can incorporate several important geological characteristics of a deposit in the
estimation process. In order to use the experimental variogram in practical applications, the information it
conveys must be quantified by fitting a smooth curve (model variogram) to the experimental variogram data
points. The model variogram is based on a numerical equation and the numerical parameters are used to
control various factors of geostatistical grade interpolation. There are a number of standard models that are
used.
As the experimental variogram is based on a variance function and the variances must be positive, the
model used must be such that all the values calculated from it are positive. It is best to use a model that
has been found, from experience, to be representative of the spatial variation that exists in ore deposits.
The spherical scheme model is most widely used. The variography parameters as reported by SRK and
reproduced by GAA, is shown per area from Table 24 to Table 34.
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Table 24: KTO Mine except Etang North: Omni-directional Variography Parameters
Lithology DSTRAT RSF RSC SDB BOMZ
Variable %TCu %TCo %TCu %TCo %TCu %TCo %TCu %TCo %TCu %TCo
C0 Nugget Variance 0.01 0.00 0.031 0.003 0.043 0.004 0.124 0.005 0.042 0.021
C1 Variance 1.26 0.07 1.97 0.12 2.29 0.11 3.26 0.17 1.83 0.18
Range 1 X Direction 9.96 11.87 3.92 3.05 7.83 7.52 6.98 10.96 7.93 56.65
Range 1 Y Direction 9.96 11.87 3.92 3.05 7.83 7.52 6.98 23.97 7.93 170.00
Range 1 Z Direction 5.40 8.40 3.92 8.50 6.70 7.20 6.98 4.96 7.80 11.68
C2 Variance 1.83 0.03 2.82 0.12 5.08 0.11 5.31 0.27 1.39 0.00
Range 2 X Direction 30.98 147.85 30.17 184.05 52.19 70.59 74.36 31.98 272.10 0.00
Range 2 Y Direction 30.98 147.85 30.17 184.05 52.19 70.59 74.36 324.92 272.10 0.00
Range 2 Z Direction 24.10 18.20 8.50 15.30 27.40 7.20 8.30 11.30 20.30 0.00
C3 Variance 1.44 0.00 1.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.00 0.00 0.00
Range 3 X Direction 324.96 0.00 296.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 189.72 0.00 0.00 0.00
Range 3 Y Direction 324.96 0.00 296.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 189.72 0.00 0.00 0.00
Range 3 Z Direction 24.10 0.00 20.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
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Table 27: KOV Open Pit: Omni-directional Variography Parameters for Virgule
Lithology Variable C0 Nugget Variance C1 Variance Range
BOMZ 1.65 3.38 309.38
SDB 8.74 3.78 380.12
RSC %TCu 8.59 3.44 209.69
RSF 2.44 0.68 245.78
DSTRAT 3.06 2.51 243.89
BOMZ 0.03 0.07 204.17
SDB 0.05 0.13 204.08
RSC %TCo 0.08 0.07 266.89
RSF 0.00 0.01 217.35
DSTRAT 0.01 0.01 317.03
Table 28: KOV Open Pit: Omni-directional Variography Parameters for Oliviera
Lithology Variable C0 Nugget Variance C1 Variance Range
BOMZ 0.00 2.68 289.22
SDB 3.15 1.17 303.40
RSC %TCu 3.19 1.56 261.88
RSF 1.01 2.90 265.60
DSTRAT 0.28 1.12 350.92
BOMZ 0.04 0.06 284.57
SDB 0.01 0.03 192.65
RSC %TCo 0.03 0.01 221.57
RSF 0.00 0.02 178.66
DSTRAT 0.02 0.09 253.91
Table 30: Tilwezembe Open Pit: Variogram Parameters for Manganiferous Dolomites
Structure 1 Structure 2 Direction
C0 (Major,
Variable
Nugget Range Range Range Range Range Range Semi-
(%) C1 C2
Variance Dir 1 Dir 2 Dir 3 Dir 1 Dir 2 Dir 3 major,
Variance Variance
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Minor)
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Table 32: Tilwezembe Open Pit: Variogram Parameters for Tillites and Argillites
Structure 1 Structure 2 Direction
C0 (Major,
Variable
Nugget Range Range Range Range Range Range Semi-
(%) C1 C2
Dir 1 Dir 2 Dir 3 Dir 1 Dir 2 Dir 3
Variance Variance Variance major,
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
Minor)
%TCu 0.150 0.4 110 80 15 0.44 125 110 15 80,170,-45
%TCo 0.090 0.18 180 50 2 0.73 180 50 20 80,170,-45
%TMn 0.120 0.53 35 90 12 0.36 160 90 12 80,170,-45
Kriging is another method that may be used. Kriging allocates weights based on the distance of the sample
from the point or block being estimated, to the sample points surrounding the point or block for which grade
is to be estimated. By allocating these weights to the samples, it ensures that the estimation error is
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minimised, ensuring the best estimation possible for that block. The error associated with estimation is
called the kriging variance.
Ordinary Kriging (OK) was used for the purpose of this project, which is a specific algorithm that satisfies
unbiased by ensuring that the Kriging weights in the local estimation are summed to 1. The results from the
variography analysis were used during the estimation of each project area.
3
According to the GCM criterion, waste rock was generally assigned a density of 2.00t/m if it was siliceous
3
and 2.40 t/m if the rock was considered dolomitic.
During the 2008 feasibility study, SRK reviewed the historical assayed dataset for all the projects in the
application of these criteria and found that there were proportionately fewer assays for %CaO than the
%TCu assays available for these criteria to be applied. However, SRK consider these values as guidelines
for the possible ranges of density within the respective mineralized zones.
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On the basis of the limited density determinations, CCIC concluded that GCM approach was conservative
and that upside potential existed with regard to the calculated resource tonnages, but recommended that
bulk density determinations should be undertaken before higher density values can be used in the
Resource Model.
3
CCIC used the average density values of 2.70t/m from the GCM table for the conversion of volume to
tonnes for the KTO Mine model.
KCC personnel undertook a new density determination study on the new diamond drilling core from the
recent exploration programme of Etang North. The results from this study are shown in Table 37.
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As a cross check and by way of a second method, CCIC also submitted samples for density checks to Set
Point Laboratories where density determinations were undertaken using a multivolume gas pycnometer
1305 for helium displacement.
Two samples were also tested by the Mintek laboratory in Johannesburg and these provided figures of
2.84t/m3 for the siliceous material from Musonoie-T-17 West, and 2.74t/m3 for the dolomitic material from
the same Resource Area. The method of density determination undertaken by Mintek has not been
specified in the CCIC report.
On the basis of the limited density determinations, CCIC indicated that GCM approach was conservative
and upside potential existed with regard to the calculated resource tonnages. However, CCIC
recommended that bulk-density determinations should be undertaken before higher density values can be
used in the Resource Model.
For the conversion of volume to tonnage in the T-17 Open Pit model, CCIC applied density values of
3 3
2.20t/m and 2.40t/m consistent with the GCM categories of oxide and mixed ore types.
KCC personnel undertook a new density determination study on the new diamond drilling core from the
recent exploration programme of T-17. The results from this study are shown in Table 39.
These densities were applied in the updated T-17 model.
Table 39: New Density Determinations for T-17
3 3 3
Stratigraphic Unit Number of samples Minimum (t/m ) Maximum (t/m ) Average (t/m )
BOMZ 8 1.20 2.80 2.09
SDB 18 2.00 2.80 2.32
RSC 18 2.10 2.50 2.33
RSF 17 2.00 2.50 2.29
DSTRAT 15 1.70 2.80 2.33
RATGRIS 11 2.10 2.70 2.36
Intersections of mineralization from the drilling at KOV Open Pit confirm that the predominant
mineralization is malachite, considered as an oxide, with minor sulphides at depth. There are limited
density determinations from selected cores of the recent drilling. Although considered statistically
inadequate to represent the sample dataset, indications from these determinations are that the density
applied is appropriate.
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3 3
CCIC used the average density values of 2.20t/m and 2.40t/m from the GCM table for the conversion of
volume to tonnes in siliceous and dolomitic mineralized zones respectively for the for the Mashamba East
model.
No work has been done to determine the free moisture content of the samples. Resultantly, wet bulk
densities were used during estimation.
Snowden indicate that no relationship exists between grade and density and therefore, bulk density factors
were determined for each geological unit from the means of the specific gravity measurements after
outliers were cut from the dataset. The de-clustered means were used and a maximum of 5% of the
composites were cut from the dataset. The composite data was declustered using a cell size of 25m E by
25m N by 1m RL that approximates the drill-hole spacing. The bulk densities are presented in the table
below.
Table 42: Tilwezembe Open Pit: Density Determinations on Various Lithologies
Percentage Declustered mean Declustered mean
Domain Bottom Cut Top Cut 3 3
cut (before cut) (t/m ) (after cuts) (t/m )
Ox_MnDol 1.1 3.0 5 2.04 1.96
Ox_Brec 0.0 2.7 4 1.90 1.81
Ox_TillArg 0.0 3.0 5 2.09 1.98
Sl_MnDol 0.0 2.6 3 2.28 2.26
Sl_Brec 1.5 2.7 3 2.23 2.24
Sl_TillArg 1.8 2.5 3 2.18 2.18
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9.4 Summary
Table 43 below indicates the densities that have been used in the conversion of volume to tonnes within
the various project areas.
Table 43: Kananga Mine: Density Determinations on Various Lithologies
3
Project Area Mineralized Zone Density (t/m )
T-17 Open Pit All See Table 39
Ox_MnDol 1.96
Ox_Brec 1.81
Ox_TillArg 1.98
Tilwezembe Open Pit
Sl_MnDol 2.26
Sl_Brec 2.24
Sl_TillArg 2.18
All except Etang North 2.70
KTO Mine
Etang North See Table 37
Upper ore body oxides (UOB_OX) 1.80
Middle low-grade oxides (MID_OX) 1.80
Lower ore body oxides (LOB_OX) 2.00
Kananga Mine
Upper ore body sulphides (UOB_SL) 2.10
Middle low-grade sulphides (MID_SL) 2.00
Lower ore body sulphides (LOB_SL) 2.10
KOV Open Pit All 2.20
Oxide mineralized zones 2.20
Mashamba East Open Pit
Mixed mineralized zones 2.40
10.0 DRILLING
10.1 KTO Mine
GCM carried out both extensive surface and underground drilling to delineate the KTO orebodies. A total of
83 surface boreholes have been identified drilled between 1952 and 1991. Underground holes were
generally drilled as fans of 3 or more holes from especially mined-out cubbies. A total of 569 holes have
been identified, drilled between 1972 and 2002. The upper parts of the Etang orebody above 400 levels
are covered only by surface drilling. Borehole surveys appear to have been carried at regular intervals for
surface boreholes, but deviations are rarely more than a few degrees. Historically, underground collared
boreholes have not been surveyed.
KCC drilled 26 diamond drilling in the Kamoto underground mine in 2009 and 2010 to confirm the
geological potential of the fragment of Etang North. The majority of these holes intercepted the copper-
cobalt mineralization as originally planned by Gecamines in the various reports.
The copper grades of Bomzatre are relatively low compared to those announced by Gecamines.
The synthesis of these boreholes is shown in the Table 44.
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KCC drilled 20 holes in 2009 and 2010 within the current pit perimeter to confirm the continuation of the
resource at depth. A total of 4,286m has been drilled, and the result from this drilling indicates that
mineralization continues down-dip to a depth of more than 180m below the current pit design floor. Grades
in these intersections have been encouraging, with the majority of intersect samples returning assay values
of greater than 2.00%TCu. Further evaluation of this drilling data is currently being conducted to categorise
this resource and allow for the conceptual mine plan to be developed to a level of confidence.
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In addition to the drilling referenced above, KCC have also recently drilled a total of 20 holes to the east of
the current T-17 Open Pit perimeter to confirm an extension of the ore body along strike. The analysis of
cores from this drilling campaign indicated significant intersections as shown in Table 45. This is leading to
the delineation of additional mineral resources and a subsequent increase in the life of the current pit.
In the 1980s, another drilling campaign was aimed at defining the KOV Open Pit mineralized zones, and
this campaign continued into the early 1990s. The drilling was carried out along section lines spaced about
100m apart. Where feasible, drill holes were spaced about 100m along these section lines. The holes were
prefixed KOV Open Pit.
The KOV Open Pit drill-hole database contains a total of 214 drill-holes spaced on average about 100m.
There are 100 intersections of the Virgule fragment, 75 for the Oliveira, 33 for Kamoto East and 19 for the
FNSR. The demarcation between Virgule and Kamoto East is based on a boundary string file obtained
from the GCM sections. However, for the modelling and grade estimation, certain drill holes overlap into
the Virgule and Kamoto East and are therefore counted twice. Similarly, there are holes intersecting
Virgule that also intersect FNSR and these are also counted twice.
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There is adequate drill-hole coverage for the Virgule and Oliveira while the FNSR and Kamoto East
intersections are limited (excluding recent drilling in Kamoto East reported below). The extent of the FNSR
is limited as it is a remnant of the fragment mined in the Musonoi Pit, to the east of the KOV Open Pit, and
the data distribution is therefore relatively adequate. The data distribution compared to the extent and
volume of the Kamoto East fragment is inadequate, especially considering that the bulk of the data are well
above the current pit bottom and there are limited drilling intersections in this steeply dipping limb.
Most of the historical drill holes within the Kamoto East and the KOV Open Pit areas were drilled vertically,
with only a few being inclined. Kamoto East drilling was problematic due to the steepness in the dip of the
strata. As a result, the majority of the holes intersect the near surface expression of the Kamoto East ore
body, and only the inclined holes provide intersections at depth.
In general, the majority of the historical drill hole intersections in Kamoto East were within the areas that
have been subsequently mined out, and there are very few ore-body intersections below the current pit
bottom.
During 2010, a total of 10 holes (3,461m) were drilled in the Kamoto East orebody by KCC. The majority of
these holes intercepted the ore body either at or below the originally GCM drilled areas which were
reported by SRK in the 2009 Technical Report and the data from this drilling campaign is within +/- 5% of
the GCM resource model with regards to location and grade.
Table 46: Summary of 2010 drill data for Kamoto East
Hole_id Depth (m) OBS RSC OBI %Cu %Co
KCC have recently drilled 11 holes (1,577m) in the Virgule orebody (Cut 1a and Cut 2 of the scheduled
mine plan) on the North West section of KOV Open Pit which confirmed location and grade of the resource
model which was based on GCM data. Following this drilling, the mine plan was implemented and to date
there has been good reconciliation between grade control assays and the resource model.
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KCC has recently drilled 10 holes (2,262.3m) in the Oliveira Ore Body (Cut 2 of the schedule mine plan) on
the north section of KOV Open Pit which confirmed the location and grade of the mineral resource model
which was based on GCM data. Following this drilling, the mine plan was implemented and to date there
has been good reconciliation between grade control assays and the mineral resource model.
Table 48: Summary of 2010 drill data for Oliviera
Hole_id Depth (m) OBS RSC OBI %Cu %Co
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Cores from the ore body intersections were sampled for chemical analysis. The lengths of core sampled
varied, and it is understood that this was a consequence of the sample recovered within each run. In the
GCM logging sheet, there is a column for percentage recovery where values ranging from 1% to 100% are
entered to describe the amount of core recovered in the sample length. Core recoveries are recorded only
for cores that were sampled.
The lithologies sampled were the upper ore-body host rocks (lower SDS and SDB) and the lower ore-body
rocks (RSF, DSTRAT and the RATGR) and portions of the RSC deemed to be mineralized. SRK
understands that the visibility of copper mineralization in the core was used as the criterion for sampling
the core. Core lengths deemed to be barren of copper were not sampled, and an entry was made in the
sample log for that interval with the comment steriles or barren. It is possible, in SRKs view, that the
unsampled cores could contain finely disseminated copper mineralization not visible to the naked eye.
