Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila

(CHE 502, 1 st Semester, SY 2016-2017)

Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant

Non-Diffusing Air
Catalan, Princess Aibby, Encinas, Patricia Marie E., Omelis, Abby Guil G., Rose, Sharmaine G.,

Abstract Molecular diffusion can be defined as the transfer Other existing empirical formulas are also used to predict the
or movement of individual molecules through a fluid by means diffusivity of liquids in gases.
of the random, individual movements of molecules. Diffusion is
caused by concentration gradient of the diffusing components. In this experiment, the diffusivities of volatile organic
Diffusivity is the term used to describe the liquids (ethanol, hexane and isopropanol) in air at different
ability of a substance to permit or undergo diffusion. temperature (50 C, 65 C and 80 C) were obtained using the
Capillary tube method is the most common way to estimate capillary-tube method as experimental method. The mass
the diffusivity of the liquid in the air in a laboratory. Diffusivity diffusivities will then be compared with those obtained using
can be predicted readily using the empirical formulas,
the empirical formulas of Chapman-Enskog and Fuller-
prominent of which are Chapman-Enskog and Fuller-S chettler-
Schettler-Giddings.
Giddings equations.
Diffusivity is observed to be increasing as the temperature
increases. This can be attributed to the random thermal II. M AT ERIALS & M ET HODS
movement of molecules or the increasing entropy of the system. Apparatus:
Furthermore, there is a deviance of the results using the Water Bath
capillary methods as compared to empirical method. 5 Capillary Tubes
Small Electric Fan
Index TermsDiffusion, diffusivity, binary gas system, flux Barometer
Receptables for Capillary Tubes
Vernier Caliper
I. INTRODUCTION Timer
Diffusion is the movement under the influence of a Thermometer
physical stimulus of an individual component through a
mixture. The most common cause of diffusion is Materials:
concentration gradient of the diffusing components. Ethanol
Diffusivity is a proportionality constant between the mass Ethyl Acetate
flux due to molecular diffusion and the gradient in the Methanol
concentration of the species. It should be apparent that the
rate of molecular diffusion in liquids is considerably slower III. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
than in gases. Prepare the water bath and fill it with tap water and set it at
A number of different experimental methods have been 50 C. Fill the capillary tubes with pure volatile organic
used to determine the molecular diffusivity for binary gas liquids and measure the initial height of the liquid. Provide a
mixtures. One method is through the capillary tube method. gentle stream of air by turning on the electric fan. Measure
It is to evaporate a pure liquid in a narrow tube with a gas the height of the remaining liquid in the capillary tubes after
passed over the top. 10 and 15 minutes.
A more accurate and rigorous treatment must be Repeat preceding steps for trial 2 (water bath temperature
considered which is the intermolecular forces of attraction = 65 C) and trial 3 (water bath temperature = 80 C).
and repulsion between molecules as well as the different sizes Compare the results with those obtained using Chapman and
of molecules A and B. Enskog equation and other empirical equation.
Chapman and Enskog solved the Boltzmann equation,
which uses a distribution function instead of the mean free
path .

Manuscript received September 2016

Catalan, Princess Aaibby, Chemical Engineering Department,
T echnological Institure of the Philippines,0975-593-6032
Encinas, Patricia Marie , Chemical Engineering Department,
T echnological Institure of the Philippines,0975-814-2902
O melis, Abby Guil, Chemical Engineering Department, Technological
Institure of the Philippines, 0917-883-1283/abbyomelis@gmail.com
Rose , Sharmaine, Chemical Engineering Department, Technological
Institure of the Philippines,0926-1934658/sharmainerose01723@gmail.com
Figure 1. Immersing the Capillary Tubes in the Water Bath.

1
 Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant Non-Diffusing Air

Methanol 1.0031 10-5 1.0309 10-5 1.0242 10-5

Start

Trial 3: 80 C
Capillary
Chapman Fuller et. al.
Prepare the Tube
Liquid equation equation
water bath. Method
(m2 /s) (m2 /s)
(m2 /s)
Ethanol 1.6299 10-5 1.6621 10-5 4.2985 10-5
Ethyl
1.1888 10-5 1.0329 10-5 1.9333 10-5
Set the temperature to 50 degC acetate
Methanol 1.1140 10-5 1.1122 10-5 2.4510 10-5

Fill the V. CALCULAT IONS

capillary
tubes with
Trial 1: 50 C
the volatile
compounds.
A. Chapman-Enskog Method
Measure its Ethanol
height.
1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1
DAB = 2
( + )0.5
PAB D, AB MA MB
Provide gente
stream of air in the 1.858310 -7 (323.15 K) 1.5 1 1
setup. DAB = 2
+ )0.5 (
(1 atm)(4.1205 A ) (1.0912) 46 28.84

