CONTENTS

Page
Sl.No. Date Name of Experiment N Marks
o.
1 DETERMINATION OF pH
2 DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY
3 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS
4 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDES
5 DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE
CHLORINE IN BLEACHING POWDER
6 DETERMINATION OF B.O.D (BIO
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)
7 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
8 JAR TEST FOR DETERMINING
COAGULANT DOSAGE

1
Experiment No.1
Date:

DETERMINATION OF PH
Aim

The aim of the experiment is to determine the pH of given sample(s .

Principle
pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ions concentration more
precisely of the hydrogen ion activity in moles/liter. pH enters into the calculation of
carbonate. Bicarbonate and carbon dioxide, as well as of the corrosion or stability index
and into the control of water treatment process. The practical pH scale extends from 0,
very acidic to 14, vary alkaline, with the middle value (pH7) corresponding to exact
neutrality at 250 C where as alkalinity and acidity express, the total reserve or buffering
capacity of sample, the pH value represents the instantaneous hydrogen ion activity i.e.
the intensity of acidity or alkalinity.
The pH meter makes use of electrodes for measuring pH of sample. Several types
of electrodes have been suggested for electrometric determination of p H . Although the
hydrogen gas electrode is recognized as the primary standard, the glass electrode in
combination with the reference potent ional provided with saturated calomel electrode is
most generally used. The glass electrode system is based on the fact that a change of 1 pH
unit produces an electrical change of 59.1mv at 250C.
The pH paper is a specially prepared one, which will show the variation in pH
with different colour changes. The method is suitable for only rough estimation.

Apparatus
1. pH meter with electrodes
2. Buffer solutions
3. Thermometer
4. pH papers or pH colour comparator

Procedure

a) Using a pH Meter
1. Follow the manufactures operating instructions.
2
 2. Calibrate the instrument with a buffer solution. (buffer solution is one whose
pH is already known and which will retain that pH for a long time).
3. Dip the electrode in the given sample and note down the instrument reading.
4. Note the pH of the sample along with its temperature.

b) Using pH paper
1. Dip the pH paper in the sample.
2. Compare the colour with that of the colour given on the wrapper of the pH
paper book.
3. Note down the pH of the sample along with its temperature.

c) Using colour comparator

1. Fill the left glass with distilled water or sample up to 10ml mark.
2. Fill the right glass tube with the sample up to 10 ml mark.
3. Note the temperature of the sample.
4. Add 4 drops of pH universal indicator into the right glass tube and mix it well.
5. Make the colour of the sample with that of the disk.
6. Note the pH value shown in the lower window of the colour comparator.

Result

PH using pH paper
Sample No. or 0 PH using pH
Temp. in C or
Description meter
colour comparator

Discussion

3
Experiment No.2
Date:

DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY

Aim

The aim of the experiment is to determine which of the following types of

alkalinity are present in the given sample

a) Hydroxide alkalinity
b) Carbonate alkalinity
c) Bicarbonate alkalinity
d) Hydroxide - carbonate alkalinity
e) Carbonate Bicarbonate alkalinity

Principle
The alkalinity of water is the capacity of water to accept protons. Alkalinity is
usually imparted by the bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide components of natural or
treated water supply. It is determined by titration with a standard solution of strong
mineral acid to the successive bicarbonate and carbonic acid equivalence points,
indicated electrometrically or by means of colour . Phenolphthalein indicator enables the
measurement of the alkalinity fraction contributed by the hydroxide and half of the
carbonate. Methyl orange indicator will help in measuring the remaining carbonate and
bicarbonate fractions of alkalinity

Alkalinity is expressed in mg/L CaCO3.

Apparatus
1. Burette 25 to 100mL capacity
2. Erlenmeyer flasks
3. Pipettes

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Reagent
a) Carbon dioxide free distilled water
b) Phenolphthalein indicator solution
c) 0.02N standard sulphuric acid
d) Methyl orange indicator solution
e) 0.1N sodium thiosulphate solution

Procedure
1. Measure out 20mL of the given sample to an Erlenmeyer flask
2. Add 1 drop of 0.1N sodium thiosulphate solution to remove the free
residual chlorine if present.
3. Add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
4. If the sample turns pink, then titrate with 0.02N standard sulphuric acid till
the solution turns colourless.
5. Note down the volume of sulphuric acid added (V1)
6. Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator to the solution in which the
phenolphthalein alkalinity has been determined.
7. If the solution turns yellow, continue titration with 0.02N standard
sulphuric acid till the solution turns faint orange in colour.
8. Note down the total volume of sulphuric acid added (V2)

Calculation
1. Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (P) as mg./L CaCO3
= V1 x N x 50,000
mL of sample

2. Total Alkalinity ( T ) as mg/L CaCO3

= V2 x N x 50,000
mL of sample

The type of alkalinity present in the samples is calculated using the equations given in the
Table I and the result are tabulated.

