KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena atas berkat
rahmat dan hidayah-Nya kami dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan Laporan
Komprrehensif ini.
Laporan Komprehensif ini disusun dan diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat
untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana pada Program Studi S1Teknik Perminyakan STT
MIGAS Balikpapan. Dalam penulisan Laporan ini penyusun banyak dibantu
berbagai pihak, oleh karena itu dalam kesempatan ini penyusun ingin
mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada:
1. Bapak Ir. Yudiaryono,. MT. selaku Ketua Jurusan S1 Teknik Perminyakan
STT Migas Balikpapan.
2. M. Nur Mukmin, ST. MT. selaku Dosen Pembimbing Komprehensif.
3. Orang tua yang selalu mendoakan.
4. Rekan-rekan mahasiswa seperjuangan dalam mempersiapkan Laporan
Komprehensif.

Penyusun menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dalam penyusunan

Laporan Komprehensif ini, sehingga penyusun mengharapkan saran dan kritik
yang kontruktif dan inovatif dari para pembaca demi untuk kesempurnaan di
dalam berbagai aspek dari laporan ini. Penyusun berharap semoga laporan ini
dapat bermanfat bagi kita semua khususnya Mahasiswa Teknik Perminyakan
dalam menambah wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan, Amin.

Balikpapan, April 2016

Penyusun

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 DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ....................................................................................... ii

KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................. x
DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................................... xv

BAB I TEKNIK RESERVOIR

1.1. Pembentukan Minyak Bumi ................................................................ 1
1.2. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir ........................................................... 7
1.2.1. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir .......................................... 7
1.2.1.1. Komposisi Batupasir...................................................... 7
1.2.1.2. Komposisi Batuan Karbonat ........................................ 8
1.3. Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir ............................................................... 8
1.3.1. Porositas .................................................................................. 9
1.3.2. Permeabilitas ........................................................................... 11
1.3.3. Saturasi .................................................................................... 14
1.3.4. Wettabilitas ............................................................................. 15
1.3.5. Tekanan Kapiler ...................................................................... 17
1.3.6. Kompresibilitas Batuan ........................................................... 19
1.4. Sifat-sifat Fisik Fluida ........................................................................ 20
1.5. Jenis-jenis Reservoir............................................................................ 26
1.5.1. Black Oil ................................................................................. 27
1.5.2. Volatile Oil .............................................................................. 28
1.5.3. Retrograde Gas ........................................................................ 29
1.5.4. Wet Gas ................................................................................... 30
1.5.5. Dry Gas ................................................................................... 31
1.6. Mekanisme Pendorong ....................................................................... 32
1.6.1.1.Depletion Drive Reservoir ....................................................... 33

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 1.6.1.2.Gas Cap Drive Reservoir .................................................... 35
1.6.1.3. Water Drive Reservoir ....................................................... 35
1.6.1.4.Segregation Drive Reservoir ............................................... 37
1.6.1.5.Combination Drive Reservoir ............................................. 39
1.7. Cadangan ............................................................................................ 40
1.7.1. Perhitungan Cadangan ............................................................. 42

BAB II TEKNIK PEMBORAN

2.1 Tujuan Pemboran ............................................................................... 48
2.2 Sistem Peralatan Pemboran ................................................................ 48
2.2.1. Sistem Angkat ......................................................................... 48
2.2.2. Sistem Putar ............................................................................ 50
2.2.3 Sistem Sirkulasi ....................................................................... 53
2.2.4. Sistem Pencegah Semburan Liar ............................................ 55
2.2.5. Sistem Tenaga ......................................................................... 57
2.2.6. Peralatan Penunjang ............................................................... 57
2.2.6.1. Sistem Penyemenan .................................................. 58
2.2.6.2. Sistem Penunjang Lainnya ........................................ 69
2.3 Lumpur Pemboran .............................................................................. 70
2.3.1 Fungsi Lumpur Pemboran ..................................................... 70
2.3.2 Jenis-jenis Lumpur Pemboran .............................................. 70
2.3.3 Sifat Fisik Lumpur Pemboran .............................................. 72
2.3.4 Sifat Kimia Lumpur Pemboran ............................................ 76
2.3.5 Komposisi Lumpur Pemboran ............................................. 80
2.3.6 Hidrolika Lumpur Pemboran ............................................... 82
2.3.6.1. Sifat Aliran .............................................................. 82
2.3.6.2. Jenis Fluida Pemboran ............................................ 82
2.4. Semen Pemboran ................................................................................ 84
2.4.1. Fungsi Penyemenan ............................................................... 85
2.4.2. Macam Penyemenan .............................................................. 85
2.4.3. Klasifikasi Semen Pemboran ................................................. 88