2
DAB = 1.3840 10-5 m s
Set the time after
10 minutes.
Measure the Ethyl acetate
liquids height in
the capillary. 1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1
DAB = 2
( + )0.5
PAB D, AB MA MB

Repeat trial with

1.858310 -7 (323.15 K) 1.5 1 1
different DAB = 2
( + )0.5
temperatures for (1 atm)(4.461 A ) (1.3026) 86 28.84
atleast 3 trials each
temp.Then compare 2
results. DAB = 8.9608 10-6 m s

Methanol

END 1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1

DAB = 2
( + )0.5
PAB D, AB MA MB
IV. DAT A & RESULT S
1.858310 -7 (323.15 K) 1.5 1 1
Trial 1: 50 C DAB = 2
( + )0.5
Chapman Fuller et. al. Capillary (1 atm)(4.8205 A ) (1.1502) 60 28.84
Liquid equation equation Tube Method 2
(m2 /s) (m2 /s) (m2 /s) DAB = 9.5434 10 -6 m s
Ethanol 1.3840 10-5 1.4229 10-5 1.3803 10-5
Ethyl B. Fuller-Schettler-Giddings Method
8.9608 10-6 8.8425 10-6 9.2600 10-6
acetate
Methanol 9.5434 10-6 9.5217 10-6 8.4208 10-6 Ethanol

1 1 0.5
Trial 2: 65 C 1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB
Chapman Fuller et. al. Capillary DAB = 1 1 )0.5
Liquid equation equation Tube Method P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2
(m2 /s) (m2 /s) (m2 /s)
1.5045 10-5 1.5405 10-5 1.4420 10-5 1 1
Ethanol 1.00 10-7 (323.15 K) 1.75 ( + )0.5
Ethyl 46 28.84
9.8265 10-6 9.5733 10-6 1.8074 10-5 DAB = 1 1
acetate (1 atm)[(50.36 )3 + (20.1) 3 ]2

2
 Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila
(CHE 502, 1 st Semester, SY 2016-2017)
2
2
DAB = 8.4208 10-6 m s
DAB = 1.4229 10-5 m s
Trial 2: 65 C

Ethyl acetate A. Chapman-Enskog Method

Ethanol
1 1 0.5
1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB 1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1 0.5
DAB = )0.5
1 1 DAB = ( + )
P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2 PAB 2 D, AB MA MB

1 1 1.858310 -7 (338.15 K) 1.5

1.00 10-7 (323.15 K) 1.75 ( + )0.5 1 1
DAB =
86 28.84 DAB = 2
( + )0.5
1 1 (1 atm)(4.1205 A ) (1.0744) 46 28.84
(1 atm)[(126.72 )3 + (20.1 )3 ]2
2
DAB = 1.5045 10-5 m s
DAB = 8.8425 10 -6 m2
s Ethyl acetate

Methanol 1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1

DAB = 2
( + )0.5
1 1 0.5 PAB D, AB MA MB
1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB 0.5
DAB = 1 1 ) 1.858310 -7 (338.15 K) 1.5 1 1
P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2 DAB = 2
( + )0.5
(1 atm)(4.461 A ) (1.2715) 86 28.84
1 1
1.00 10-7 (323.15 K) 1.75 ( + )0.5 2
60 28.84 DAB = 9.8265 10-6 m s
DAB = 1 1
(1 atm)[(120.32 )3 + (20.1 )3 ]2
Methanol
2
DAB = 9.5217 10-6 m s 1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1 0.5
DAB = ( + )
PAB 2 D, AB MA MB
C. Capillary-Tube Method
Ethanol 1.858310 -7 (338.15 K) 1.5 1 1
DAB = 2
( + )0.5
(1 atm)(4.8205 A ) (1.1233) 60 28.84
A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM
DAB = 2
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 ) DAB = 1.0031 10-5 m s

761.736 (0.062 - 0.0552 )(8314)(323.15)(101319.85)