There is a further possibility, especially in the RSC, that the sterile zones contain cobalt mineralization. In
drill holes KOV 426 and KOV 427, the entire RSC is mineralized and returned good copper mineralization
(2-3%) within the mid-RSC. In drill hole KOV 428, the mid-portion of the RSC was sampled. Partial or
selective sampling, although common in the RSC, was also evident in the other Roan lithologies.
The assay database describes the sample in terms of the length, depths (from and to) of intersection and
the amount of core recovered in that sample length. The sample database contains assay data for the
following:
%CuO: the percentage of the copper present as oxide. In the modelling, this is reported as %ASCu.
Fewer than half of the samples were analyzed for %ASCu;
%Cu mal: the percentage of the copper as malachite. Only a few samples contain values on this
column;
%CaO soluble: the relative proportion of soluble calcium oxide in the sample. Less than 30% of the
total database was assayed for calcium oxide.
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Sampling is carried out at a maximum of 1m drill length intervals and different stratigraphic units are
sampled separately. The core samples are sawed into two halves. One half is broken up and bagged for
assay while the other half is stored for future reference.
Core bags for a particular batch are pre-labelled and arranged in order from the first to the last sample. A
tag with an identification or sample number is added to the bag containing the sample before the bag
mouth is tied.
Split core sampling is done from the drill core. Prior to taking samples, the geologist examines the core and
marks off the intervals to be sampled by drawing a line along the core with a marker pen. When the
intervals have been selected, the core is split in half using a diamond saw or core splitter. Once the core is
split; individual sample lengths are selected taking care to note stratigraphical and lithological boundaries.
The whole width of mineralization and at least one metre of apparently barren or low grade hanging wall
and foot wall material are covered.
The data is recorded as preliminary in the log sheets and is then transferred into the geological database
(GDMS), logged in Lakefields sample-tracking system and stored on a shelf. The splits and resubmitted
pulps are currently stored at SGS Lakefield and the check sample pulps at Set Point.
The analytical method used for the determination of total copper and total cobalt was X-ray fractionation.
Acid-soluble copper and cobalt were determined by acid digestion (sulphuric acid) and analysis of the
solution by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).
For analysis of copper oxides each sample was weighed and mixed with an aliquot of dilute sulphuric
acid enriched with sulphur dioxide. This mixture was agitated at room temperature for a set period
and the sample residue filtered out of the solution. The solution was made up to volume and analyzed
for copper and cobalt by AAS. This yielded acid-soluble results.
For analysis of copper sulphides the residue of the copper oxide preparation was placed in a beaker
and mixed with multiple acids, with the residue being digested in the acid mixture. The solution was
made up to volume and analyzed for copper and cobalt by AAS. This yielded an assay of acid-
insoluble copper (AICu) and acid-insoluble cobalt (AICo) present as sulphides.
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The bulk of the data within the project areas is historical, with the exception of the recent drilling data
reported above which has validated the GCM data. .
The recent drilling campaigns in T-17 and KOV Open Pits and KTO provide confirmation of this fact with
the average core recovered in T-17 Open Pit increasing to 82%, in KOV Open Pit increasing to 79% and in
KTO to 91%. This is clearly an indication that current drilling techniques are much more focused towards
sample recovery.
Using the historical low core recoveries in a resource model, there are two options to account for core loss:
Adjustment of the assay grades to account for core loss and regard the adjusted data as
representative; and
Assume the assay grades of the recovered core represent the sample length, but account for the core
loss in the classification on the premise of quality of data used in the estimation.
Adjustment of grade is considered preferable for recently acquired drill-hole information. As the bulk of the
drilling information is historical for the project areas, SRK has considered the option of accounting for core
loss in the classification. GAA agrees with this assessment.
The historical core samples were cut along the longitudinal axis with one half of the core sent for laboratory
analysis and the remaining half retained in the boxes. There was no systematic approach to sample
lengths as indicated by the variations in the sample lengths in the database. The minimum sample taken
was 0.5m and the maximum sample was 2.5m. The sample lengths were also a consequence of the
sample recovered within the run.
The historical core samples were delivered to the laboratory for further sample preparation and analysis
which was undertaken in-house by GCM.
The samples from Kananga and Tilwezembe were sent to two laboratories, Alfred H. Knight (Alfred Knight)
in Kitwe and SGS in Ndola, for preparation and analysis. Sample preparation consisted of the following
methodology:
Drying of sample;
The prepared samples were analyzed for the following variables, namely; %TCu, %TCo, %Mn, %ASCu
and %ASCo.
Both Alfred Knight and SGS determined %TCu, %TCo, %Mn assays by multi-acid digestion (using
hydrofluoric, nitric and perchloric acids) followed by dissolution in hydrochloric acid and AAS.
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For %ASCu and %ASCo, both laboratories used cold leaching with 5% sulphuric acid. However, Alfred
Knight saturated with sulphur dioxide while SGS saturated with potassium sulphite before finishing with
AAS. The laboratories may also have used different temperatures and digestion times.
Each of the half core samples are crushed to 20 mm and then again crushed to 5mm. The crushed
sample is split where necessary to produce a portion about 250g. The split is then pulverized to 50
bagged and labelled. It is then submitted to the Laboratory for its respective analysis.
The analytical method used for the determination of total copper, total cobalt and copper oxide is AAS.
Acid soluble copper and cobalt is determined by acid digestion in a blend of nitric acid and hydrochloric
acid. Analysis of the solution is by AAS.
For total copper and total cobalt, each sample is weighed and mixed with an aliquot of blended nitric acid
and hydrochloric acid in a volumetric flask. The sample residue is filtered out of solution, made up to
volume and analysed for copper and cobalt by AAS.
For copper oxide, each sample is weighed and mixed in a blend of ethanol, hydrated tin chloride and
hydrofluoric acid. This mixture is agitated at the room temperature for a set period and the sample residue
filtered out of the solution. The solution is made up to volume and analysed for copper oxide by AAS.
The database system employed at KCC is GDMS which has a built-in data security system. This prevents
issues such as data overlaps, duplicates and gaps.
Measure and demonstrate data integrity and validity for resource estimates and grade control.
12.2 QAQC Procedure
The QAQC procedure involves insertion of blanks, duplicates and standard reference material at pre-
th th th
determined and sequential intervals. Every 10 sample is a blank, every 20 is a duplicate and every 30
sample is a standard reference material with known mean and standard deviations. This cycle is repeated
till the end of the hole.
KCC use 3 types of standard reference material; low, medium and high grade material. This ensures the
full range of grade categories of both copper and cobalt are covered.
The reference material assays provide a method by which analytical accuracy is monitored and quantified.
There are 2 parameters of interest when reporting analytical accuracy:
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The relative assay deviation from the expected value of the reference material; and
The deviation of a reference material's assay is measured and expressed as a relative standards deviation,
thus making it possible to directly compare reference materials with different standard deviations.
Acceptable limits are considered to be 95% of samples submitted to be within 2 standard deviations.
When acceptable limits for reference materials are not achieved the following course of actions are taken:
Cross-check KCC reference material assays with laboratory submitted reference material assays for
the same period and/or batch;
In the case of bias, determine if it is 1 reference material type or all reference material types; and
After discussions with the Laboratory, an experiment may be undertaken to determine the reason for
the variance.
Iso therm testing was conducted by two independent parties for the SX plant on existing electrolyte
suitability, insofar as metallurgical testing is concerned, modified to Phase 4 Project conditions. No testing
was performed on electro-winning process as electro-winning downstream of SX is a well proven process.
Two independent testwork reports on milling from previous years were consulted as part of the Phase 4
Project development. Data from the operating plant was used in the flotation process development for
Phase Project by SNC Lavalin. Investigations are in progress to confirm the expectation that returning the
DIMA mills to semi-autogenous operation will increase the total installed capacity to ~ 9Mtpa.
The mineral resources for all the mines were estimated in accordance with the JORC Code. The following
were considered when classifying the mineral resources:
The quantity, quality and age of the data used in the generation of the mineral resources;
The availability of assays in portions of the package due to selective sampling on the basis of visible
copper mineralization;
The relatively incomplete assays for %ASCu and %CaO compared to the %TCu data in the historical
data;
Historical mining activities and the reconciliation of tonnes and grade; and
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The classification of the mineral resources of the portions not updated in 2011 is considered to be
conservative, due to the large bulk of historical data that had to be used during the mineral resource
estimation for the 2008 feasibility study. As new data becomes available, using modern drilling and
sampling techniques and controls, the confidence in the mineral resource estimate will increase, and
therefore the mineral resource classification may be upgraded.
The classification of the mineral resources of the portions updated in 2011 is considered to be a true
reflection of the status quo.
3) Mineral resources are not ore reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability.
4) The mineral resource estimates are for KCC's entire interest, whereas the Company owns 75% of KCC.
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3) Mineral resources are not ore reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability.
4) The mineral resource estimates are for KCC's entire interest, whereas the Company owns 75% of KCC.
There are no changes in the mineral resources reported for Mashamba East Open Pit, Kananga Mine and
Tilwezembe Open Pit.
Overall, the mineral resources for KCC decreased by 2%, while the TCu grade increased by 2% due to the
higher grade below current pit in T-17 Open Pit.
The material changes (more than 5% difference) in the mineral resources for KTO, T-17 Open Pit and KOV
Open Pit are explained as follows:
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A total increase of 5% in the measured mineral resource of KTO is based on the depletion of the
resource due to mining (1.5 million tonnes), an increase in mineral resources of 2.92 million tonnes
due to the new resource model for Etang North, which is based on new exploration data and updated
density information, which subsequent movement of resources from indicated mineral resources to
measured mineral resources (increased confidence in the resource estimate) and a slight increase in
the total tonnage;
A decrease of 8% (2.8 million tonnes) in the indicated mineral resources of KTO is based on the
movement of resources from indicated to measured mineral resources (increase in confidence in the
resource estimate);
The increase in measured mineral resources of 4.5 million tonnes for T-17 Open Pit and 3.9 million
tonnes for KOV Open Pit respectively is due to the increased confidence in the resource estimate
based on recent exploration results, updated density information and new resource models; and
The RSC component of T-17 Open Pit below planned pit-bottom (8.9 million tonnes) was excluded
from the resource statement to conform to the reporting of the mineral resources of KTO, where the
RSC is excluded due to mining method limitations in the underground mines. All of these mineral
resources are in the inferred category.
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KTO is an operational mine that produced 0.5 million tonnes Run of Mine (ROM) sulphide ore in 2008, 1.1
million tonnes at 3.90%Cu in 2009 and 1.3 million tonnes at 3.80%Cu in 2010 and 1.6 million tonnes at
3.7%Cu during 2011. The current plan is to ramp yearly production to 2.1 million tonnes sulphide ore, to
coincide with the completion of the Phase 4 processing plant expansion.
The KTO Life of Mine (LOM) Plan and Reserve estimate stated in this report, is based on the feasibility
study conducted by SRK Consulting in 2008 and depleted on a yearly basis to declare ore reserves.
This ore reserve estimate is qualified up to 2014, by which time a strategic revisit of the entire LOM Plan is
required. This is due to the fact that the mining strategy followed in the previous technical studies is not
aligned with the operational strategy in terms of overall mining sequence and mining methods.
The current KTO underground mine plan is based on proved and probable ore reserves with only 10%
inferred mineral resources included in the LOM Plan. The preliminary economic assessment is in nature, it
includes inferred mineral resources that are considered too speculative geologically to have the economic
considerations applied to them that would enable them to be categorized as ore reserves, and there is no
certainty that the preliminary economic assessment will be realized.
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A range of mining methods are used and planned in previous technical studies and that include Room and
Pillar Mining (RAP), Cut and Fill (CAF) and Sublevel Caving (SLC).
Mining related modifying factors applied are based on actual historic mining method performance. The
dilutions and mining over breaks applied vary from 4% to 13% and mining extractions, including geological
losses from 3% to 5%, depending on the mining methodology used. The qualified ore reserve estimate (up
to 2014) for KTO is 32.4 million tonnes at 3.59%Cu.
Two new underground mines are planned to replace production from the open pit operations. Conceptual
work has been completed on Kamoto East underground (KTE) project. This project is planned for ramp up
from 2020 onwards and could deliver up to 90ktpa of recovered copper. Development at T-17
underground mine is planned during 2012 while first ore is delivered in 2014. An update on the mineral
resource estimate lifted the mineral resource grade by 20%. This has a material positive impact on the
feasibility of the project. Appropriate technical work has been conducted up to 2014 and is included in the
ore reserve estimate. Appropriate technical work is required on the complete T-17 underground mine to
enable an ore reserve estimate on the complete project.
Three surface operations are included in the LOM Plan, namely T-17 extension, KOV open pit and
Mashamba East open pit. Tilwezembe open pit and Kananga open pit are not included and require further
technical study.
The historical T-17 open pit is depleted and has delivered a total of 2.0 million ROM tonnes at 2.55%Cu in
2010 and 0.4 million tonnes at 3.32%Cu during 2011. A recent update of the mineral resource that
increased the Cu% by 20% materially increased the T-17 extension opportunity. The plan is to commence
production in 2013 after the water protection and civil works has been completed to enable the T-17
extension. A cut-off of 0.60%Cu has been applied which resulted in 20% mining losses of material below
the specified cut-off grade. Mining dilutions of 10% is planned while a 5% geological loss is allowed for.
The production scheduled is converted to probable ore reserves.
KOV open pit has been dewatered and is in the production ramp up phase. A total of 0.7million ROM
tonnes were produced from KOV open pit in 2010 and 2.5 million tonnes ROM 2011. The operation is
planned in two phases, namely cuts 1&2 followed by cuts 3&4. Mining related modifying factors include
1% mining losses below a cut-off grade of 0.60%Cu and mining dilutions of 9% with a 5% applied
geological loss. The KOV open pit delivers a ROM head grade of 4.20%Cu for a total of 83.8 million
tonnes of ROM ore up to the year 2030. Ore production from the KOV open pit is primarily Oxide material
at 78% on average. The ore reserve is estimated at 55.1 million tonnes at 4.74% Cu, classified as
probable ore reserve.
Mashamba East open pit is a dormant pit that requires dewatering. A total ROM production of 12.8 million
tonnes at 2.72%Cu is planned at a production rate of up to 1.5 million tonnes ROM per year. Mining
related modifying factors applied include 9% dilution and 5% geological losses. Due to the high portion of
low grade material in this pit, the mining losses below the applied cut-off grade of 0.60%Cu is as high as
39% of the in-pit mineral resource. Mashamba East pit produces only oxide ore and the probable ore
reserve is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes at 3.00%Cu.
The cumulative LOM production profile for the KCC operation ramps up to a peak of 10 million tonnes
ROM per annum. Assuming that the processing plant is constrained by recovered copper, the production
target of 310ktpa recovered metal copper for the Phase 4 expansion is achieved up to the year 2028.
Cobalt production is limited to 30ktpa recovered cobalt. The cumulative waste stripping requirements for
the three open pit operations are high at a peak of 45 million tonnes per year.
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The recovered copper contribution from each of the operations at KCC can be seen in the figure below. It
can be seen that KOV open pit mine would produce the bulk of the recovered copper over the life of the
operation based on the current LOM Plan.
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The total ore reserve estimate at KCC is 96.0 million tonnes at 4.21% Cu of which 13.0 million tonnes is
from the proved ore reserve category.
1,2,3
Table 52: KCC Ore Reserve Estimate
Proved Probable
Mining operation
Mt %TCu %TCo Mt %TCu %TCo
Kamoto underground 13.0 3.43 0.51 19.4 3.70 0.53
T-17 underground 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.9 3.51 0.57
T-17 Open pit 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.6 3.52 0.56
Mashamba East Open pit 0.0 0.00 0.00 5.9 3.00 0.37
KOV Open pit 0.0 0.00 0.00 55.1 4.74 0.45
Total 13.0 3.43 0.51 83.0 4.33 0.46
1. The ore reserve estimates have been prepared in accordance with the classification criteria of the JORC
Code. If the definitions and classification standards of NI 43-101 had been used instead of those of the JORC
Code, estimates of mineral reserves would be substantially similar to the estimates of ore reserves.