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 2.4.4. Komposisi dan Pembuatan Semen ......................................... 89
2.4.5. Sifat Fisik Semen Pemboran ................................................. 96
2.4.6. Additif Penyemenan .............................................................. 104
2.5. Masalah-masalah Pemboran .................................................................. 111
2.5.1. Shale Problem .......................................................................... 111
2.5.1.1. Jenis-jenis Shale .......................................................... 111
2.5.1.2. Sebab-sebab Terjadinya Shale Problem ..................... 112
2.5.1.3. Faktor yang mempengaruhi Shale Problem ............... 113
2.5.1.4. Penanggulangan ShaleProblem Pada Pemboran
Konvensional .............................................................. 114
2.5.2. Pipa Terjepit .............................................................................. 114
2.5.2.1. Jenis-jenis Pipa Terjepit................................................ 115
2.5.2.2. Pencegahan Problem Pipa Terjepit ............................... 116
2.5.2.3. Penanggulangan Problem Pipa Terjepit ...................... 119
2.5.3. Hilang Lumpur (Lost Circulation) ........................................... 121
2.5.3.1. Sebab-sebab Lost Circulation ..................................... 121
2.5.3.2. Penentuan Letak Lost Circulation............................... 123
2.5.3.3. Klasifikasi Zona Lost Circulation ............................... 125
2.5.3.4. Pencegahan Lost Circulation ...................................... 125
2.5.3.5. Penanggulangan Lost Circulation ............................... 126
2.5.4. Well Kick dan Semburan Liar ................................................. 131
2.5.4.1. Sebab-sebab Terjadinya Well Kick.............................. 131
2.5.4.2. Peralatan Deteksi Well Kick ...................................... 134
2.5.4.3. Metode Penangggulangan Well Kick.......................... 134

BAB III TEKNIK PRODUKSI .............................................................................. 140

3.1 Produktifitas Sumur (Well Productivity/Performance) ........................ 140
3.1.1 Inflow Performance Relationship .............................................. 140
3.1.1.1. Metoda Gilbert .............................................................. 140
3.1.1.2. Metoda Vogel ................................................................ 141
3.1.2. Productivity Index (PI) ............................................................ 142

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 3.1.3 Flow Efisiensi (FE) ................................................................... 146
3.2. Macam-macam Metode Produksi ...................................................... 146
3.2.1. Metode Sembur Alam ..................................................... 147
3.2.1.1. Prinsip Sumur Sembur Alam ..................................... 147
3.2.1.1.1 Inflow Performance .................................... 147
3.2.1.1.2. Vertical Lift Performance .......................... 148
3.2.1.1.3. Bean Performance ...................................... 149
3.2.2.2. Peralatan Sumur Sembur Alam .................................. 149
3.2.2.2.1. Peralatan Di Atas Permukaan .................... 149
3.2.2.2.2. Peralatan Di Bawah Permukaan ................ 152
3.2.2.2.3. Perencaan Sumur Sembur Alam ................ 153
3.2.2. Metoda Artificial Lift .............................................................. 154
3.2.2.1 Pump Jack/Sucker Rod Pump (Pompa Angguk) ......... 155
3.2.2.1.1. Prinsip Kerja SRP ...................................... 158
3.2.2.2. ESP (Electrical Submersible Pump) .......................... 161
3.3. Dasar Pemilihan Metoda Produksi ..................................................... 167
3.3.1. Karakteristik Reservoir ............................................................ 168
3.3.2. Kondisi Lubang Sumur Produksi ............................................ 169