5
 Hydroxide Carbonate Bicarbonate
Result of Titration alkalinity as alkalinity as alkalinity as
CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3
P=0 0 0 T
P< T 0 2P T 2P
P=T 0 2P 0
P>T 2P T 2 (T-P) 0
P=T T 0 0

Observations

6
 Sample 1 Sample 2

1 2 1 2
Volume of acid added
= V1 in mL
Total volume of acid added
= V2 in mL
P Alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3

T Alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3

Results

Type of Alkalinity Sample 1 Sample 2

Hydroxide Alkalinity in mg/L

as CaCO3
Carbonate Alkalinity in mg/L as
CaCO3
Bicarbonate Alkalinity in mg/L
as CaCO3

Discussion

7
Experiment No.3
Date:

DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS

Aim
The aim of the experiment is to determine the total hardness of the given
sample(s) by EDTA Titrimetric Method

Principle
Originally the hardness of water was understood to be a measure the capacity of
the water for precipitating soap. Soap is precipitated chiefly by the calcium and
Magnesium ions, commonly present in water, but may also be precipitated by ions of
other polyvalent metals, such as aluminum, iron, manganese, strontium and zinc and by
hydrogen ions. Because all but the first two are usually present in insignificant
concentrations in natural waters, hardness is defined as a characteristic of water which
represents the total concentration of just the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as
calcium carbonate. However, if present in significant, other hardness producing metallic
ions should be included.

When the hardness is numerically grater than the sum of the carbonate alkalinity
and the bicarbonate alkalinity, the amount of hardness which is equivalent to the total
alkalinity is called Carbonate Hardness, the amount of hardness is excess of this is called
Non- Carbonate Hardness. When the hardness is numerically equal to or less than the
sum of carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity all of the hardness is carbonate hardness and
there is no non-carbonate hardness. The hardness may range from Zero to Hundreds of
milligrams per liter in terms of calcium carbonate, depending on the source and treatment
to which the water has been subjected.

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid and its sodium salts (EDTA) from a chelated
soluble complex when added to a solution of certain meta cations. If a small amount of
dye such as Eriochrome black T is added to an aqueous solution containing calcium and
magnesium ions at a pH of 10 + 0.1, the solution will become wine red. If EDTA is then
added as a titrant, the calcium and magnesium will be complexed. After sufficient EDTA

8
has been to added to complex all the magnesium and calcium, the solution will turn from
wine red to blue. This is the end point of the titration.

Apparatus
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Erlenmeyer flask
4. Bottle etc.

Reagents
1. Ammonia buffer solution
2. Eriochrome black T indicator
3. Standard EDTA titrant (0.01 M)

Procedure
1. Dilute 25mL of sample to about 50mL with distilled water in an Erlenmeyer
flask.
2. Add 1ML of buffer solution
3. Add 2 drops of indicator solution. The solution turns wine red in colour
4. Add the standard EDTA Titrant slowly, with continuous stirring, until the last
reddish tinge disappears from the solution. The colour of the solution at the
end point is blue under normal conditions.
5. Note down the volume of EDTA added (A)

Observations

Sample 1 Sample 2
1 2 1 2
Volume of sample taken

Volume of EDTA consumed

Hardness (mg/L)

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Calculation

Hardness (EDTA) as mg/L CaCO3 A X B X 1000

ml. of sample

Note: A = ml of EDTA consumed

B = mg CaCO3 equivalent to 1ml EDTA titrant
= 1mg. CaCO3

Result

Total Hardness in mg/L

Sample No. or Description
as CaCO3

Discussion

10
Experiment No.4
Date:

DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDES

Aim

The aim of the experiment is to determine the amount of chlorides present in the
given sample (s) by Argentomeric method

Principle
In nature or slightly alkaline solution, potassium chromate can indicate the end
point of the silver nitrate titration of chloride. Silver chloride is quantitatively precipitated
before red silver chromate is formed.

Apparatus
1. Burette
2. Pipette
3. Erlenmeyer flask

Reagents
1. Chloride free distilled water
1. Potassium chromate indicator
2. Standard silver nitrate titrant (0.0141 N)

Procedure
1. Take 20 mL sample in an Erlenmeyer flask.
2. If the sample is highly coloured, add 3mL [AL (OH)3], suspension mix, allow
to settle, filter, wash and combine filtrate and washing.
3. Titrate samples in the pH range 7-10 directly. Adjust the samples not in this
range with sulphuric acid or sodium hydroxide solution.
4. Add 1 mL potassium chromate indicator solution.
5. Titrate with standard silver nitrate titrant to a pinkish yellow end point.
6. Note down the volume of silver nitrate titrant added (A)

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 7. Take 20 mL distilled water in another Erlenmeyer flask and repeat the
procedure outlined in step 3 to 5 above.
8. Note down the volume of silver nitrate titrant added (B)

Calculation
Mg./L chloride = (A-B) x N x 35450
ML of sample taken
N = Normality of silver nitrate titrant. = 0.0141

Observations

Sample 1 Sample 2

1 2 1 2
Volume of sample taken

A = Volume of silver nitrate titrant added

B = Volume of silver nitrate added for

blank correction

Results

Sample No. Or
Chlorides present in mg/L
Description

Discussion

12