2. The ore reserve estimates are for KCC's entire interest in such ore reserves, whereas the Company owns
75% of KCC.
The major risks that could have a negative impact on the overall KCC planned production profile are
dewatering, access and slope failures, available pit space, and available waste dumping space and grade
control. These aspects could be mitigated by good operational management with specific reference to
KOV mine due to the high required production rate.
Exploration drilling continued in KTO, T-17 Open Pit and KOV Open Pit;
Re-interpretation of the geology of Etang North orebody in KTO, T-17 orebody and the orebodies in
KOV;
Milling capacity at KTC was increased to 7.68 million tonnes of ore per year; and
Luilu Refinery production capacity was increased to 150,000 tonnes of copper per annum due to the
plant upgrade programme. Phase 3 was completed during the second quarter of 2011 and the New
Phase 4 (inclusive of Phase 5) commenced during the fourth quarter of 2011.
15.3 Underground
Previous design and feasibility studies undertaken for Kamoto underground include a feasibility study by
Read, Swatman & Voigt (Pty) Ltd (RSV) in 2006, a detailed design by RSV in 2007 and a feasibility study
by SRK Consulting (SRK) in 2008. The LOM Plan and Reserve estimate outlined in this report, is based
on the feasibility study conducted by SRK in 2008. Extracts from the Kamoto underground feasibility are
included below. Additional detail can be found in Kamoto Operating Limited Feasibility Study (SRK
Consulting) dated November 2008.
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Details of zone geometry and mining methods that have been considered during various investigations,
together with an indication of ore tonnages available, to identify the relative importance of each zone, are
presented in Table 53. Descriptions of different mining methods presented in previous reports, are
described in detail in Section 7, Appendix D of the SRK feasibility study and are summarized below.
Table 53: Summary of mining methods and previous studies
RSV 2006 RSV 2007 Detailed 2008 Feasibility
Zone Geometry
Feasibility Study Design Study
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Z8 OBS Flat Room & Pillar Room & Pillar Room & Pillar
Long Hole Retreat
Z8 OBI Flat Room & Pillar Room & Pillar
Stoping
Z9 OBS Very steeply dipping Cut and Fill Cut and Fill Sub level caving
Z9 OBI Very steeply dipping Cut and Fill Cut and Fill Sub level caving
Etang Middle & Not specifically Not specifically Post pillar cut and fill
Steeply dipping
Bottom OBS & OBI discussed discussed & Cut and Fill
Presence of a collapsed zone in the central Plateure portion of the ore body, which may influence
stress distributions on adjacent areas;
Mining, and subsequent backfilling and waste dumping in the Kamoto North Open Pit directly
overlying the underground workings may influence stress distributions underground;
Underground mining will take place in conjunction with development of the KOV Pit lying to the East,
which may influence stress distributions;
With the exception of the Etang mining zones, the ore body generally has been extensively mined and
new operations must interact with old workings;
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The dip of the ore body varies from flat to near vertical. For the purposes of mining method
classification, a dip range from 0 to 12 is considered to be flat, from 13 to 55 to be steeply dipping
and greater than 55 as vertical;
At shallow dip (< 45), ore that is blasted will not run readily to gathering points. Mining methods
within the ore body are required to maximize recovery of ore;
Hanging-wall strata immediately overlying the OBS are reported to be weak and friable and limit the
extent of mining spans that can be developed;
Two ore bodies are present which are considered to be wide (between 8m and 16m) and are
separated by a parting of variable width (5m to 15m);
Due to the width of the ore body, backfilling is an essential part of the mining strategy to increase
overall recovery and protect against uncontrolled collapse of workings; and
There is a limited amount of rock generated from waste development for use as backfill and additional
sources of fill are required.
1) Development of drives, 6m wide by 5m high on 25m centres to create square pillars 19m wide and
5m high;
2) Stripping of drives to a full width of 15m to create square pillars 10m wide and 5m high; and
3) Benching of drives to the full height of the ore body to create square pillars 10m wide and up to 15m
high.
Note that benching operations take place under a hanging wall that is supported in the first two stages of
mining. Following benching, stopes should be filled to at least two thirds of the pillar height with waste rock
or hydraulic fill or both, to provide support for pillars. If fill is not used, much larger pillars would be required
for a stable layout. As an indication, for a mining height of 15m with a 15m wide roadway, the required
pillar width to provide a safety factor of 1.2 would be close to 50m. Overall volumetric extraction would
reduce to approximately 40%. A typical RAP mining layout can be seen in Figure 13 below.
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15.4.5 Long Hole Retreat Stoping General Layout Previous Technical Studies
As planned in the 2006 Feasibility Study, a mining block has dimensions of 150m on strike and 75m on dip.
It contains 10 mining panels, each 15m wide and 75m long. The stope is bounded by barrier pillars that
serve to provide regional support and protection for access ways and infrastructure contained within them.
Extensive application of Long Hole Retreat Stoping (LHRS) was proposed in the 2006 Feasibility Study. In
the 2007 Detailed Design study, LHRS was restricted to OBI mining in Zones 3 and 4. Although applied to
smaller areas, the principles governing the method remain valid and are summarized in this section.
Should LHRS be applied in future operations, it probably will be on a smaller scale.
There are three phases of mining in each panel with the LHRS method:
1) Initially, a 4m by 5m drill drive is developed along the complete length of the panel to intersect access
ways on either side;
2) A slot is created at one end of the panel. The panel is then retreated using conventional long hole
drilling and blasting. Ore extraction is achieved using remotely operated loading equipment; and
3) On completion of ore extraction, barricades are constructed in the drill drives at each end of the panel
and panels are backfilled using tailings-based fills.
Because the horizontal width and exposed hanging wall spans of the two ore bodies may be considerable,
particularly at shallow dip, two methods are considered:
The choice of method in any area will depend on the horizontal width of the ore body. The methods are
considered in detail for use in sections of the three planned mining areas at Kamoto Mine:
1) Etang North;
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The practice of sub level stoping is well established. Provided the appropriate mining practice is
applied, the method will be applicable for OBS and OBI stopes alike;
A potential benefit of this method lies in its ability to provide backfill to facilitate Zone 8 mining.
15.5 Kamoto Underground Mining Strategic Update
The current LOM Plan relies on the technical studies conducted in 2008 on a range of new and current
mining methods. This comprehensive list of the planned mining methods for the remainder of the life of the
operation based on the previous technical studies is tabled under the Kamoto underground Life of Mine
schedule section of this report.
An update of the LOM Plan is in progress to reflect the long term mining strategy. The strategy entails a
limited number of mining methods with a focus on maximised extraction ratios and historical performance
based on the appropriateness of the mining methods. The aim is to maximise efficiencies and productivity,
and minimise risk through the experience of the mining teams with a small number of familiar mining
methods. The mining methods envisaged includes Room and Pillar mining at dips of less than 12,
Transversal cut and Fill up to 55 and Longitudinal Cut and Fill at dips greater than 55.
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The 6m x 5m access drives are developed on the hanging wall contact at the top of the block along strike.
Cross drives are developed (6m x 5m) along the centre of stopes for the full length of thereof and
connected by drifts for ventilation purposes. A strike gathering drive is developed at the bottom of the
stope for cleaning the ore. Down long holes and slot are drilled from the sloped cut to the footwall of the
stope blasted from the gathering drive end. The stopes are filled with cemented hydraulic. Pillars are
developed and blasted similar to the primary stopes. These secondary stopes are filled with waste rock or
hydraulic fill for regional stability. This is a high extraction mining method with limited lose and dilutions.
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The mining method requires a 6m x 5m drive on the hanging wall contact at 15m vertical intervals.
Crosscuts (6m x 5m) are developed to the foot wall contact of the specific ore body. Drifts are supported
with 2.4m bolts at 1.2m centres while the 15m wide chambers are supported with additional 4m long
anchors at 2m centres. Crosscuts are sloped to 15m wide chambers. A connection drive is developed to
connect the chambers at the footwall contact. Slot raises and long hole blast rings are drilled from the top
and bottom of the chambers. Rings are blasted sequentially towards the slot from the top down and bottom
up. Stopes are backfilled depending on the availability of waste rock from other production area. Hydraulic
fill is used if development waste is unavailable and appropriate backfill logistics exist in the area in
question.
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Level access is developed through a ramp system. Strike drives are developed at 6m x 5m and are
located at the safest position in the ore body for that level based on geotechnical and geological
parameters. These drives are developed to full width of the ore body. Down holes are drilled from the
upper slyped drive for the slot and the stope. Slot and rings are blasted and cleaned from the lower level
access. Stopes are backfilled with waste rock or hydraulic fill depending on availability. The initial
development is 6m x 5m and is supported with 2.4m bolts at 1.2m centres. The 15m sloped development is
supported with 4m bolts or anchors at 2m centres.
Appropriate detail design and scheduling has been conducted for 2012 through 2014 based on the revised
mining methodology. This has been updated in the Ore Reserve estimate and LOM Plan. The LOM Ore
Reserve estimate for Kamoto underground as published in the 2012 Ore Reserve statement is therefore
only qualified up to 2014. A full and appropriate update on the mineral resource exploitation strategy of
Kamoto underground is required before the end of 2014. The current and complete Ore Reserve estimate
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based largely on the 2008 study will therefore not be appropriate or valid in the public domain by 2015 and
should by fully replaced by appropriate technical mining engineering work.
Development metres per annum are shown in Table 54 below. The metres are split between capital and
working cost development. The decision was that all main accesses (including inclines, declines and
connecting crosscuts) and ventilation development (drives and ventilation shafts) were taken as capital
development and the remainder (footwall drives, crosscuts and inter-level vent holes) as working-cost
development.
Table 54: KTO Life of Mine schedule
KTO Unit 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Ore tonnes Mt 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0
Cu grade % 3.88 3.94 3.89 3.67 4.12 4.07 3.95 3.82 3.78 3.89
Co grade % 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.59 0.54 0.52 0.51
Waste development kt 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8
Recovered Cu kt 67.2 65.0 65.0 75.0 75.0 71.0 69.0 70.0 69.0 70.0
Recovered Co kt 8.4 8.1 8.1 9.9 8.8 8.4 8.7 8.4 8.1 7.8
KTO Unit 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total
Ore tonnes Mt 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.1 36.2
Cu grade % 3.99 3.67 3.61 3.71 3.68 4.19 3.80 3.77 3.72 3.85
Co grade % 0.55 0.57 0.55 0.62 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.50 0.49 0.55
Waste development kt 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.5 0.8 54.0
Recovered Cu kt 73.0 68.0 67.1 67.9 66.9 67.3 68.3 50.0 35.9 1,260.6
Recovered Co kt 8.5 8.9 8.6 9.6 8.2 6.7 7.0 5.6 4.0 151.6
The production profile with ROM head grade and development requirements are shown in Figure 18 and
Figure 19 below. The KTO expansion plan considers the development required to ramp up to 2.0 million
tonnes per annum. The figure below shows the current LOM Plan to exploit the KTO mine mineral
resources for a period of 19 years. The ROM head grade remains relatively constant over the life of the
operation of 37 million tonnes ROM at a 3.85% Cu head grade.
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Figure 20: T-17 current pit, showing open pit extensions and underground access
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The mining methods to be employed at T-17 Underground are Transverse and Longitudinal CAF mining.
The Transverse CAF mining method consists of the main access drive longitudinally developed to the ore
body. From the main access drive, stope drives are developed perpendicular to the main access drive.
The stope drives are widened to create stopes, leaving a pillar between adjacent stopes.
In the case of the Longitudinal CAF mining method, the stope drives are placed longitudinally in the centre
of the ore body and sloped towards both the hanging wall and footwall contacts for the top and bottom
levels. Once the top and bottom levels have been sloped, parallel long hole drilling is utilised to extract the
portion of reef in between. This mining method has a higher extraction ratio than the Transverse CAF
mining method.
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The LOM schedule based on a conceptual mining plan with appropriate detail up to 2015 can be seen in
Table 56 below.
Table 56: T-17 Underground LOM production
T-17 Underground Unit 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Total ROM Ore tonnes Mt 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5
ROM Stoping tonnes Mt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0
ROM Ore dev. meters km 0.0 0.0 2.4 4.3 4.1 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.7 3.7
Waste dev. meters km 1.0 5.6 6.5 4.5 4.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
ROM Cu grade % 0.00 0.00 4.49 3.02 3.02 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
ROM Co grade % 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
ROM Recovered Cu kt 0.0 0.0 11.6 15.9 35.5 46.1 51.7 46.7 46.7 46.1
ROM Recovered Co kt 0.0 0.0 1.1 2.3 5.1 5.5 6.2 5.6 5.6 5.5
T-17 Underground Unit 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total
Total ROM Ore tonnes Mt 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.4
ROM Stoping tonnes Mt 1 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.3
ROM Ore dev. meters km 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.8
Waste dev. meters km 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.8
ROM Cu grade % 3.65 3.89 3.89 3.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.63
ROM Co grade % 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57
ROM Recovered Cu kt 48.6 48.7 31.7 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 443.5
ROM Recovered Co kt 5.8 5.5 3.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.6
The ROM production profile and head grade for T-17 underground is shown in Figure 23 below.
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An average ROM head grade of 3.60% Cu is achieved over the LOM. Based on average recoveries of
85% for copper and 65% for cobalt, the resulting recovered copper profile is shown in Figure 24 below.
Additional technical work is required to covert the bulk of the T-17 underground mineral resources to ore
reserves. The conceptual designs created are reasonable in principle and the mining methodology is
similar to existing mining methods at KTO. Mining related modifying factors were derived from the actual
mining method efficiencies experienced at KTO.
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The planned underground operations could deliver a ROM head grade of 4.44 %Cu for a total of 20.5
million tonnes of ROM ore from 2019 to 2030. For the time frame allowed for in the LOM Plan, only 15.7
million tonnes at 3.75 %Cu was included into the LOM Plan up to 2030. The peak planned production rate
from underground operations is 2.4 million tonnes per annum of ore. The LOM production results are
shown in Table 58 below.
Table 58: KTE LOM production
Kamoto East
Underground Unit 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Total ROM tonnes Mt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.2
Stoping tonnes Mt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5
Recovered Cu kt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.7 45.3
Recovered Co kt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0
Ore development km 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.8
Waste development km 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.0 4.0 4.5 4.5
Cu grade % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.57 4.57
Co grade % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.27
Kamoto East
Underground Unit 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total
Total ROM tonnes Mt 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 2.6 14.7
Stoping tonnes Mt 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.5 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.2 11.6
Recovered Cu kt 39.7 44.6 63 69.7 42 47.7 38.9 44.8 96.6 553.8
Recovered Co kt 1.8 2.0 2.6 2.8 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.8 3.6 22.9
Ore development km 2.3 2.9 3.8 4.8 4.8 4.2 4.4 3.6 3.6 36.8
Waste development km 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.0 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.5 42.4
Cu grade % 4.57 4.34 4.53 4.53 4.53 4.32 4.32 4.36 4.36 4.44
Co grade % 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.24
The ROM production profile and head grade profile is indicated in Figure 27 below.
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An average ROM head grade of 4.40% Cu is achieved over the LOM. Based on average recoveries of
85% for copper and 65% for cobalt, the resulting recovered copper profile is shown Figure 28 below.
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Table 61: KTO Mine: Modifying factors for the PPCF Method
Zone Ore Horizon Description Metres %
These factors were bench marked against factors obtained from areas where CAF mining was applied.