DAB = B. Fuller-Schettler-Giddings Method
2(900)(46)(101325)(10.2954 - 0)
Ethanol
DAB = 1.3803 10 -5 m2
s 1 1 0.5
1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB
Ethyl acetate DAB = 1 1 )0.5
P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2
A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM
DAB = 1 1
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 ) 1.00 10-7 (338.15 K) 1.75 ( + )0.5
46 28.84
DAB = 1 1
2 2
631.5989 (0.05 - 0.047 )(8314)(323.15)(101319.55) (1 atm)[(50.36 )3 + (20.1) 3 ]2
DAB =
2(900)(86)(101325)(10.9014 - 0) 2
DAB = 1.5405 10-5 m s
2
DAB = 9.2600 10-6 m s
Ethyl acetate
Methanol 1 1 0.5
1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB
A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM DAB = 1 1 )0.5
DAB = P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 )
1 1
755.337 (0.077 2 - 0.074 2 )(8314)(323.15)(101319.95) 1.00 10-7 (338.15 K) 1.75 ( + )0.5
86 28.84
DAB = DAB = 1 1
2(900)(60)(101325)(10.1077 - 0) (1 atm)[(126.72 )3 + (20.1 )3 ]2

3
 Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant Non-Diffusing Air

2
DAB = 9.5733 10-6 m s 2
DAB = 1.6299 10-5 m s

Methanol
Ethyl acetate
1 1 0.5
1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB 1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1 0.5
DAB = 1 1 )0.5 DAB = ( + )
P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2 PAB 2 D, AB MA MB

1 1 1.858310 -7 (353.15 K) 1.5 1 1

1.00 10-7 (338.15 K) 1.75 ( + )0.5
60 28.84 DAB = ( + )0.5
DAB = 1 1
2
(1 atm)(4.461 A ) (1.1217) 86 28.84
(1 atm)[(120.32 )3 + (20.1 )3 ]2
2
2 DAB = 1.1888 10-5 m s
DAB = 1.0309 10-5 m s

C. Capillary-Tube Method
Ethanol Methanol

A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM 1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1

DAB = DAB = ( + )0.5
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 ) PAB 2
D, AB MA MB

747.175 (0.055 2 - 0.049 2 )(8314)(338.15)(101319.85) 1.858310 -7 (353.15 K) 1.5

1 1
DAB = DAB = + )0.5 (
2(900)(46)(101325)(10.9777 - 0) (1 atm)(4.8205 A ) (1.0795) 602 28.84
2
DAB = 1.4420 10-5 m s 2
DAB = 1.1140 10-5 m s

Ethyl acetate
B. Fuller-Schettler-Giddings Method
A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM Ethanol
DAB =
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 )
1 1 0.5
1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
2 2 MA MB
617.078 (0.047 - 0.045 )(8314)(338.15)(101319.30) DAB = 1 1 )0.5
DAB =
2(900)(86)(101325)(11.4082 - 0) P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2

2 1 1
DAB =1.8074 10 -5 m s 1.00 10-7 (353.15 K) 1.75 ( +
46 28.84
)0.5
DAB = 1 1
Methanol (1 atm)[(50.36 )3 + (20.1) 3 ]2

A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM 2
DAB = 1.6621 10-5 m s
DAB =
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 )
CHAPMAN EQUATION
739.362 (0.074 2 - 0.072 2 )(8314)(338.15)(101319.59)
DAB = Ethyl
2(900)(60)(101325)(10.8238 - 0) Trial # Ethanol Methanol
acetate
2 Trial 1 1.38E-05 8.96E-06 9.54E-06
DAB = 1.0242 10-5 m s
Trial 2 1.50E-05 9.83E-06 1.00E-05
Trial 3: 80 C Trial 3 1.63E-05 1.19E-05 1.11E-05
Ethyl acetate
A. Chapman-Enskog Method
1 1 0.5
Ethanol 1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB
DAB = 1 1 )0.5
1.858310 -7 T1.5 1 1 P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2
DAB = ( + )0.5
PAB 2 D, AB MA MB
1 1
1.00 10-7 (353.15 K) 1.75 ( + )0.5
-7 1.5 86 28.84
1.858310 (353.15 K) 1 1 DAB = 1 1
DAB = 2
( + )0.5 (1 atm)[(126.72 )3 + (20.1 )3 ]2
(1 atm)(4.1205 A ) (1.0585) 46 28.84

4
 Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila
(CHE 502, 1 st Semester, SY 2016-2017)
1.50613E-
2 Ethanol 1.51E-12
DAB = 1.0329 10-5 m s 05
Ethyl 1.02249E-
2.26E-12
acetate 05
1.02381E-
Methanol 6.69E-13
Methanol 05

