Petroleum
Authors Introduction
ChunXiao Wang The boiling range distribution of petroleum frac-
Agilent Technologies (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. tions provides insight into to the composition of
412 YingLun Road feedstocks and products related to petroleum
Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone refining. Both physical distillation and simulated
Shanghai 200131 distillation methods can be used to determine boil-
P.R. China ing point (BP). However, physical distillation meth-
ods are time-consuming and require a high level of
Roger Firor
operator intervention compared to simulated dis-
Agilent Technologies, Inc. tillation, resulting in wide specification ranges for
2850 Centerville Road reproducibility and repeatability. Simulated distil-
Wilmington, DE 19808-1610 lation, in contrast, allows accurate and fast deter-
USA mination of the BP distribution of petroleum
fractions.
Abstract ASTM D2887 is widely used in the refinery indus-
try [1]. It is designed to determine the boiling
An Agilent Simulated Distillation (SIMDIS) system is range distribution of petroleum products and frac-
described for quality control and monitoring of refinery tions having a final boiling point of 538 C or
processes. The system uses an Agilent 6890N gas chro- lower. The Agilent SIMDIS system offers a cost
matograph (GC) equipped with a programmable tempera- effective and easy-to-use package to practice ASTM
ture vaporizer (PTV) inlet designed specifically for high method D2887.
temperature analysis. A simulated distillation software
program that couples with the Agilent GC ChemStation
provides an easy-to-use solution for simulated distillation. Experimental
The system allows analysts to quickly determine the boil-
ing point distribution and cut points of petroleum prod- The SIMDIS application uses an Agilent 6890N GC
ucts. This application note describes in detail the system with electronic pneumatics control (EPC), config-
needed to perform simulated distillation by ASTM method ured with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a
D2887. This method is applicable to petroleum products 10 m 530 m 2.65 m DB-1 capillary column.
and fractions having an initial boiling point greater than The Agilent 7683B automatic liquid injector,
55 C and a final boiling point less than 538 C. equipped with either an SGE 0.5 L or Agilent 5-L
syringe was used for sample introduction into a
JAS UNIS 3100 high temperature, air-cooled PTV
inlet. A qualitative mixture of normal paraffins C5
to C44 (Supelco Part no. 500658) or C5 to C40 The process of SIMDIS analysis includes blank
(Agilent part number 5080-8716) was used to analysis (for baseline subtraction), calibration (C5
determine the BP versus retention time (RT) to C40 or C5 to C44), validation (reference gas oil
relationship over the range required by method No.1 for ASTM D2887) and sample analysis. These
D2887. analyses can be automated through the GC Chem-
Station coupled to the Agilent SIMDIS software.
High Temperature PTV Inlet
SIMDIS Software
This high temperature PTV inlet (HT PTV), devel-
oped by Joint Analytical Systems GmbH (Moers, The SIMDIS application software can operate
Germany), provides efficient transfer of sample to standalone or be called to automatically execute as
the column without discrimination. It integrates a a post run event from ChemStation. The software
coiled wire cartridge for heating in a carefully con- is structured in functional modules including:
structed arrangement for optimized thermal gradi- Browse, Setup, SimDis, Report, and Automation.
ent. The low mass design allows for rapid Each module provides specific functions to rapidly
heating/cool-down rates using only the GC inlet view data files, setup SIMDIS parameters, perform
fan for cool-down. For simulated distillation appli- SIMDIS calculations, customize reporting, and
cations, the inlet is operated in a split/hot injec- track files used in automation.
tion mode. The Agilent 7683B series injector
operating in the fast injection mode is used with The Agilent SIMDIS module provides a number of
control and parameter setting of the inlet inte- functions to correct artifacts such as solvent peaks
grated into the ChemStation. Typically, the inlet is and contributions from baseline, including a
ramped rapidly in temperature at the time of number of options for baseline treatment that opti-
sample introduction, held at the maximum pro- mize the SIMDIS analysis. Once optimized this col-
grammed temperature for a few minutes and then lection of parameters can be saved and applied to
cooled back uncontrolled to the starting tempera- all future sample analyses. The parameter selec-
ture, all during the first half of the GC run. High tion and calculation functions are located at left of
program rates of 400 C or 500 C/min can be the menu for the SIMDIS module as shown in
used for thermally stable analytes as normally Figure 1. Also, icons for Start Elute, End Elute,
encountered in simulated distillation. initial-BP (IBP) display, and final-BP (FBP) display
at the top left of the menu can be toggled to show
General instrumental conditions used for the current selections graphically on the raw
performing method D2887 are listed in Table 1. signal.