10% of the planned production is produced by applying Transverse CAF mining. The remaining 90% is
subsequently produced by Longitudinal CAF mining. A 30m crown pillar is left between T-17 open pit and
the underground workings. The planned underground operations deliver a ROM head grade of 3.63% Cu
for a total of 14.4 million tonnes of Run of Mine ore from 2014 to 2030.
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These factors were bench marked against historical information obtained from areas where SLC was
applied.
2) The ore reserve estimates are for KCC's entire interest in such reserves, whereas the Company owns 75% of
KCC.
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The ore reserve estimate for the KCC operation is shown in Table 65 below.
1,2,3
Table 65: KCC Ore Reserve table
Proved Probable Total
Mining operation Mt %TCu %TCo Mt %TCu %TCo Mt %TCu %TCo
Kamoto underground 13.0 3.43 0.51 19.4 3.7 0.53 32.4 3.59 0.52
T-17 underground 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.9 3.51 0.57 0.9 3.51 0.57
T-17 Open pit 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.6 3.52 0.56 1.6 3.52 0.56
Mashamba East
0.0 0.00 0.00 5.9 3.00 0.37 5.9 3.00 0.36
Open pit
KOV Open pit 0.0 0.00 0.00 55.1 4.74 0.45 55.1 4.74 0.45
Total 13.0 3.43 0.51 83.0 4.33 0.46 96.0 4.21 0.47
1) The ore reserve estimates have been prepared in accordance with the classification criteria of the JORC
Code. If the definitions and classification standards of NI 43-101 had been used instead of those of the
JORC Code, estimates of mineral reserves would be substantially similar to the estimates of ore
reserves.
2) The ore reserve estimates are for KCC's entire interest in such ore reserves, whereas the Company
owns 75% of KCC.
Inclusion of the ore reserve up to 2014 at T-17 underground due to additional technical and design
studies conducted during 2011, and
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1,2,3
Table 66: Ore Reserve reconciliation
2011 Reserve 2010 Reserve
Mining operation Estimate Estimate Notes
Mt %TCu Mt %TCu
Kamoto underground 32.4 3.59 34.0 3.60 Mined out in 2011 and qualified to
2014
T-17 underground 0.9 3.51 0.0 0.00 Appropriates study to 2014 with
increased resource Cu%
T-17 Open Pit 1.6 3.52 1.5 2.61 Approval and appropriate study of T-
17 Extension
Mashamba East Open pit 5.9 3.00 5.9 3.00 Unchanged
KOV Open Pit 55.1 4.74 55.7 4.73 Mined out in 2012 and design
adjustments
Total 96.0 4.21 97.0 4.20 Nett reduction in Reserves due to
2011 mining and other
1) The ore reserve estimates have been prepared in accordance with the classification criteria of the JORC
Code. If the definitions and classification standards of NI 43-101 had been used instead of those of the
JORC Code, estimates of mineral reserves would be substantially similar to the estimates of ore
reserves.
2) The ore reserve estimates are for KCC's entire interest in such ore reserves, whereas the Company
owns 75% of KCC
The ore reserves at KTO are qualified up to 2014. Appropriate technical design and scheduling study is
required in the next 18 months to conduct an ore reserve estimate from 2014 due to the material and
strategic mine planning changes envisaged. The impact of these changes on the LOM Plan, mining
infrastructure requirements and mining operational costs requires appropriate technical study.
Pit optimisation;
Pit design;
Production planning.
A brief description of each step is given in this section. The pits considered for the LOM Plan and ore
reserve conversion process are T-17 open pit, KOV open pit and Mashamba East open pit of which T-17
and KOV are active.
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T-17 m 5x5x5
Mashamba East m 10 x 10 x 5
KOV m 10 x 10 x 5
16.1.2.1 Dilution
Dilution is defined as the waste material intentionally added during mining block modelling to what has
been site-specifically defined as in-situ mineral resources, in order to make it practically mineable. The
methodology applied in determining the dilution is as follows:
On the ore contacts (where the in-situ resource block consists of a percentage ore material and a
percentage waste material) the tonnage and grade of the reserve block is defined as the weighted
average tonnage and grade of the materials contained in the original resource block;
In cases where the total in-situ resource block is ore, the corresponding reserve block is defined as a
100% ROM block with the same grade attributes as the in-situ blocks.
Mining loss is addressed through the application of a copper cut-off to the diluted ore material.
The ore blocks that originally had a high percentage of in-situ ore will normally fall above the cut-off
grade while ore blocks that originally had a low percentage of in-situ ore will fall below the cut-off.
Whittle uses the Lerchs-Grossmann algorithm to determine the optimal shape for an open pit in three
dimensions. The method is applied to a block model of the ore body, and progressively constructs lists of
related blocks that should, or should not, be mined. The final lists define a pit outline that has the highest
total relative value, subject to the required pit slopes. This outline includes every block that "adds value"
when waste stripping is taken into account and excludes every block that "destroys value". It takes into
account all revenues and costs as well as mining and processing parameters.
Although a detail description of the Whittle methodology is beyond the scope of this report, the following
provides a brief summary. The optimisation process can be divided into two processes:
1) Creation of a range of nested pit shells of increasing sizes. This is done by varying the product
price and generating a pit shell at each price point;
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2) Selection of the optimal pit shell. This is achieved by generating various production schedules for
each pit shell and calculating the net present value for each schedule. The output of this process
is a series of pit-versus-value curves.
Safe operations;
Geotechnical recommendations;
Water handling;
Design work was performed in GEMCOM Surpac mine planning software. The selected optimum pit shell
is used as the design limits. All the input parameters are incorporated to create a three dimensional pit
design. The pit design is used to evaluate the tonnage and grades of the different ore types. Pit designs
were created based on the current mining methodology that includes mining at 5m or 10m benches. Ramp
and pit access designs considered the largest expected hauler dimension specifications, ensuring safe and
practical execution.
The current T-17 open pit is virtually depleted. The T-17 open pit extension that extends the pit laterally
has been approved. Some civil and engineering work is required to enable the extension. This is planned
for 2012 with production commencing in 2013. All pit designs adhere to current geotechnical requirements.
The T-17 open pit extension that extends the pit laterally has been approved. Civil and engineering work is
required to enable the extension. This entails the diversion of an access road and diversion and protection
of the water way (through culverts) to the east of T-17. The total approved cost is US$2.4 million and is
planned for completion in 2012. The road diversion and bridge construction with a three stage river
diversion relative to the updated optimised pit outlines can be seen in the Figure 31 below.
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Additional dewatering of the eastern high wall of the pit is required to protect the crusher installation and pit
against failure. Through analyses KCC estimated that the pit walls will not fail to the crusher. A procedure
has been drafted and approved to cover both the authorisation by KCC to allow mining contractor,
Enterprise Generale Malta Forrest (EGMF) to proceed with blasting operations and the blast security and
blast firing procedure to be used by EGMF.
Four diamond drill holes were drilled between the pit slope and the crusher to assess the ground
conditions. Additional Precaution for long term stability requires this portion on the pit will be backfilled with
waste rock to ensure long term stability of the crusher. The Figure 32 below illustrates the relative
locations of the crusher, roads and river culverts and the T-17 pit extension.
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Figure 32: T-17 extension with crusher protection and road and river diversions
All prerequisite work to enable the mining of T-17 extension is planned for 2012 with production
commencing in 2013.
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The current pit design used as basis for the LOMP and ore reserve estimate is shown in Figure 34 below.
The final pit depth is 130m to an elevation of 1,300m. A graphical representation of the final pit design with
current topography is shown in Figure 35 below.
A N
Figure 34: T-17 current pit survey showing section line A-A
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Figure 35: Section line A-A of the T-17 pit extension relative to the 2011 T-17 pit survey
The pit design criteria are based on current practice and can be seen in Table 68 below.
Table 68: T-17 pit design criteria
Pit Design Criteria Unit T-17
Bench height m 5.0
Berm width m 4.3
Batter angle degrees 78.0
Ramp width m 16.0
Ramp gradient degrees 5.0 (1 in 12)
Ore Mt 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6
Recovered Cu Kt 0.0 9.2 20.9 20.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.0
Recovered Co Kt 0.0 1.0 2.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3
Waste Kt 0.0 1.7 1.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2
Cu grade % 0.00 2.93 3.91 3.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.69
Co grade % 0.00 0.44 0.64 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59
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Ore from the T-17 Extension pit is exclusively oxide ore as shown in Figure 37 and Figure 38 below.
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A cut-off grade of 0.60%Cu was applied at the KOV pit. The basis of the cut-off grade calculation is to
determine the break even cost based on selling, processing and royalty cost. The cut-off grade considers
revenues generated from copper and cobalt with the appropriate processing recoveries applied. The costs,
revenues and recoveries allowed for are tabulated in the table below. A total of 1% mineral resource losses
of material below (Figure 39) the SMU cut-off grade are estimated while mining dilutions are 9% on
average.
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Cuts 3&4 are based on the optimised pit shell for the LOM Plan. A graphical representation of the final pit
design with current topography is shown in Figure 41 and Figure 42 below.
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B
N
Figure 41: KOV pit design relative to the end of 2011 pit survey
Figure 42: Section B-B through KOV indicating the ultimate pit versus the current pit
The pit design criteria are based on current practice and can be seen in Table 72 below.
Table 72: KOV pit design criteria
Pit Design Criteria Unit KOV
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KOV Unit 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total
Ore Mt 3.3 3.9 4.0 4.4 5.5 5.4 5.4 4.4 4.1 83.8
Recovered Cu Kt 122.7 122.9 121.2 128.3 175.3 166.3 196.5 206.5 124.5 2,994.4
Recovered Co Kt 13.7 13.9 12.5 15.3 17.5 16.0 16.6 12.9 8.2 222.9
Waste Mt 31.3 25.6 22.3 14.1 10.2 4.4 1.4 0.5 0.5 471.0
Cu grade % 4.33 3.70 3.59 3.40 3.72 3.62 4.32 5.57 3.54 4.20
Co grade % 0.63 0.55 0.48 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.31 0.41
It can be seen from Figure 44 below that the bulk of the ex pit tonnes generated throughout the LOMP from
the KOV pit can be classified as oxide ore.
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The Figure 45 below indicates that a material portion of the ROM tonnes generated throughout the LOM
Plan is from the inferred mineral resource category and cannot be classified as ore reserves as of the date
of this report. The economic assessment is preliminary in nature, it includes inferred mineral resources that
are considered too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that
would enable them to be categorized as ore reserves, and there is no certainty that the preliminary
economic assessment will be realized.
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LEGEND
Block designs
Mined 2011
Figure 46: KOV ultimate pit with mined out area and pit block designs
LEGEND
Mined 2011
Figure 47: Isometric view showing mined out and adjusted pit designs
The variance in the LOM Plan tonnages and ore reserve estimates can be seen in Table 74 below. The
variance is defined as a combination of factors including:
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Low grade mined out quantities above the cut-off grade (0.60%Cu) that has been modelled
geologically not mined as ore;
Design changes on the eastern perimeter of the concession to prevent waste stripping outside of the
concession area. No current agreement exists to strip waste outside of the concession area or
relocate infrastructure outside of the KCC concession area;
Various pit and block design updates and additional detail including an update on the mud horizon
previously not in the survey model; and
A total of 4.2 million tonnes of waste is added to the model due to practical design changes for access and
infrastructure protection, and due to the additional mud deposited on the pit floor after the dewatering
phase. A total of 22.3 million tonnes of waste and 2.5 million tonnes of ore have been booked on KOV pit
during 2011. Selective high grade mining has taken place that implies that 1.8 million tonnes of the 2.5
million tonnes of ore has been mined as waste.
Table 74: KOV LOM Plan reconciliation
Description Ore (Mt) Cu% Co%
A cut-off grade of 0.60%Cu was applied at the Mashamba East pit. The basis of the cut-off grade
calculation is to determine the break even cost based on selling, processing and royalty cost. The cut-off
grade considers revenues generated from copper and cobalt with the appropriate processing recoveries
applied. The costs, revenues and recoveries allowed for are discussed later in this section. A total of 39%
resource losses of material below the SMU cut-off grade are estimated due to the high sensitivity of
material at low Cu grades. An average of 9% additional tonnes are applied as dilution as seen from Figure
48 below.
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The processing cost is applied in the optimisation software, but not limited to, as the costs associated with
the mining, handling and processing of specifically ore where the reference mining costs applies to ore and
waste. The higher relative processing cost (relative to the KOV US$31) can be attributed to the lower
volumes mined and the additional cost of hauling ore to the plant, due to the pit location.
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Ore Mt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.5 1.5
Recovered Cu kt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.9 36.1 24.7 24.7
Recovered Co kt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.1 3.7 3.7
Waste Mt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 9.8 11.3 12.5
Cu grade % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.43 4.64 1.93 1.93
Co grade % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.19 0.38 0.38
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Mashamba East Units 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total
Ore Mt 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 12.8
Recovered Cu kt 24.7 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.9 8.6 7.7 0.0 296.0
Recovered Co kt 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 0.8 0.2 0.0 28.0
Waste Mt 13.0 13.3 13.0 4.5 4.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.4
Cu grade % 1.93 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.93 3.02 0.00 2.72
Co grade % 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.09 0.00 0.34
The LOM production profile for Mashamba East open pit is indicated in Figure 50 below.
It can be seen from Figure 51 below that all the ex pit tonnes generated throughout the LOM Plan from the
Mashamba East open pit can be classified as oxide ore.
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Figure 52 below indicates that a material portion of the ROM tonnes generated throughout the LOMP is
from the inferred mineral resource category and cannot be classified as ore reserves as of the date of this
report. The economic assessment is preliminary in nature, it includes inferred mineral resources that are
considered too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that would
enable them to be categorized as ore reserves, and there is no certainty that the preliminary economic
assessment will be realized.
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2) The ore reserve estimates are for KCC's entire interest in such ore reserves, whereas the Company owns
75% of KCC.
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Figure 53: Life of Mine plan ROM ore profile for the combined KCC operation
The combined KCC waste stripping profile per operation is shown in Figure 54 below.
Figure 54: LOM Plan waste profile for the combined KCC operation
Due to the planned processing capacity of 310 000 tonnes of recovered copper per annum, the production
profile was targeted and constrained to achieve this.
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Figure 55: LOM recovered copper profile for the combined KCC operation
The recovered cobalt per annum per operation is indicated in Figure 56 below. Due to the 30 ktpa
constraint on the production of cobalt, beneficiation of ore from KOV pit for cobalt has been constrained to
prevent cobalt over delivery.
Figure 56: LOM Plan recovered cobalt profile for the combined KCC operation
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16.7 Risk
16.7.1 KTO
The high levels of development required for the production ramp up, poses a risk to the achievement
of the LOM profile. Any delay in the development requirements would result in a delayed ramp up
profile from the KTO section. Since 2010, all planned development targets have been achieved.
A strategic revisit of the KTO LOM Plan could have a material impact on the KTO Reserve estimate.
The KTO Reserve estimate is therefore valid until 2014, by which time a complete and appropriate
LOM Plan based on the current mining strategy must be completed and approved.
16.7.2 KTE
Although KTE is included in the LOM Plan, additional work is required to convert the ROM tonnes from
Resources to Reserves. The access and mining strategies on which the LOM Plan is based are
operational at KTO while mining related modifying factors are based on actual efficiencies at KTO. The risk
could be mitigated by a comprehensive engineering and design study.
16.7.3 T-17
Detail implementation studies on the T-17 underground mine only exist on a medium term basis up to the
end of 2014. Appropriate work is highly recommended to define the technical mining plan for T-17 and
understand the role T-17 underground would play within the composite KCC operational plan.
Access and slope failures: KOV open pit will develop into a large operation up to 400m deep.
Production rates are high with up to 45 million tonnes of material that should be moved from the pit
per annum. Small slope failures could have a negative impact on access to the production benches.
A strategy should be developed to establish an alternative ramp access to production areas. Slope
failures could negatively affect safety and production performance at the KCC surface operations.