1 1 0.5
1.00 10-7 T1.75 ( + )
MA MB
DAB = 1 1 )0.5
P[( v A )3 + ( v B )3 ]2
ANOVA
-7 1.75 1 1 Source of
1.00 10 (353.15 K) ( + )0.5 F P-value F crit
60 28.84
DAB = 1 1 Variation
(1 atm)[(120.32 )3 + (20.1 )3 ]2 Between
15.75156 0.004095 5.143253
2
Groups
DAB = 1.1122 10 -5 m
s Within
Groups
C. Capillary-Tube Method
Ethanol
Total
A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM
DAB = Since the p-value is less than 0.05, therefore we can neglect
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 )
the null hypothesis that the difference between the means of
groups are significant. Thus, the difference between the data
731.933 (0.049 2 - 0.047 2 )(8314)(353.15)(101319.20)
DAB = points are not significant for chapman equation.
2(900)(46)(101325)(11.5922 - 0)

2
FULLER, et. al EQUATION
DAB = 4.2985 10-5 m s Ethyl
Trial # Ethanol Methanol
acetate
Ethyl acetate
Trial 1 1.42E-05 8.96E-06 9.52E-06
A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM Trial 2 1.54E-05 9.57E-05 1.03E-05
DAB = Trial 3 1.66E-05 1.03E-05 1.11E-05
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 )

601.961 (0.045 2 - 0.004 2 )(8314)(353.15)(101319.10) SUMMARY

DAB = Groups Average Variance
2(900)(86)(101325)(11.8639 - 0)
1.50613E-
2
DAB =1.9333 10 -5 m s Ethanol 05 1.51E-12
1.02249E-
Methanol Ethyl acetate 05 2.26E-12
1.02381E-
A ( zF 2 - z0 2 )RTp BM
DAB = Methanol 05 6.69E-13
2tF M A P(p A1 - p A2 )

722.660 (0.072 2 - 0.071 2 )(8314)(353.15)(101319.27)

DAB = ANOVA
2(900)(60)(101325)(11.4617 - 0)
Source of
2
DAB = 2.4510 10-5 m s Variation F P-value F crit
Between Groups 15.75156 0.004095 5.143253
Within Groups
VI. ST AT ISTICAL A NALYSIS

Total
ANOVA RESULT
Since the p-value is less than 0.05, therefore we can neglect
SUMMARY the null hypothesis that the difference between the means of
groups are significant. Thus, the difference between the data
Groups Average Variance points are not significant for fuller et., al equation.

5
 Diffusion of Liquids Through Stagnant Non-Diffusing Air

waste bottle. You must avoid to drain it in the sink it can

CAPILLARY TUBE METHOD harm in living organisms.
Ethyl
Trial # Ethanol Methanol
acetate
Trial 1 1.38E-05 9.26E-06 8.42E-06 X. QUEST IONS/ANSWERS
Trial 2 1.44E-05 1.81E-05 1.02E-05 1. Discuss the following:
Trial 3 4.30E-05 1.93E-05 2.45E-05 a. Ficks Law of Diffusion
b. Equimolal Counter Diffusion
SUMMARY c. Unicomponent Diffusion
Groups Average Variance
2. A gas CH4 and He is contained in a tube at 101.3 kPa
Column 1 0.000023736 2.78E-10 pressure and 298 K. At one point the partial pressure of
Column 2 1.55557E-05 3.01E-11 methane is pA1 = 60.79 kPa, and at a point 0.02 m distance
Column 3 1.43909E-05 7.76E-11 away, pA2 = 20.26 kPa. If the total pressure is constant
throughout the tube, calculate the flux of methane at steady
state for equimolar counter diffusion.
3. Ammonia gas is diffusing through through N2 under
ANOVA steady-state conditions with N2 nondiffusing since it is
Source of insoluble in one boundary. The total pressure of NH3 at one
point is 1.333 x104 Pa, and at the other point 20 mm away it
Variation F P-value F crit is 6.666 x103 Pa. The DAB for the mixture at 1.013 x105 Pa
Between Groups 0.605094 0.576254 5.143253 and 298 K is 2.30 x10-5 m2/s.
Within Groups a. Calculate the flux of NH3 in kgmol/s-m2.
b. Do the same as (a) but assume that N2 also diffuses; this
is, both boundaries to both gases and flux is equimolar
Total counter diffusion. In which case is the flux greater?