PTV inlet typical 1) 300 C to 400 C at 500 C/min (4 min.), to 300 C at 200 C/min
temperature program 2) 225 C to 400 C at 200 C/min (4 min.), to 225 C at 100 C/min
options 3) 350 C (no ramping)
Split ratio 2:1
Injection volume 0.05 L to 0.1 L
Liner HT PTV SimDis liner
Column DB-1, 10 m 530 m 2.65 m (part number 125-10HB)
or DB-2887 (part number 125-2814)
Column flow (He) 14 mL/min, constant flow mode
FID temperatures 350 C
H2 flow 40 mL/min
Air flow 450 mL/min
Make up (N2) 45 mL/min
Oven program 40 C to 350 C at 20 C/min, hold 8 min
Data acquisition rate 5 Hz typical
2
Figure 1. SIMDIS analysis setup pane showing start (IBP) and end (FBP) values.
3
Figure 2a. Signature report for reference gas oil (RGO).
4
Results and Discussion
Blank Analysis
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Figure 3. Overlay of two consecutive blank runs showing stable baseline profile.
5
Calibration calibration file, adding peaks, deleting peaks, and
assigning/changing carbon number, all accom-
Initially, the ChemStation calibration table func- plished easily using the mouse. An example of a
tions are used to set up a calibration between BP complete BP calibration (C5 to C40) is shown in
and RT. Calibration mixtures containing a series Figure 4 (top box). A second example (C5-C44)
of known n-alkanes from C5 to C40 or C5 to C44, using the Sulpelco calibration mix (p/n 500658) is
are used to establish the BP-RT correlation. The shown in Figure 5.
SIMDIS software has the capability to edit the
Figure 4. Calibration overview pane showing calibration and blank runs selected for subsequent use in
SIMDIS calculations.
6
RGO Analysis
FID1 A (D:\SIMDIS~1\2887\DATA\RG913LA\SIG10009.D)
Norm FID1 A (D:\SIMDIS~1\2887\DATA\BLK913L\SIG10009.D)
500
400
300
200
Blank run
100
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 min
7
In Figure 7, ten consecutive runs of the RGO are
overlaid without normalization. Run to run devia-
tions over the entire runtime are small, indicating
good system performance (injector, syringe, inlet,
column and detector).
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0201.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0202.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0203.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0204.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0205.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0206.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0207.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0208.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0209.D)
FID1 A, (NOV5\103F0210.D)
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 min
Figure 7. Overlay of 10 consecutive runs of RGO. Less than 3% run to run variation in the area of any given
slice across the entire chromatogram.
8
Cracked Gas Oil
FID1 A, (D:\SIMDIS~1\2887\DATA\CRACK99\SIG10001.D)
FID1 A, (D:\SIMDIS~1\2887\DATA\CRACK99\SIG10002.D)
FID1 A, (D:\SIMDIS~1\2887\DATA\CRACK99\SIG10003.D)
FID1 A, (D:\SIMDIS~1\2887\DATA\CRACK99\SIG10004.D)
FID1 A, (D:\SIMDIS~1\2887\DATA\CRACK99\SIG10005.D)
Norm.
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 min
9
www.agilent.com/chem
Conclusions
Knowledge of the BP distribution of petroleum
fractions and feedstocks as input to catalytic
crackers is essential to ensure a uniform quality of
finished product and to optimize refinery
processes. Simulated distillation provides a fast
and reliable technique to determine the BP distri-
butions with a high degree of confidence. The
Agilent SIMDIS system consisting of a 6890N GC
equipped with the HT PTV inlet, FID, ChemStation,
and simulated distillation application software
allows analysts to quickly and easily perform simu-
lated distillation analysis according to ASTM
D2887. The system and software can also perform
the proposed D2887x (extended D2887), and
D6352 (high temperature simulated distillation)
methods. These latter two methods are described
in a separate application note [2].
References
1. ASTM D2887-97a,Standard Test Method for
Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Frac-
tions by Gas Chromatography, Annual Book of
Standards, Volume 05.02, ASTM, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
USA.
2. C. Wang and R. Firor, High-Temperature Simu-
lated Distillation System Based on the 6890N
GC, Agilent Technologies, publication
5989-2727EN www.agilent.com/chem
Agilent shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential
damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.