This is a not an unknown risk and is monitored by on site personnel on a continual basis. Dual
access to working areas should be established to decrease the risk of production losses.
Available pit space: A high production rate requires sufficient working areas or face length. Additional
face length should be established and maintained on the southern section of the KOV open pit.
Available waste dumping space: The KOV open pit produce 462 million tonnes of waste up to 2030.
The available waste dumping space close to the KOV open pit is insufficient although as part of the
ARJVA additional surface rights have been allocated to KCC to the north of the current KOV open pit
concession. However, for improved cost efficiency, a detailed technical plan to back fill mining waste
into depleted pits should be developed. With the appropriate mining sequence in KOV open pit, a total
of 150 million tonnes could be back filled while the T-17 open pit is available for back filling from 2013
onwards should the appropriate technical studies be completed.
Grade control: An operational cut-off grade of 0.6% Cu has been applied to the mining models.
Grade control practices for a high volume operation should be developed. Inefficient grade control
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systems could result in Resource losses or that uneconomic production tonnes are processed where
the planned revenues does not cover the processing and selling costs.
16.9 General
The processing plant design assumes feed copper and cobalt grades within a predefined range. Should
the grades vary materially from the design parameters, a higher ROM production rate is required to
maintain the recovered metal profiles. Should the required increased plant feed exceed the plant feed
design, the ability to maintain the recovered copper profile could be compromised.
KCC processing plants produce copper cathode metal, cobalt metal and copper concentrate as products
from ores received from KOV Open Pit, T-17 Open Pit and the KTO. Future production may be derived
from Mashamba East Open Pit and potentially T-17 Underground Mine. As described in the section 1.6.2,
ore sourced from the open pits are predominantly oxide, disseminated with sulphide mineralization in
certain locations and depths within the pits. This has the potential to produce a mixed ore feed to KTC. Ore
sourced from KTO is almost exclusively sulphide.
The metallurgical processing is currently divided into two areas, namely crushing and milling and flotation
at KTC and copper and cobalt metal recovery through a leach and electro winning process at the Luilu
Refinery.
The value of the plant and equipment has been taken into account in the economic evaluation as set out in
section 21.0 and section 22.0.
In April 2011, KCC commenced the Kamoto Phase 4, which will increase output to 270,000 tpa of copper
and 8,000 tpa of cobalt metal, with additional cobalt in the form of hydroxide.
Phase 4 will generally comprise modifications to the existing plant with a limited number of additional major
items of plant and equipment such as a ROM crusher and conveyor, additional flotation units, a new
roaster, an SX plant and conversion of the existing unused Luilu electro-refinery to an electro-winning
plant. Certain elements of the Phase 3 Project have been carried over to Phase 4. The estimated cost of
Phase 4 is USD$635 million and is due for completion in July 2013.
Kamoto 1 treated mixed ore and oxides. The circuit comprised the following unit processes:
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Kamoto 2 primarily treated sulphide ore from the KTO. The circuit comprised the following unit
processes:
Primary autogenous milling and secondary ball milling operating in closed circuit with hydro
cyclones;
Sulphide flotation including roughing, cleaning, re-cleaning and middlings re-grind to produce a
sulphide concentrate;
Sulphidisation of oxide minerals; and
Oxide flotation including roughing and cleaning to produce an oxide concentrate.
The DIMA 2 circuit treated oxide ore. The circuit comprised the following unit processes:
Primary autogenous milling and secondary ball milling operating in closed circuit with hydro
cyclones;
Sulphidisation of oxide minerals; and
Oxide flotation including roughing and cleaning to produce an oxide concentrate.
Mixed ore from KOV Open Pit is also transported by truck and stockpiled near the B4 jaw crusher at KTC.
The B4 jaw crusher has a nameplate capacity of 700tph. Mixed ore is blended, crushed to minus 250 mm
and conveyed to stockpiles. Ore is milled in two 32 feet cascade mills with a capacity of 300tph each, both
in closed circuit with cyclones. Cyclone underflow is milled in ball mills. Final milled product is nominally
70% to 75% minus 75m.
Copper recovery in the oxide circuit is consistent with industry standards. Final oxide concentrate is
pumped via pipelines to the Luilu Refinery.
Tailings are classified through a bank of cyclones and either pumped to the tailings dam or underground for
back-fill
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Tailings are cycloned and either pumped to the tailings dam or underground for back-fill.
In conjunction with the mills rehabilitation program, KCC site manufactured flotation cells, consistent with
the original design, to add more flotation capacity.
Oxide concentrate that is surplus to the Luilu Refinery Phase 3 capacity is forwarded to a filtration, bagging
and storage plant at KTC which has a design plant capacity of 10ktpm concentrate (grading > 22%Cu).
The oxide concentrate is exported as a final product.
The following plant and process description outlines Phase 4 which is currently in implementation at KTC.
The T-17 Open Pit ore will be transported by mine haul trucks to a new crusher adjacent to the new KOV
Open Pit ROM ore crusher. The crusher product will be conveyed to the CM1 and CM2 stockpiles or the
CM6 and CM7 silos and stockpiles.
The ROM ore from the Mashamba East Open Pit will be transported by mine haul trucks to the B4 crusher
circuit. The crusher product will report to the CM6 and CM7 silos and stockpiles.
A review of the existing DIMA mills identified the potential to return these mills from autogenous operation
to a semi-autogenous operation. This had the potential to increase total installed milling capacity from
7.6Mtpa to ~9Mtpa, equivalent to 270ktpa finished copper production. Investigations are in progress to
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confirm the expectation that returning the DIMA mills to semi-autogenous operation will increase the total
installed milling capacity to ~9Mtpa. A further increase to 310ktpa copper will necessitate the installation of
additional crushing, milling and flotation capacity.
The mixed ore flotation circuits will comprise 3 areas, namely; CM1/CM2, CM6 and CM7. Each area will
have dedicated sulphide rougher, oxide rougher, sulphide cleaner and oxide cleaner circuits. Existing
3
8.5m self aerated cells will be used where possible and additional flotation capacity will comprise new
3 3
50m and 20m tank cells. Concentrate re-grind circuit will be followed by sulphide and oxide flotation to
further liberate the locked sulphides and reduce the oxides in the sulphide concentrate.
New Facilities
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One Two
Sulphide Ore Mixed Ore
Crusher Crushers
Three Four
Sulphide Mill Mixed Ore Mill
Stockpile Stockpile
Notes
Twenty Three 1. Tailings Thickening and Disposal to be
Regrind Oxide done by SRK and not SNC-Lavalin.
Flotation
Legend
Twenty Four
Mixed Ore Sulphide - New Facility
Cleaner Flotation
Seventeen - Existing Facility (major mods)
Sulphide Concentrate Twenty
Transfer Note 1 Tailings Thickening - Existing Facility (minor mods)
and Disposal
- Existing Facility (no mods)
Twenty Five
Flotation Reagents
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Sulphuric acid copper leach of roaster calcine and oxide concentrate (oxidising leach assisted by air
injection);
Cobalt re-leaching with spent electrolyte and sulphuric acid under controlled pH;
The Luilu Refinery was designed to process sulphide and oxide concentrates with an initial capacity of
80ktpa copper cathode. During the 1970s, capacity was expanded to 175ktpa copper cathode and 8ktpa
cobalt cathode. The grade of cathode copper produced in the first EW stage never met LME Grade 'A'
quality, while most of the cathode and copper sponge produced in the secondary EW was not of commercial
quality, and, was recycled to the Shituru smelter at Likasi. Cobalt recovery across the plant was <65%, with
the majority of the cobalt losses occurring at nickel and zinc sulphide precipitation, with some also at iron
removal and cobalt precipitation.
The condition of the plant in 2004, when taken over by KCC, was extremely poor and almost totally run
down. A progressive renewal programme was planned, to match the increasing throughput. Considerable
progress has been made to-date in the phased rehabilitation exercise. Completion of Phase 1 was in
December of 2007 and completion of Phase 2 in December of 2009. The new roaster was commissioned in
late 2009.
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Phase 3 undertaken by SNC-Lavalin (South Africa) has essentially completed the majority of the
rehabilitation of KTC and the Luilu Refinery, although certain elements have been incorporated into Phase 4.
A process simulation model was developed which indicated that on completion of Phase 3, the KTC and
Luilu Refinery will produce 150ktpa of copper and 8ktpa of cobalt.
Concentrates received from KTC are dewatered in 2 oxide and 2 sulphide thickeners prior to being pumped
to a set of 5 drum filters. In Phase 3 an oxide thickener and 2 drum filters were installed.
The filtered oxide and sulphide concentrate remain in separate circuits and are conveyed to a storage shed.
They are reclaimed for feeding to the roasting and leaching circuits respectively.
After leaching, the slurry is thickened and the overflow clarified. The underflow is subjected to counter
current decantation and residue filtration to separate liquid and residue solids. The residue solids contain
most of the sulphides entering the circuit with the oxide concentrate which bypasses the sulphation roast and
remain in a form which is not acid soluble.
The residue solids are subjected to flotation where most of the remaining sulphides are recovered and
pumped to the sulphide thickeners for recovering the metal values. Residue flotation tailings are pumped to
ponds after neutralization with lime.
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In the purification part of the cobalt plant, impurities are removed by precipitation, thickening and filtration in
the following order:
Iron and aluminium by oxidation with air and pH adjustment with milk of lime;
Copper precipitation by pH adjustment with milk of lime (filter cake recycled back to ferric precipitation);
Nickel removal with gaseous H2S and recycled cobalt granules and pH adjusted with sulphuric acid.
This unit is currently not in operation as nickel levels are very low; and
Zinc removal with gaseous H2S and sodium carbonate for pH adjustment.
After zinc removal, the cobalt is precipitated from solution with milk of lime at pH of 7.8 to 8.4 and filtered.
The washed cobalt hydroxide is then dissolved with spent cobalt electrolyte and sulphuric acid, subjected to
thickening, clarification and polishing filtration before pumping as advance electrolyte to the cobalt EW tank-
house.
In the cobalt EW tank-house, the electrolyte is heated to 70C and cobalt is electro-won in cells with lead-
antimony anodes and stainless steel cathodes. After stripping, the cobalt cathode pieces are subject to heat
treatment and polishing for production of final product.
The stripped electrodes are returned back into the electro winning circuit to repeat the process.
It should be noted that the sulphide and oxide reception area at Luilu is under process development and the
description below, may be superseded.
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The existing unused electro-refinery will be converted to an electrowinning plant to accept advance
electrolyte from 2 of the SX plant trains. 2 cathode washing and stripping machines will be incorporated in
the conversion. This electro winning plant will be run on base load with an output of ~200,000tpa LME
Grade A copper.
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In the electrowinning plants, the advance electrolyte will be treated by plating pure copper from the copper
sulphate solution onto stainless steel blanks. The pure LME Grade A copper will then be stripped off the
cathode blanks and stockpiled before being sold. The spent electrolyte will be recycled back to the SX plant
to be used as strip liquor.
The Luilu Phase 4 Block Flow Diagram in Figure 61 set out below illustrates this:
New Facilities.
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23 24 - New Facility
Thickening
and clarification twenty two - Existing Facility (major mods)
Primary Copper
twenty New EW - Existing Facility (minor mods)
HGSX
- Existing Facility (no mods)
thirteen twelve nineteen twenty one
CCD Primary thickener Primary Primary copper
Clarification Existing EW
fourteen
Residue filtration
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Global copper mine production was 16.0Mt in 2010, with 7.0Mt (or 44%) produced in Chile, by far the largest
producer. Africa produced 1.2Mt (7.5%). Global refinery production in 2010 was 19.0Mt. Global consumption
was slightly higher at 19.4Mt. The International Copper Study Group (4 October 2011) estimates global mine
production for 2012 at 17.6Mt, with global consumption at 20.4Mt. Table 80 shows the historical and 2012
forecast global refined copper market balance.
Table 80: Global refined copper market balance (Source: USGS 2006-2009, ICSG 2010-2012)
Production 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Mine Production (Mt) 15.0 15.4 15.5 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.6
Refined Production (Mt) 17.2 17.9 18.2 18.3 19.0 19.4 20.1
LME Copper Price ($000/t avg) 6.7 7.1 7.0 6.1 7.5 8.8 8.2
*Forecast
The copper price has demonstrated significant volatility since 2008, as shown in Figure 62. The price of
copper reached a new high of $8,900 /tonne in July 2008. Thereafter, as the financial crisis took effect on the
global economy, the price declined to $2,810 /tonne in December 2008, the lowest level in almost 5 years.
From that low, the price generally trended upward, reaching a new record high of above $10,000 /tonne.
After trading in a band from $10,000 to $9,000 /tonne, the price sharply declined in August 2011 to around
$6,700 /tonne. It has recovered since then, with a bid price on 16 February 2012 of $8,209 /tonne.
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Figure 62: The London Metal Exchange copper price from January 2007 to date (Source: LME)
The copper price forecast used in the economic evaluation of the project is shown in Table 81. The forecast
is based on published LME monthly futures prices. These publicly available prices are quoted in nominal
terms. The financial model used for the economic evaluation is in real terms (2012 United States dollars),
and the real copper price forecast is derived from the nominal prices using the US CPI estimates in Table 81.
Table 81: Copper price forecast
Copper price Long
($/tonne) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Term
Real 8,500 8,416 8,823 8,735 8,649 8,087 7,536 6,757 6,213 6,000
US CPI 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5%
19.1.2 Cobalt
Cobalt has many commercial, industrial and military applications. The leading use of cobalt is in
rechargeable battery electrodes. The temperature stability and heat- and corrosion-resistance of cobalt-
based superalloys makes them suitable for use in turbine blades for jet turbines and gas turbine engines.
Other uses of cobalt include vehicle airbags; catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries; cemented
carbides and diamond cutting and abrasion tools; drying agents for paints, varnishes, and inks; dyes and
pigments; ground coats for porcelain enamels; high-speed steels; magnetic recording media; magnets; and
steel-belted radial tyres.
Global mine production of cobalt was 88,000 tonnes in 2010, with 45,000 tonnes (or 51%) produced in the
DRC, the largest producer. Zambia is the second largest producer with 11,000 tonnes (12.5%). Global
refinery production in 2010 was 76,000 tonnes. Table 82 shows the historical global refined cobalt market
balance.
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The cobalt price reached a record of $48.63 /pound in March 2008, falling in line with other commodities to a
5-year low of $11 /pound in December 2008. The price recovered, reaching a maximum of $19.64 /pound in
January 2011. Cobalt started trading on the LME in May 2010, and the LME cobalt price is shown in Figure
63 in $/tonne ($10/lb = $22 046/tonne). The cobalt price declined during 2011, reaching a low of $12.25 in
October. The LME closing price was $32 250/tonne ($14.63 /lb) on 16 February 2012.
Figure 63: The London Metal Exchange cobalt price from April 2010 to date (Source: LME)
The cobalt price forecast used in the economic evaluation of the project is shown in Table 83. The forecast is
based on the Metal Bulletin 99.8%Co $/pound price (in nominal terms) available for the next spot delivery.
The forward curve is assumed to gradually decline for the next three years, before falling to its long term
value. The financial model used for the economic evaluation is in real terms (2012 USD), and the real cobalt
price forecast is derived from the nominal prices using the US CPI estimates in Table 83.
Table 83: Cobalt price forecast
Cobalt price Long
($/pound) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Term
Real 14.00 13.86 11.76 11.65 11.53 11.42 11.30 10.81 10.65 10.50
US CPI 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5%
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19.2 Contracts
KML has entered into offtake agreements with Glencore International AG, pursuant to which Glencore will
buy 100% of the quantities of Cu and Co produced by KCC over the life of the mine. The offtake agreements
are negotiated at arms length at standard market terms.
Social risks (such as artisanal miners, health, reputational and human rights).