BAB IV PENILAIAN FORMASI ............................................................................ 172

4.1. Metode Drilling Log ............................................................................ 172
4.1.1. Drillers Log .............................................................................. 173
4.1.2. Mud Log .................................................................................... 174
4.1.3 Analisa Cutting .......................................................................... 177
4.2. Coring dan Analisa Core ..................................................................... 178
4.2.1. Metode Coring .......................................................................... 178
4.2.1.1. Bottom Hole Coring .................................................... 179
4.2.1.2. Sidewall Coring ........................................................... 179
4.2.2. Analisa Core .............................................................................. 180
4.2.2.1. Analisa Core Rutin ...................................................... 181
4.2.2.1.1. Pengukuran Porositas .................................. 181

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 4.2.2.1.2. Pengukuran Saturasi .................................... 183
4.2.1.1.1. Pengukuran Permeabilitas ........................... 184
4.2.2.2. Analisa Core Spesial .................................................... 186
4.2.2.2.1. Pengukuran Tekanan Kapiler ...................... 186
4.2.2.2.2. Pengukuran Kompresibilitas ....................... 187
4.2.2.2.3. Pengukuran Wettabilitas ............................. 187
4.3. Metode Logging .................................................................................. 188
4.3.1. Log Listrik ................................................................................. 188
4.3.1.1. Spontaneous Potential (SP) Log .................................. 189
4.3.1.2. Resistivity Log ............................................................. 192
4.3.1.3. Normal Log .................................................................. 193
4.3.1.4. Lateral Log .................................................................. 194
4.3.1.5. Laterolog ...................................................................... 195
4.3.1.6. Microresistivity Log .................................................... 196
4.3.1.7. Induction Log .............................................................. 200
4.3.2. Log Radioaktif .......................................................................... 201
4.3.2.1. Gamma Ray Log .......................................................... 201
4.3.2.2. Neutron Log ................................................................. 203
4.3.2.3. Density Log ................................................................. 205
4.3.2.4. Sonic Log ..................................................................... 207
4.3.3. Log Tambahan .......................................................................... 210
4.3.3.1. Caliper Log .................................................................. 211
4.3.3.2. Dipmeter Log ............................................................... 212
4.3.3.3. Temperature Log ......................................................... 213
4.3.4. Interpretasi Log ......................................................................... 214
4.3.4.1. Analisa Kualitatif ......................................................... 214
4.3.4.2. Analisa Kuantitatif ....................................................... 217
4.3.4.2.1. Penentuan Resistivitas Air Formasi (Rw) ... 217
4.3.4.2.2. Penentuan Resistivitas Sebenarnya dan
resistivitas Flushed Zone ........................... 218
4.3.4.2.3. Penentuan Kandungan Shale ....................... 218

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 4.3.4.2.4. Penentuan Porositas dan Saturasi Air ......... 219
4.3.4.2.5. Penentuan Permeabilitas ............................. 221
4.4. Well Testing ........................................................................................ 222
4.4.1. Drill Stem Test .......................................................................... 222
4.4.2. Pressure Test ............................................................................. 223
4.4.2.1. Pressure Build-Up Test ................................................ 224
4.4.2.2. Pressure Draw-down Test ............................................ 226
4.4.3. Rate Test .................................................................................... 228
4.4.3.1. Multiple Rate Flow Test .............................................. 228
4.4.3.2. Two Rate Flow Test .................................................... 230
4.5. Analisa Fluida Reservoir ..................................................................... 232
4.5.1. Penentuan Faktir Volume Formasi (Bo) ................................... 232
4.5.2. Penentuan Kelarutan Gas dalam Minyak .................................. 235
4.5.3. Penentuan Viskositas Fluida ..................................................... 237
4.5.4. Penentuan Kompresibilitas Fluida ............................................ 242
4.5.5. Penentuan Densitas Fluida ........................................................ 242

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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