Since the p-value is less than 0.05, therefore we can neglect
the null hypothesis that the difference between the means of
groups are significant. Thus, the difference between the data
points are not significant for capillary tube method.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of this experiment, it can be
concluded that diffusivity increases with increase in
temperature. This phenomenon is due to the random thermal
movement of molecules with the increase in temperature.
Diffusivity of the liquid can be estimated in a laboratory
scale using the capillary tube method alongside the existing
empirical equations of Chapman-Enskog and Fuller-
Schettler-Giddings Methods. However, there is a deviation of
the results using the capillary tube method as compared to the
empirical methods. This error may be attributed to the setting
of p A2 to zero regardless of the low flow rate of air to the tube.
VIII. HAZARDS
In the experiment of diffusion, the health hazards due to
chemical and toxicological exposures associated with non -
radioactive materials; health hazards due to potential
exposure associated with radioactive materials; and radiation
hazards to the general public and the environment.
4. Mass transfer is occuring from a sphere of napthalene
having a radius of 10 mm. The sphere is in a large volume of
air at 52.6 0 C and 1 atm abs pressure. The vapor pressure of
naphtalene at 52.6 0C and 1 atm abs pressure. The vapor
pressure of naphtalene at 52.6 0 C is 1.0 mmHg. The
diffusivity of naphtalene in air at 0 0 C is 5.16 x10-6 m2/s.
Calculate the rate of evaporation of naphtalene from the
surface in kgmol/sm2.
Answers:
1. a. Ficks Law of Diffusion- It is simply the molar
flux due to diffusion is proportional to the
concentration gradient.
b. Equimolal Counter Diffusion- the molar fluxes
or A and B are equal, but opposite in direction, and
the total pressure is constant throughout. Hence we
can write: N = NA + NB = 0. [ Remember: pressure
is caused by the collisions of molecules with the
container wall.
c.Unicomponent Diffusion- In equimolar counter-
diffusion, the molar fluxes or A and B are equal,
but opposite in direction, and the total pressure is
constant throughout. Hence we can write: N = NA
+ NB = 0
2. Given:
PT= 101.32 kPa PA2 = 20.26 kPa
PA1 = 60.79 kPa T= 298 K Z2 =Z1 =0.02m
DAB= 0.675x10-4 m2 /s R=8.314m3 Pa/kg mol-K

IX. WASTE DISPOSAL (1 2)

=
In this experiment on how to disposed the waste, the (2 1)
chemical that used in this experiment must be put in a

6
 Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila
(CHE 502, 1 st Semester, SY 2016-2017)
m2 ( Abby Guil Omelis graduated highschool
0.675x10 4 60.79 kPa& 20.26 kPa)
s from Saint Anthony Abbot Academy. She
=
8.314m3Pa
K (0.02m 0) is a Chemical Engineering student at
kgmol
Technological Institite of the Philippines Manila. Abby
= . loves to read and watch movies, and she also loves to

travel.
3. PT=1.013x10^5Pa PA2 = 6.66x10^3Pa
PA1 =1.34x10^4Pa T= 298 K Z2 =Z1 =0.02m Sharmaine G. Rose she graduated her
DAB= 2.30x10-5 m2 /s R=8.314m3 Pa/kg mol-K secondary education from St. Catherine College
of Valenzuela. She currently pursues her
2 1 bachelor degree in Chemical Engineering at
= Technological Institute of the
2
ln ( )
1
3 4
6.6610 1.3410
= = 9.128104
6.66103
ln ( )
1.34104
(1 2)
=
(2 1) REFERENCES
(2.3010 5 10.13104 (1.3310 4 0.6610 4 ) [1] Geankoplis, C. J. (1995). Transport Processes and Unit Operations,
= ) 3rd Ed. Singapore: Prentice Hall.
8314 (298) (0.02)(9.128104 )
[2] Perry, R. H., & Green, D. W. (2008). Perry's Chemical Engineering
Handbook, Eight Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

.
=

4. PT=1.0132x10^5 Pa Pb2 = 0
Pb1 =1.316x10^3 atm T=325.6K
DAB= 5.16x10-6 m2 /s R=8.314m3 Pa/kg mol-K
=0.010m

2 1 1.0 .9987
= =
2 1.0
ln ( ) ln ( )
1 . 9987
= .993

325.6 1.75
1.75 = 5.16110 6 ( )
273
= 7.0241010 6 2 /

(1 2)
=
(2 1)
7.02410 6 1.01325 105 1.3210 3 1.13105
=
8314325.60.01 (. 9931.01325105 )
.
=

APPENDIX
Princess Aibby Catalan graduated
highschool from Lyceo de Pasacao,
Camarines Sur. She now pursues her bachelor
degree in Chemical Engineering at the Technological
Institute of the PhilippinesManila.

Patricia Marie Encinas, graduated

highschool from Concordia College,
Manila. Currently taking up bachelor of
science in chemical engineering at
Technological Institute of the Philippines .