Interviews with the acting environmental manager, health and safety manager and process managers
for KCC;
Collection and review of environmental permits, reports, management plans and monitoring data; and
The review was of current operations and, where possible, it included environmental and social performance
of all KCC operations.
The key environmental and social legislation utilised for the review is summarised in Table 84 below.
Table 84: Summary of relevant Environmental and Social DRC legislation relating to KCC
Legislation Summary
General - Provides the regulations relating to prospecting,
exploration, exploitation, processing, transportation and sale of
Law No. 007/2002 of July 11, 2002 mineral substances. It includes mining restrictions, tax regimes,
Relating to the Mining Code environmental impact study, site rehabilitation and compensation
requirements.
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Legislation Summary
protection measures.
Annexe XII Defines restricted and sensitive environments
Annexe XIII Defines noise measurement methodology
Annexe XIV Defines the minimum standards for ensuring the
structural stability of mining waste storage areas
Restricts the development or exploitation of forestry areas and
Forest Code (Law 11 of 2002) defines the requirements for applying for the development or
exploitation of forestry.
Establishes provincial commission to prevent misuse of water
Decree of 6 May 1952 on Water
resources.
Regulations on lake and water course Determines protection areas for streams, lakes, and other water
contamination and pollution 1 July 1914 resources which may constitute a source of drinkable water.
Defines the tax regime for exploitation of forest products, hunting
Regulation 79-244 of 16 October 1997 and fishing licences, operating permits for dangerous, unhealthy, or
nuisance establishments.
Sets a framework for the general conservation of wild life in general
by preventing and controlling hunting, trapping, transporting,
Regulation no 69-041 of 22 August 1969
disturbing or illegally causing animals to flee from their natural
habitat.
Principle 8: Covenants;
The Equator Principles primarily include and directly reference the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
environmental and social performance standards and World Bank general and industry specific
environmental, health and safety (EHS) guidelines (see below).
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This review references the Equator Principles and IFC Performance standards as part of the compliance
criteria.
Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and
Impacts;
Performance Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention linked to the World Bank
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines;
(i) Integrated assessment to identify the social and environmental impacts, risks, and opportunities
of projects;
(ii) Effective community engagement through disclosure of project-related information and
consultation with local communities on matters that directly affect them; and
(iii) The management of social and environmental performance throughout the life of the project.
20.1.4 The World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines
The EHS Guidelines (April 30, 2007) are technical reference documents with general and industry specific
(i.e., mining) examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). Reference to the EHS guidelines is
required under Performance Standard 3.
The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures normally acceptable to the IFC and are
generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable cost. When host country regulations
differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve
whichever standard is more stringent.
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Preventing pollution from operations, by adopting good international practice to minimize and mitigate
risks to the environment.
Complying with local laws and regulations and, where relevant, adhering to other more relevant
stringent standards.
Ensuring that adequate resources are available to meet environmental obligations and responsibilities.
Recognizing the importance of communicating our environmental policy internally and externally and
providing the necessary education and training to employees and contractors to ensure adherence to
our environmental policy.
KCC Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Environmental Management Plans (EMPs)
submitted to DRC regulators;
Closure plans;
KOV Open Pit and underground extension Kamoto East Underground Mine (KTE) ;
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Environmental Authorisation for Exploitation Permits 4960, 4961 and 4963 issued in 2007;
Exploitation Permits 11601, 11602 and 525 issued in 2011 covering KCC material assets.
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KCC are currently implementing an Environmental Management System by the use of electronic software
called Isometrix with the goal of becoming ISO14001 compliant within the next 2 years. KCC has established
an Environmental Steering Committee to address environmental risks.
Critical Risk (risks identified that could result in project cessation and/or risk to human health);
Low Risk.
Community Health and Safety risks due to communities accessing the haul roads (Site Access
along haul roads);
20.1.10 Overview
The Luilu Refinery currently treats copper oxide concentrate and sulphide concentrate from the Kamoto
Concentrator. Concentrate treatment at the Luilu refinery includes:
Following crushing and milling at KTC the oxide concentrate is thickened and filtered, leached through
the addition of raffinate solution (low pH solution), prior to being processed through the solvent
extraction and electrowinning circuit to produce copper cathodes for export;
The sulphide concentrate originating from underground operations, processed through the Kamoto
Concentrator is roasted and added to the oxide leach circuit.
Cobalt is extracted from the leach circuit through cobalt hydroxide precipitation, thickening and
electrowinning to produce cobalt cathodes; and
Effluent and tailings slurry generated by the Luilu refinery (comprising low pH raffinate solution, precipitated
aluminium and iron, suspended and dissolved solids, heavy metals is discharged and ultimately flows into
the Luilu River via drainage channels.
Effluent discharge into the Luilu River:
Gcamines operated the Luilu refinery and discharged this slurry into the river for approximately 20
years from the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s; and
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Since its operations commenced in 2008, KCC has been in regular contact with local, provincial and
national authorities on developing plans to eliminate the discharge.
Discharge of slurry coupled with existing contamination arising from an upstream tailings storage facility
owned by Gcamines, contributed to the pollution of the river in the form of surface water quality
deterioration and sedimentation.
Tailings Strategy: Slurry neutralization by treatment with milk of lime and operation of the lined capture
facilities. Approach will ensure the cessation of the tailings discharge info to Luilu river.
Treatment System: Provisions to contain the slurry from the refinery have been identified. Following
detailed design and engineering works with SNC Lavalin, construction of the treatment facilities
commenced in 2011 (neutralisation tanks, pipelines, lime addition circuits, and pumps). The system was
commissioned in March 2012.
The proposed replacement tailings facility at the unused Mupine open pit remains subject to an
environmental approval process from the DPEM.
20.2.2 General
Aspects such as dust and air quality mitigation and monitoring, improved health and safety behaviour,
management of waste and hazardous materials, historical soil contamination management, vibration
monitoring and blasting management, and provision of adequate resources and training measures have
been identified by KCC through internal auditing as additional areas requiring focused management. Review
of internal audit reports indicates that measures are in place to improve performance in these identified
areas.
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and maintain the operations of KCC. Table 85 shows the nature of the capital expenditure required for each
operational area.
Table 85: Capital Expenditure by operational area
Area Capital expenditure requirement
KTO Mine Purchase of underground mining equipment to meet LOM plans and ramp up to 2mtpa,
development costs to access mining areas and ventilation infrastructure.
Kamoto East Underground Initially for the development from the KTO Mine through to the new mine. Thereafter, for
Mine the purchase of mining equipment required to meet LOM plans, development to access
mining areas and ventilation infrastructure. Also technical work to convert resources into
reserves.
T-17 Underground Mine Initially for the development of a portal from surface. Thereafter, for the purchase of
mining equipment required to meet LOM plans, development to access mining areas and
ventilation infrastructure.
T-17 Open pit Development work to enable the mining of T-17 extension. Civil and engineering work for
the diversion of an access road and diversion and protection of the water way to the east
of T-17.
Mashamba East Mine Purchase of mining equipment required to meet LOM plans.
Effluent Ponds and Tailings Development of the ponds and tailings facilities, raise the earth containment
embankment.
Environmental and Social Far West Tailings Dam stakeholder engagement, jobs and economic opportunities;
tarring of roads (to reduce dust and road safety hazards); dust monitoring equipment;
equipment for sulphur dioxide emission reductions/monitoring; surface water
management (containment and management); general and hazardous waste
management (trenches and buildings); ad hoc equipment for ground water; water
settlement facilities for suspended solids radiation monitoring and survey equipment; and
emergency response equipment and vehicles.
General Unallocated infrastructure of a general nature required to sustain the operations of KCC,
including stay-in-business capital of USD 55 million per annum.
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Table 86 presents the expected capital expenditure annually from 2012 2016, the total from 2017 2030,
and the total over the life of mine.
Table 86: Capital Expenditure by year
2017- LOM
USD million 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
2030 Total
Mining
Kamoto 52.0 30.9 23.8 11.8 18.0 73.0 209.5
Kamoto East Underground 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 343.2 343.2
Social & Environmental 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 137.5 187.5
General capital expenditure 54.4 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 756.3 1 029.3
Total capital expenditure 625.8 321.1 430.1 161.5 121.5 1 618.0 3 277.9
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KTO Mine Based on current and budgeted costs as an owner Weighted average cost over LOM:
operation. USD 45.57 /t ore mined.
KOV Open Pit Based on contractual rates charged by mining Costs include $7.06/bcm for mining
contractor Enterprise Generale Malta Forrest. and $1.80/t for ore haulage.
T-17 Open Pit Based on contractual rates charged by mining Costs include $7.70/bcm for mining
contractor Enterprise Generale Malta Forrest. and $2.80 for ore haulage.
Kamoto East Based on estimated costs as an owner operation. Weighted average cost over LOM:
Underground Mine USD 29.69 /t ore mined.
T-17 Underground Mine Based on estimated costs as an owner operation. Weighted average cost over LOM:
USD 33.15 /t ore mined.
Mashamba East Open Based on a contractor performing the works. Weighted average cost over LOM:
Pit USD 28.70 /t ore mined.
Kamoto Concentrator Plant costs for reagents, consumables and electricity. Sulphides: USD 7.00 /t ore feed
Oxides: USD 16.00 /t ore feed.
Luilu Refinery Excluding acid and lime costs. USD 0.185 /lb for finished Cu
USD 0.114/lb for finished Co.
General and Head office and other centralised costs. USD 87.6 million per annum.
Administration
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The actual costs of major operating items are detailed on an annual basis in Table 88.
Table 88: Major Operational Expenditure
General and Administrative Costs 87.6 87.6 87.6 87.6 87.6 1,246.1
The economic analysis is primarily based on proven and probable ore reserves, but includes mineral
resources from T-17 underground and Kamoto East underground that have not been converted into ore
reserves. Section 3.4 (e) of the Rules and Policies of National Instrument 43-101 states that if a disclosure
includes the results of an economic analysis of mineral resources, an equally prominent statement that
mineral resources that are not ore reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability must be included.
The ore and recovered metal tonnages over the life of mine are shown in Table 89, showing the
contribution of ore reserves (Kamoto underground, T-17 underground, T-17 Open pit, Mashamba East
Open pit, KOV Open pit) and mineral resources that are not ore reserves (T-17 underground and Kamoto
East underground). KCC intends to conduct further exploration of the properties including T-17
underground and Kamoto East underground.
Table 89: LOM Ore and Metals Volumes
Ore mined Cu recovered Co recovered
Classification
(mt) (kt) (kt)
Ore Reserves (Kamoto UG, T-17 OP, T-17 UG,
96.0 4,441.8 376.2
Mashamba OP & KOV OP)
Mineral Resources (T-17 UG and Kamoto East UG) 29.1 1,000.9 79.7
TOTAL 125.1 5,442.7 455.9
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Mining and processing production rates, head grades and recoveries are discussed in Section 13.0
(Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing), Section 16.8 (Surface operations), Section 16.6 (Life Of
Mine Plan) and Section 17.0 (Plant And Processing).
The discount rate is set at 10% in real terms, which is the discount rate used by Glencore across its
portfolio of mining assets;
Copper and cobalt prices are discussed in Section 19.0 (Market Studies and Contracts);
Capital expenditure is discussed in Section 21.2 (Capital Cost Estimates). Capital expenditure is subject
to a DRC Capital Allowance of 60% in the first year and is depreciated on a reducing balance each year
thereafter;
Royalties, tax, capital allowances and exchange rates are discussed in Section 22.4;
KMLs attributable economic interest in KCC is derived after the deduction of cash flows attributable to
GCM from KCCs free cash flow.
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Operating Costs MUSD (478) (467) (549) (580) (573) (587) (614) (617) (655) (668)
Other Costs MUSD (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89)
Net change in working capital MUSD (31) (129) 2 (17) (12) 7 2 16 (8) (3)
Total Expenses MUSD (599) (686) (636) (686) (674) (669) (701) (691) (752) (760)
Taxation MUSD (1) (2) (3) (634) (556) (590) (473) (354) (293) (264)
Capital Expenditure MUSD (626) (321) (430) (162) (121) (123) (144) (130) (143) (137)
Gcamines Dividends MUSD (16) (19) (64) (26) (16) (17) (156) (219) (181) (169)
Net Free Cash MUSD (252) 685 1,184 1,008 1,275 1,118 792 636 533 517
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Table 91: KCC cash flow for 2022 to 2030 and LOM total
Cash Flow Unit 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 LOM total
Revenue MUSD 2,318 2,318 2,315 2,318 2,315 2,286 2,252 2,180 2,155 45,219
Freight, Insurance and Sales Costs MUSD (374) (374) (374) (374) (374) (365) (355) (335) (328) (6,457)
Royalties (87) (87) (87) (87) (87) (86) (85) (83) (82) (1,596)
Net Revenue MUSD 1,856 1,856 1,854 1,856 1,854 1,834 1,811 1,762 1,746 37,165
Operating Costs MUSD (677) (710) (693) (631) (591) (552) (522) (470) (505) (11,138)
Other Costs MUSD (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (89) (1,693)
Net change in working capital MUSD (4) (1) 9 29 19 20 14 25 (15) (79)
Total Expenses MUSD (770) (800) (773) (692) (661) (621) (598) (534) (609) (12,911)
Taxation MUSD (263) (285) (269) (289) (323) (332) (334) (331) (332) (5,929)
Capital Expenditure MUSD (137) (128) (120) (109) (92) (92) (100) (94) (69) (3,278)
Gcamines Dividends MUSD (169) (161) (170) (187) (192) (197) (195) (200) (180) (2,532)
Net Free Cash MUSD 517 481 523 580 586 592 584 603 555 12,516
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The T-17 Underground and Kamoto East Underground mineral resources contribute USD791 million to the
valuation. These are not ore reserves, and do not have demonstrated economic viability. KCC intends to
conduct further exploration and technical studies of the properties in order to convert the mineral resources
to ore reserves.
Table 93 presents the NPV of KMLs holding in KCC at different discount rates.
Table 93: NPV of KMLs holding in KCC
NPV
(USD million)
7.5% 6,921
12.5% 5,078
Because KCC is an existing operation and not a start-up, the internal rate of return and payback period are
not meaningful calculations.
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Table 96: Sensitivity of the value of KMLs interest in KCC to changes in operating costs
NPV Change in operating costs
(USD million) -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%
Table 97: Sensitivity of the value of KMLs interest in KCC to changes in capital expenditure
NPV Change in capital expenditure
(USD million) -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%
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Figure 65: Sensitivity of the value of KMLs holding in KCC to changes in key variables
The value is most sensitive to metal prices, with a positive 1% change in metal prices causing a positive
change of USD 120 million in project value. KCC is less sensitive to changes in operating costs and capital
expenditure, with a positive 1% change causing negative changes of USD 31 million and USD 16 million
respectively.
The Competent Persons, as defined in the JORC Code, involved in the technical analysis of the
Material Assets were interviewed to identify and record project risks; and
The risks identified by SRK in the 2009 Technical Report were reviewed and included in this analysis if
they were determined to still be valid.
Dewatering: Initial and continuous dewatering of the KOV Open Pit and Mashamba East Open Pit is
required. The current dewatering strategy has recently been revised to accommodate the pit designs
referenced in the 2010 Technical Report and historical hydrogeological data which is difficult to validate.
As such, the current dewatering strategy could potentially prove to be less effective at maintaining dry
slope conditions than anticipated. This potentially could introduce risks associated with potential
impacts on both the economics of the pit, pit stability and the production schedule. This risk is being
mitigated by performing further studies to gain a better understanding of the hydrogeology so that an
appropriate dewatering strategy is defined that enables safe mining as cost effectively and efficiently as
possible;
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Access and slope failures: KOV Open Pit will develop into a large operation up to 400m deep.
Production rates are high with up to 4.5Mt of material that should be moved from the KOV Open Pit per
annum. Small slope failures could have a negative impact on access system to the production benches.
A strategy should be developed to establish an alternative ramp access to production areas;
Available pit space: A high production rate requires sufficient working areas or face length. Additional
face length should be established and maintained on the southern section of the KOV Open Pit;
Available waste dumping space: The KOV Open Pit will produce 46.2Mt of waste up to 2030. The
available waste dumping space close to the KOV Open Pit is insufficient for the LOM although as part
of the AJVA additional surface rights have been allocated to KCC to the north of the current KOV Open
Pit concession. However, for improved cost efficiency, a detailed technical plan to back fill mining waste
into depleted pits should be developed. With the appropriate mining sequence in KOV Open Pit, a total
of 15.0Mt could be back filled while the T-17 Open Pit is available for back filling from 2013 onwards
should the appropriate technical studies be completed;
Grade control: An operational cut-off grade of 0.6% Cu has been applied to the mining models. Grade
control practices for a high volume operation should be developed. Inefficient grade control systems
may result in mineral resource losses or cause uneconomic production tonnes to be processed in
situations where the planned revenues does not cover the processing and selling costs;
Waste Rock: Site personnel interviewed, indicated radio-active waste rock occurring within the T-17
Open Pit is handled and stored separately from non radio-active waste rock. KCC has capped this
radio-active waste rock dump with non radio-active waste rock in compliance with international
accepted standards; and
Collapsed Zone: The presence of a collapsed zone in the central plateau portion of the KTO ore body
may influence stress distribution in adjacent areas.
The work with SNEL is progressing and power supply constraints seem less of risk; however the new electro
winning plant will require as much as 60-75MW and variable supply to the electro-winning plant would be a
major production issue.
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and their appointed independent engineers, who provide certified project control software and an extensive
an up-to-date database of capital costs for many aspects of the development.
Resorting to road transportation (at a higher cost) for logistics, although road costs have been factored
into the financial model.
The DRC (as a whole) continues to be at risk of being affected by varying degrees of political and economic
instability in the future, which is outside of KML/KCC's control.
Changes in the DRC legal system may expose KML/KCC's operations in this region to increased operational
risks and/or compliance costs.
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Discharge of slurry coupled with existing contamination arising from an upstream tailings storage facility
owned by Gcamines, contributed to the pollution of the river in the form of surface water quality
deterioration and sedimentation.
Tailings capacity;
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25.2 Description
The TSF is a hill-side impoundment with an earth starter embankment located on the western, southern and
eastern perimeter. The TSF currently has a top surface area of 71.9ha and its tailings storage capacity
approximately is 1.3 million m.
The tailings delivery pipeline is a 350 mm diameter rubber lined, steel pipeline spigot which is positioned on
top of the earth starter wall and extends along the western, southern and eastern flanks of the TSF, with 1
valve positioned in the north-west corner. A number of spigot outlets are set into this delivery pipe.
The TSF has 4 penstock intake structures i.e. the main penstock structure is located in the northern portion
of the TSF and 3 intermediate intakes which are located on the same outlet pipe to the south and at
progressively lower elevations. The supernatant water flows out through the penstock pipeline to the outfall
trench, located south west of the western embankment, which discharges into the return water dam, situated
further west.
A toe drain constructed along the inner toe of the main embankment also discharges into the outfall trench at
the same location as the penstock outlet. The return water dam is equipped with a pumping and piping
arrangement to pump water back to the KTC plant for reuse.
The design life of the TSF was initially envisaged to be 11 months in its current form, but due to an increase
in tailings production, a revised design increased the life of the TSF for a further 6 to 8 months during 2012.
KCC is currently waiting for the DRCs Department for the Protection of the Mining Environment (DPEM) to
grant authorisation to allow the deposition of tailings into the Mupine Pit. Until the authorisation is granted,
the TSF will need to be utilised. There will be a need to raise the earth containment embankment of the TSF
by 1 - 5m to create sufficient deposition space, before the pit becomes available in September 2012.
26.0 CLOSURE
26.1 Approach and Limitations to Closure Cost Update
26.1.1 Approach
An indicative closure cost estimate based on information available at the time was conducted by GAA for
December 2010 (hereafter referred to as indicative closure costs). This indicative closure cost was
subsequently updated for December 2011 (hereafter referred to as updated closure costs) using current
unit rates and incorporating new information. The updated closure cost was conducted for unscheduled and
scheduled closure, taking into consideration a number of aspects that were not considered in the indicative
closure cost. This information was not available when the indicative closure cost was compiled. These
aspects are detailed in Sections 26.1.4 and 26.1.5.2.
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The approach followed with the updated closure costs was largely similar to that for the indicative closure
costs as follows:
Verification and updating of the relevant mining areas and associated infrastructure, primarily from
Google Earth imagery and limited available plans;
Identification of infrastructure and land use sub-categories within the above mining operations area
characterised by similar conditions, for example light, medium or heavy infrastructural areas, waste rock
and spoils stockpiles, and moderately or severely disturbed surface conditions;
Interpretation of the type, nature and sizes of structures from available information and measurement of
the delineated areas in AutoCAD;
Review of the closure approach and criteria adopted for the indicative closure cost by GAA and
verifying and updating of the respective measures;
Updating and verification of unit rates used for the indicative closure cost for plant dismantling and
demolition, as well as associated rehabilitation. Benchmarking of the new unit rates was done as per
recent tenders available to GAA, similar work conducted recently in Africa, as well as consultation with
demolition and earthworks practitioners;
Application of the above unit rates and associated quantities in spreadsheets arranged into sub-
categories to illuminate the respective closure cost components for the cost update; and
Compilation of a report reflecting the approach applied by GAA in determining the updated closure
costs. Matters requiring attention to ensure that future closure costing is improved and more realistic
are also listed.
26.1.2 Limitations
The updated closure cost was conducted primarily as a desktop assessment, based on limited
additional information and photographs of the mine area. As a result a number of aspects must either
still be verified or further refined to improve the accuracy of the closure costs. Hence, this updated
closure costs must also regarded as indicative only and as such provides the basis for future closure
cost updates;
The updated closure cost has not been compiled for the purposes of purchase of the mine; and serves
only to inform internal financial and accounting requirements;
A one-day site visit to the mine site in support of the overall project, also addressing closure cost
aspects, was conducted. This time on site was not sufficient to gain a full understanding of the closure
related site aspects;
The updated closure cost estimation was conducted from both an end of life-of-mine (scheduled)
scenario, as well as an immediate (unscheduled) scenario. Scheduled closure incorporates a number of
planned or recently initiated activities, such as the construction of the new electro-winning and solvent
extraction plant infrastructure, planned expanded open pit mining and tailings deposition in the Mupine
open pit. Unscheduled closure essentially considers closing the mine in its current state,
The costing assumes that closure of the operations occurs with no remedial work having been done
over the remaining operational life, If material work will be conducted this would influence the closure
costs;
The cost assessment does not include any operating or capital costs that are likely to be incurred due to
management of the environment during operations;
Although the costs the metallurgical plants have been included, the Joint Venture agreements with
Gcamines indicate that once KCC has finished utilising them, they will revert back to Gcamines.
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These facilities are currently leased from GCM on terms defined in the Amended and Restarted Joint
Venture Agreement for a period to 2024, with two 10 year renewable options;
The cost assessment does not include infrastructure that falls within KCC concession area, but which
has not been operated by KCC. Examples include but are not limited to: Poto Poto Tailings dam,
Kamoto Tailings dam and any waste dumps from KOV, various infrastructures recently been
constructed due to GCM related activities within the KCC concessions.; and
The assessment does not include infrastructure previously operated by KCC, but which has now been
transferred out of the concession area, such as the Kolwezi Concentrator.
Map of the Tilwezembe Concession PE 4963 DCP. Infrastructures on perimeters of the Convention
JVACR. July 2009. KCC Kolwezi DRC;
Map of the KCC Infrastructures dated June 01, 2011 (datum WGS84_35S);
The December 2010 Review of Unscheduled Closure Costs (Decommissioning and Restoration Costs)
for KCC report dated January 2011, compiled by GAA;
Emailed correspondence from Robin Gardiner of SNC Lavalin to GAA , dated January 31, 2012; and
Photographs of various infrastructure elements and mine features, taken during the site visit conducted
by GAA.
Overall mine site and plant complexes, including fugitive disturbed areas (but excluding areas defined
as GCMs liability): 2323 ha;
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A number of tailings storage facilities evident on aerial imagery are understood to be located outside of the
overall battery limit of this closure cost update. Hence GAA has excluded the following components from this
cost update:
Kamoto TSF;
Sulphide TSF.
The unnamed TSF to the south of the Luilu plant was also included in this cost update. It is noted that the full
rehabilitation costs for the latter has not been included, as this TSF is pre-existing.
Furthermore the following planned future or recently initiated components / activities were included in the
updated closure cost, as described below:
The planned expanded open pit mining of the Mashamba East Pit;
The planned expanded open pit mining of the KTO East Pit;
The construction of the new electro-winning and solvent extraction plant and associated infrastructure.
In addition, the rehabilitation of the planned KOV stockpiles footprint indicated on the 2011 KCC
infrastructures drawing were also included.
Rehabilitation of disturbed areas, including the collection, handling and disposal of contaminated soil as
well as the removal and disposal of fugitive concrete; and
It is understood that the mine will pump water from the existing open pits that are to be mined further. Once
mining of the various pits has ceased it is expected that the pits will eventually fill in with precipitation and
groundwater ingress. It is expected that ongoing management of contaminated excess mine water arising
from the reclaimed mine workings may be required; involving collection, handling, treatment and safe
disposal of the treated mine water. However the need, nature and extent of this aspect are unknown and
hence have been omitted from the closure cost estimate. If required, this could add a notable additional
capital expenditure and ongoing operational costs.
The battery areas indicated in Figure 66 were assumed and considered. This includes the PE525 and
PE4961 concession areas. An area described as Area No.2 includes the Luilu plant, and PE11602 which
includes the T-17 open pit and surrounding infrastructure. The battery limits also includes the TSF to the
south of the Luilu plant as is described above.
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26.1.5.1 General
The closure costs for the plant site could comprise a number of cost components. This report only
addresses the decommissioning and reclamation/restoration costs, equating to an outside (third party)
contractor establishing on-site and conducting the decommissioning and reclamation-related work.
Other components such as staffing of the plant site following decommissioning, the infrastructure and
support services (e.g. power supply.) for the staff, as well as workforce matters such as separation
packages and re-training/re-skilling, are outside the scope of this report;
Based on the above, dedicated contractors would be commissioned to conduct the demolition and work
on the mining site and associated areas. This would inter alia require establishment costs for the
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demolition and rehabilitation contractors and hence, the allowance of preliminary and general (P&Gs) in
the cost estimate. Allowance has also been made for third party contractors and consultants to conduct
post closure care and maintenance work, as well as compliance monitoring;
Steel and related material from the plant demolition which has salvage value will remain on-site for sale
to third parties with any salvage value from demolition waste material for GCMs benefit;
As there would be no salvage value to KCC, no cost off-sets due to salvage values were considered in
terms of accepted practice and thus only gross closure costs are reported;
Concrete footings and bases would be demolished to a maximum of 1 000 mm below the final surface
topography;
All useable stockpiles of raw and/or saleable material would have been processed and removed off-site
at closure and none of these would remain on site, thus requiring reclamation; and
The existing villages would not be demolished, but would be transferred to third parties. This also
applies to the services related to the village such as water supply and sewage treatment.
The dismantling and rehabilitation of the expanded electro-winning and copper solvent extraction plant
infrastructure, construction of which has recently been initiated, has been included in this closure cost
update, as follows:
The new solvent extraction plant footprint area is approximately 13.4 ha in extent, of which 50% has
been assumed to be heavy infrastructure and the remainder medium infrastructure;
The electro-winning plant footprint is approximately 1.5 ha in extent and is assumed to consist of
medium infrastructure, with an extra over allowance for removal of concrete not exceeding 250mm in
thickness;
The footprint of the new substation to be constructed for the electro-winning plant will be approximately
0.5 ha; and
The electro-winning plant storage and export yard will be approximately 4 ha.
It is foreseen that demolition waste, such as concrete and building rubble, would be largely inert and
that a dedicated waste disposal facility will be licensed and constructed for the purpose of disposal of
demolition waste. Provision for establishing a 2.5 ha waste disposal facility within the mining rights area
for the disposal of all demolition waste, as it has been assumed that no suitable facility is available
within a close enough distance. Provision is made for the facility once decommissioned, to be covered
with material sourced from site and for the establishment of vegetation directly onto the cover material;
Covering of the relevant TSFs with a soil cover will not be done, as it is understood that vegetation
establishes naturally on the tailings material and that covering of the TSFs is not normally done in this
region. Hence, allowance for the establishment of grassland vegetation only has been made. However
it is anticipated that this approach will not prevent ingress of rainfall water and hence will not prevent
contaminated net percolation (waste load), and must be verified and updated as required to conform to
best practice requirements;
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Removal of contaminated soil that could have occurred in those places where the liner has leaked;
Collection, transport and disposal of the contaminated sediment and soil; and
The remaining waste rock and/or over burden dumps will be shaped and vegetated;
Rehabilitation of the planned KOV stockpiles for scheduled closure only, of which the footprint area has
been assumed to be approximately 13.4 ha in extent, by removing contaminated material to a depth of
300 to 500 mm, shaping the footprint area and re-establishment of woodland vegetation. Note that
placement of a growth medium was not provided for as it is understood that acceptable levels of natural
re-vegetation of disturbed areas occurs in time;
Different shaping, levelling and re-vegetation methods will apply for disturbed areas based on the
nature, extent and severity of disturbance. The following categories have been assumed:
Moderately to severely disturbed general areas, over which suitable woodland vegetation will be
established;
Waste rock dumps, overburden stockpiles and other similar areas onto which grassland vegetation
will be established; and
The Kamoto underground workings are assumed to be accessed by one incline shaft with associated
portal;
In addition to the above underground mining, the rest of the mining is and/or will be conducted from four
open pits on surface;
The final mining voids or remaining open pits will not be in-filled and allowed to become open lakes over
time with the required access control whilst these are re-watering (flooding). In order to limit access, an
open rock enviro-bund to a height of at least 3 meters and its inside toe 20 m from the long term break-
back line of the pit/void will be constructed . The bund will also serve the following purposes:
Safety measure to isolate the pit from people and animals by restricting access to the pit and voids;
Visual screening; and
Divert surface water runoff away from and around the pit, preventing erosion of pit or void lip/edge.
As sufficient vector information on the extent to which the various open pits will be expanded was not
available it was assumed that for scheduled closure the enviro-bund will double in length, although it
was assumed that only 20% of this cost would be accounted for during closure and that the rest of the
cost associated with creating the bunds will be operational;
It was assumed that the entire volume of material that will be required to create the bunds for scheduled
closure can be sourced from the pits during operations, however this must be confirmed;
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It is understood that the Mupine pit will be used for the future ongoing disposal of tailings material. It is
assumed that the pit has sufficient capacity to contain all tailings material emanating from future mining
and no provision for the expansion, deepening or any further preparation of the pit has been made in
this regard. This aspect must be verified in future closure cost updates as the potential requirement to
expand the pit and/or create additional tailings disposal facilities will have significant cost implications.
Allowance for the following has been made:
For scheduled closure, establishment of grassland vegetation directly on the tailings material once
deposition has ceased; and
For unscheduled closure, establishment of an enviro-bund as described above around the extent of
the current pit, as it was assumed that no further tailings material would require deposition.
Load and haul of waste rock material from site over a maximum distance of 2 km for infilling of the shaft
portal and 3 km for creating the various enviro-bunds respectively, has been assumed;
Removal of contaminated soil from disturbed areas as part of general surface rehabilitation is required
for approximately 20 percent of the reclaimed infrastructural footprint areas;
Allowance has been made for a nominal amount of fugitive concrete to be removed and disposed of;
and
Allowance has been made for care and maintenance as well as surface and groundwater quality
monitoring to be conducted for a minimum period of 5 years to ensure and assess success of the
implemented rehabilitation and closure measures. However no allowance for ongoing collection,
handling, treatment and safe disposal of treated mine water following closure has been made and the
possible need and extent of this requirement must be determined and incorporated in future closure
cost updates.
It was assumed that all stockpiles, waste rock, overburden dumps and other relatively loose material would
o
be at an angle of repose which has been estimated at 36 and that the average height of the dumps is
3
approximately 20 m. The dumps will be dozed and reworked to 1:5 slopes for which a rate of $1.55/m was
used.
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If assumed that it would take at least five man-days of an independent specialist to conduct the sampling at
these points at an hourly rate of $80.00/hour, this would equate to about $3 300.00 per sampling event for
professional fees and associated disbursements. If an additional allowance is made for sample analysis of
$225.00 per sample, this equates to an additional amount of $3 600.00, totalling to $6 900.00 per event.
Taking other disbursements (approximately 15 %) into account this amount could be rounded to $7 950.00
per sampling event, or $31 800.00 per year for the mine.
A dedicated hydro-geological assessment must however be conducted to determine the actual post-closure
groundwater monitoring requirements and incorporated into future closure cost updates.
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Similar professional and analytical fees, requiring a minimum of two days on site per sampling event, as well
as disbursements (costs for borehole pumping costs substituted by boat renting) would apply. It is also
foreseen that surface water monitoring would be conducted monthly. Annual surface water sampling costs
are therefore estimated to amount to approximately $32 400.00.
However, as for groundwater monitoring, the actual surface water monitoring requirements must be
determined based on a dedicated study and incorporated into future closure cost determinations.
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It has been assumed that the workers and equipment could be sourced locally.
Once again, it has been assumed that the workers and equipment could be sourced locally.
Infrastructural areas;
Mining areas;
Water management;
Additional allowances.
The updated closure cost determined for scheduled and unscheduled closure is reflected in Table 99.
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Roads within the mine lease area are limited and the
cost associated with their removal is included in
Roads, power lines, railways and
pipelines.
infrastructural areas above; and As for unscheduled closure.
Similarly, the removal of power lines, railways and
pipelines is included in the infrastructural areas above.
26.1.7.2 Mining Areas
Rock enviro-bunds will be built around all open pits in
their current condition, to a height of at least 3 meters
and with the inside toe 20 m from the long term break- As for unscheduled closure, but assuming that the
back line of the pit/void; open pit expansion as a result of future mining will
require the doubling of the total length of enviro-bund
Rock enviro-bunds will be entirely created from to be created;
existing waste rock material already dumped within the
mine lease area and will be transported via truck and Rock enviro-bunds will be entirely created from
shovel to the open pits; material excavated from the pits during future mining
and will largely form part of operational costs. However
Creation of an enviro-bund around Mupine pit, which closure cost provision has been made for 20% of the
will not be used for tailings disposal in unscheduled total volume of rock, to account for movement of
Open cast mining areas, including final
closure, has been included; material and repair of bunds required during closure;
voids and ramps
Provision of an enviro-bund around the KTO East Pit
Creation of an enviro-bund around Mupine pit has not
has in included in the closure cost update which had been included as it was assumed that the pit will be
been omitted in the indicative costing; completely filled with tailings material;
It was assumed the mining voids with standing water
It was assumed that the pits would be de-watered for
will be left as is; and ongoing mining operations as required, but that the
No cost has been allowed for ongoing water treatment final mining voids will be left with standing water; and
following closure as the need and scope of this aspect
is not known at present; however it is foreseen that this No cost has been allowed for ongoing water treatment
following closure.
could amount to significant capital and ongoing
operational costs.
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Shaping and levelling of footprint Allowance was made to stockpile demolition waste for
areas removal, fill excavations through a cut to fill action and As for unscheduled closure.
re-profile the area to allow free drainage.
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An allowance has been included for both high intensity As for unscheduled closure, however the additional
Rehabilitation monitoring monitoring (all infrastructure and tailings dam areas) electro-winning and solvent extraction plant as well as
over a five year period; and low intensity rehabilitation Mupine tailings disposal facility have been included as
monitoring (remaining areas) over a three year period. high intensity rehabilitation areas.
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In summary, the scheduled closure cost of approximately $138.5 million is approximately 25% higher than
the previous indicative closure costs of $110.9 million as determined by GAA in December 2010. Of this, the
largest percentage is attributed to the inclusion of the costs associated with the closure and rehabilitation of
a substantial amount of additional plant and infrastructure, namely the electro-winning and solvent extraction
plant. It is estimated that the costs associated with dismantling and removing the existing plant infrastructure
from site amounts to approximately $39.6 million, whilst the additional plant will cost approximately $13.2
million extra.
Furthermore, the inclusion of the rehabilitation of the KOV stockpiles, KTO East Pit and the Mupine Pit
tailings disposal facility in scheduled closure, which was not incorporated into the previous indicative closure
costing, accounts for a further estimated $1 million. The remaining difference is largely attributable to a
refinement in the closure approach in terms of the mining areas and the various applicable unit rates.
The unscheduled closure cost of approximately $123.6 million, is approximately $12.7 million higher than the
escalated indicative closure cost of 2010. This difference is largely attributable to a refinement in the closure
approach in terms of the mining areas and the various applicable unit rates, as well as the inclusion the
rehabilitation of the KTO East Pit.
For both scheduled and unscheduled closure, the totals for general surface reclamation, water management
and post-closure aspects have not changed significantly as several rates applied during the 2010 cost
estimate were risk averse and upon revision did not require significant escalation. Refinement of the post-
closure monitoring and aftercare approaches have also resulted in the provisions for these aspects
remaining largely unaltered.
Accurate and more detailed vector data of the existing battery limits were not available. Hence, it was
not possible to refine the existing battery limits for the purposes of compiling the bill of quantities. More
detailed information could also influence future costs;
Confirmation and documentation of battery limits for the closure costing and providing the
motivations/reasons for the inclusion and exclusion of areas must be obtained;
Compilation of proper inventories of infrastructure and mining activities within the respective battery
limits must be compiled and signed-off by the mine;
On-site quantification and measurement of those closure cost components with uncertainty with respect
to the closure measures required must be done;
Confirmation, through on-site assessments, of potential effect of any mining-related spillages on the
local stream/river. In the event that contamination that can safely be removed without causing
excessive damage to the streambeds is identified, allowance should be made for at least the de-silting
and re-instatement of contaminated stream beds and banks. Other measures may also be required in
order to allow the natural aquatic ecosystems to return as far as possible. This could have a notable
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cost and has been excluded from this cost estimate, mainly due to uncertainty on responsibility for this
environmental liability and the fact that such areas could not be detected from aerial imagery;
Actual positions for and number of surface and groundwater sampling / monitoring points required must
be determined, based on dedicated geo-hydrological and water quality assessments, and incorporated
in updated closure cost; and
The possible need for ongoing water treatment must be established and quantified, to ensure that
contaminated decant from the flooded pits and underground working do not pose a long term threat to
ground and surface water quality or to associated aquatic health. As previously mentioned this aspect
may result in significant capital and ongoing post-closure operating costs if required.
26.1.10 Conclusion
The findings as reflected in this report have primarily been based on the interpretation of Google Earth
images of the respective sites, used for the previous indicative closure cost estimate compiled in 2010. In
those instances where the required information was not available, estimates were made based on
experience. Limited new information comprising a number of on-site photographs and approximate footprint
size estimates for the new plant infrastructure was available. This constitutes a shortcoming in terms of this
assessment and ideally must be addressed for future updates.
Unit rates for the purpose of the review were obtained from GAAs existing data base and/or from demolition
practitioners. Where required, these were adapted to reflect site-specific conditions. As such, a risk-averse
perspective was adopted and mainly errs on the side of caution. This approach allows for the costs to be
refined further as information becomes available, as opposed to possible under-estimation and associated
provision that could lead to liability shortfalls. Nevertheless due to the severely disturbed and possibly
contaminated nature of the mining area, even small differences in battery limits could have a notable effect
on the computed closure costs.
More work is required to arrive at improved closure costs, also giving attention to those aspects highlighted
in this report.
28.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
The Qualified Person recommends the following actions be taken in respect of the Material Assets:
further exploration of the operations which have underground mine potential such as the T-17
underground and KTE should be continued;
dewatering strategy needs to be implemented particularly for open pits such as Mashamba East;
plant and processing improvements and construction of new infrastructure such as the Solvent
Extraction Plant and Electro-Winning Plant in terms of phase 4 need to be completed;
the capacity of the existing KTC tailings facility needs to be increased and the new tailings strategy
needs to be implemented i.e. the use of a lime treatment plant to treat tailings prior to deposition and
the authorisation and use of the Mupine Pit as a super tailings facility needs to be operationalised;
new deposition sites should be investigated since the existing tailings and waste facilities will require
expansion in the future.
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28.1 Dewatering
The element dewatering strategy needs to continue to avoid flooding of surface and/or underground mine
workings.
Deposition must be planned in advance for the month. This must be checked on a daily basis regarding
the actual deposition taking place on the TSF (Planned vs Actual).
Pool walls should be extended up to the penstock inlets for safe access to decant water off the TSF.
A catwalk structure of either timber or metal is to be constructed around each penstock inlet to assure
safe and easy access while removing penstock rings to decant water off the TSF.
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29.0 REFERENCES
Metago (2009). KML Due Diligence Environmental and Mine Waste Review. Report Number C001-02-
01, February 2009.
SRK (2010). Kamoto Project: EIS and EMP for the Project. SRK Report 411167/1, March 2010.
KCC (October 2009). Site environmental incident register: November 2008 to October 2009.
KCC (October 2010). Site environmental incident register: November 2009 to October 2010.
KCC Luilu Metallurgical Laboratory Excel spreadsheet: Water results up to March 2010 (Water sample
quality laboratory data from various locations for the period May of 2009 to March of 2010).
KCC Luilu Metallurgical Laboratory Excel spreadsheet: Dust samples 2010 (Monthly KCC dust fall
monitoring data for the period January to September of 2010).
SRK (2009). An ITR on the Material Assets of KML, Katanga Province, DRC. SRK Project: 389772,
March 17, 2009.
Talbot & Talbot Laboratories water quality analytical data reports dated as follows:
Report: Katanga 8636/10 R1, dated June 24, 2010 (samples collected 27 May 2010);
Report: Katanga 11806/10, dated August 16, 2010 (samples collected 14 to 20 July 2010); and
Report: Katanga 13881/10, dated September 16, 2010 (samples collected September 1 2, 2010).
WvdS/SE/ndw
Golder, Golder Associates and the GA globe design are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation.
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1) I, Willem van der Schyff, Professional Natural Scientist, am a Geologist at Golder Associates Africa. I
reside at 11 Marauder Street, Pierre van Ryneveld, Centurion, South Africa.
2) This certificate applies to the technical report of Katanga Mining Limited (Katanga) entitled. An
Independent Technical Report on the Material Assets of Katanga Mining Limited, Katanga Province,
Democratic Republic of Congo dated March 31, 2012 (the Technical Report).
3) I am a graduate of the University of Pretoria, South Africa with a BSc (Hons) in Geology obtained in
1990 and a Graduate Diploma in Engineering (Mining) obtained in 2000 from the University of
Witwatersrand, South Africa. I am a registered Professional Geologist with the South African Council
for Natural Scientific Professions and a member of the Geological Society of South Africa. I am a
qualified person as that term is defined in National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for
Mineral Projects (NI 43-101).
4) I completed site visits to Katanga's Material Assets (as defined in the Technical Report) between
January 16 20, 2012.
5) I am responsible for preparing and supervising the preparation of the Technical Report.
7) I previously assisted in the preparation of a report on the properties subject to the Technical Report and
I had prior involvement with the Material Assets from 1997 to 1999 before Katanga acquired in the
Material Assets, and in each case was independent of Katanga.
8) I have read NI 43-101 and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with NI 43-101.
9) As of the date of this certificate, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical
Report contains all scientific and technical information that is required to be disclosed to make the
Technical Report not misleading.
Dated March 30, 2012
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APPENDIX A
Document Limitations
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This Document has been provided by Golder Associates Africa Pty Ltd (Golder) subject to the following
limitations:
i) This Document has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined in Golders proposal and no
responsibility is accepted for the use of this Document, in whole or in part, in other contexts or for any
other purpose.
ii) The scope and the period of Golders Services are as described in Golders proposal, and are subject to
restrictions and limitations. Golder did not perform a complete assessment of all possible conditions or
circumstances that may exist at the site referenced in the Document. If a service is not expressly
indicated, do not assume it has been provided. If a matter is not addressed, do not assume that any
determination has been made by Golder in regards to it.
iii) Conditions may exist which were undetectable given the limited nature of the enquiry Golder was
retained to undertake with respect to the site. Variations in conditions may occur between investigatory
locations, and there may be special conditions pertaining to the site which have not been revealed by
the investigation and which have not therefore been taken into account in the Document. Accordingly,
additional studies and actions may be required.
iv) In addition, it is recognised that the passage of time affects the information and assessment provided in
this Document. Golders opinions are based upon information that existed at the time of the production
of the Document. It is understood that the Services provided allowed Golder to form no more than an
opinion of the actual conditions of the site at the time the site was visited and cannot be used to assess
the effect of any subsequent changes in the quality of the site, or its surroundings, or any laws or
regulations.
v) Any assessments made in this Document are based on the conditions indicated from published sources
and the investigation described. No warranty is included, either express or implied, that the actual
conditions will conform exactly to the assessments contained in this Document.
vi) Where data supplied by the client or other external sources, including previous site investigation data,
have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct unless otherwise stated. No
responsibility is accepted by Golder for incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others.
vii) The Client acknowledges that Golder may have retained sub-consultants affiliated with Golder to
provide Services for the benefit of Golder. Golder will be fully responsible to the Client for the Services
and work done by all of its sub-consultants and subcontractors. The Client agrees that it will only assert
claims against and seek to recover losses, damages or other liabilities from Golder and not Golders
affiliated companies. To the maximum extent allowed by law, the Client acknowledges and agrees it will
not have any legal recourse, and waives any expense, loss, claim, demand, or cause of action, against
Golders affiliated companies, and their employees, officers and directors.
viii) This Document is provided for sole use by the Client and is confidential to it and its professional
advisers. No responsibility whatsoever for the contents of this Document will be accepted to any person
other than the Client. Any use which a third party makes of this Document, or any reliance on or
decisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility of such third parties. Golder accepts no
responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions
based on this Document.
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APPENDIX B
Abbreviations and Glossary of Terms
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Roches Argilleuses Talceuse The RAT is considered the boundary between the R2 and R1 units and
(RAT) consists of an upper RAT Grises (R2) and a lower RAT Lilas (R1)
Roches Siliceuses Feuilletes This is a grey to light brown thinly bedded laminated and highly silicified
Foliated (Laminated) and Silicified dolomites
Rocks (RSF)
Roches Silicieuses Cellulaires or Vuggy and infilled massive to stromatolitic silicified dolomites
Siliceous Rocks with Cavities
(RSC)
Sandstone Clastic sedimentary rock with more than 25% clasts of sand
Scheduled closure Closure that happens at the planned date and/or time horizon
Variance Is the difference between the sample value and the mean grade
Volcanics One of three groups into which rocks have been divided. The volcanic
assemblage includes all extrusive rocks and associated intrusive ones
Volcaniclastics One of the three groups into which rocks have been divided. The volcanic
assemblage includes all extrusive rocks and associated intrusive ones
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Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd.
PO Box 6001
Halfway House, 1685
Thandanani Park
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Halfway Gardens
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South Africa
T: [+27] (11) 254 4800