Grid Connected Wind Generator

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 4 491 495

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Grid Connected Wind Generator
Dr. Deepak P. Kadam

Department of Electrical Engineering,
Sandip Foundation, Sandip Institute of Engg. & MGMT, Mahiravani, Trimbak Road,
Nashik- 422213, Maharashtra, India.
dpkadam@gmail.com
Abstract: Injection of wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality and reactive power issues at the connected
electric network. Power quality problems such as voltage sag and swell are some major concern. In this paper these issues are
analyzed. Wind turbine connected to squirrel cage induction generator is modeled using PSCAD simulation software to analyse
the said issues where STATCOM is introduced as an active voltage and reactive power supporter to increase the power system
stability. STATCOM unit is developed to inject reactive power for mitigation of power quality problems and to get stable grid
operation.
Keywords - Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG); PSCAD; Wind Turbine Generator (WTG); Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM); Power Quality.
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
1. Introduction reduction in life of T & D equipment [5]. As a result, utilities

typically disconnect the wind turbines immediately from the
As the wind power penetration into the grid is increasing grid when such a contingency occurs. With the rapid increase
quickly, the influence of wind turbine on the power quality is in penetration of wind power in power grids, tripping of many
becoming an important issue. Wind power penetration is the turbines in a large wind farm during grid faults may begin to
impact on power system stability. In order to avoid the influence the overall power system stability [6].
necessity of developing a detailed model of a wind farm with
tens or hundreds of wind turbines and their interconnections, Considering the increasing share of wind generation
aggregated wind farm models are needed [1]. From each interfaced to grid it is necessary to study an overall
generating station the probability of the total generating prospective on various types of existing wind generator
capacity not exceeding a given power level. This gives a systems and possible generator configuration, critical power
measure of the reliability of the system [2].If the network is quality issues, problems related with grid connections [7].Use
weak this situation will cause a voltage collapse to occur in of more intelligent controller for STATCOM and its interface
the transmission system. The process can be dynamically to large power systems addressing various issues such as
supported by a STATCOM to improve voltage stability and to security, stability, and voltage profile improvement and
improve recovery from network faults and mitigate voltage power quality [8].It was found that STATCOM considerably
flicker [3]. Frequently wind parks are connected to weak improves the stability during and after disturbances especially
systems, as they are typically located far from major load when network is weak [9].FACTS devices provide an
centres and central generation. This reflects itself in the short effective means of dynamic voltage control of wind farm,
circuit ratio (SCR) of the interconnection. For weak systems dynamic power control of the transmission lines, improving
the SCR will usually be less than 6 having over speed of power oscillations damping and transient stability [10].As the
generator [4].Reactive power is the most important aspect in speed during induction generator operation is not
todays condition. Reactive power consumption in a Wind synchronous, it is also called an asynchronous generator.
farm is mainly due to the use of induction generators for Variation in changes both active power and reactive
energy conversion. The basic principle of induction generator power flow at the SEIG terminals there by simultaneously
is that they consume reactive power in order to generate real changing both terminal voltage and frequency of the Self
power. The magnetizing currents drawn by step up Excited Induction Generator [11].The use of STATCOM shall
transformers also contribute to reactive power consumption to be considered for stability improvement as well as
some extent. This reactive power consumption leads to improvement of power quality taking considering techno
increased T & D losses, poor voltage profile over loading of T economic aspects [12].
& D equipment and blocked capacity and over loading and
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total : Graphs
2. Wind farm modelling Vtotal
120
P = 35.27 P = 89.89 100

Q = 23.15 Q = 44.34
V = 128.4 V = 105.7 Load
80
P+jQ
A A
V V 100 [ohm] 0.157 [H]
y (Kv)
60
P = 59.42
150 [MVA] Q = -38.97
132 [kV] / 33 [kV] V = 28.7 gen
P = 77.98 P = 78.08 P = 42.8 P = 39.57 40
Is WIND_FARM_1
Q = 135.3 100.0 [MVA] Q = 130.3 Q = 107.2 Q = 86.36 #1 #2 A
220 [kV] / 132 [kV] V = 128.4
V = 220.1 V = 128.4 V = 105.7 V
Es
RL A #1 #2 A A A
20
V V V 4.0 [ohm] 0.082 [H] V
0
P = 50.32 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 ...
Q = -42.03 gen2
...
V = 105.7 WIND_FARM_2
...
A
V
Voltage Sag at Generator Side
total : Graphs
gen3
WIND_FARM_3 Vload
15 15 120
Total V_thd1 Voltage in Phase A Total I_thd1
Harmonic Harmonic
Distortion 15 Distortion 15
Individual Individual 100
15 15
Total V_thd2 Voltage in Phase B Total I_thd2 80
Harmonic Harmonic
Distortion 15 Distortion 15 gen4
Individual Individual
y (Kv)
WIND_FARM_4 60
15 15
Total V_thd3 Voltage in Phase C Total I_thd3
Harmonic Harmonic 40
Distortion 15 Distortion 15
Individual Individual
20
Es Is Mag1 Mag2 Mag3 gen5
(15) (15) (15) 0
1
Mag1 Mag2 Mag3 WIND_FARM_5

(15) (15) (15) X1 Ph1
1
(15) ph1 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 ...
X1 Ph1 FFT
2
(15) Eph1
X2 Ph2 ...
FFT
...
2
Ph2 (15)
X2
3
(15)
X3 F = 50 [Hz]
Ph3
Voltage Sag at Load Side
3
Ph3 (15)
X3 F = 50 [Hz]
(15) dc1 dc2 dc3
dc1 dc2 dc3 Main : Graphs
Vgrid
Fig.1. Large scale wind farm 140.0
135.0
A wind farm typically consists of a large number of 130.0
individual wind turbine generators (WTGs) connected by an

y (kV)
125.0
internal electrical network. To study the impact of wind farms 120.0
115.0
on the dynamics of the power system, an important issue is to
110.0
develop appropriate wind farm models to represent the 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ...
...
dynamics of many individual WTGs. The major issues ...
Voltage Sag at Grid Side

considered for the work for grid connected wind turbine
generators (WTGs), equipped with squirrel cage induction
Fig.2. Voltage sags at different locations.
generators (SCIGs) are sag/swell during three phase fault
condition. The model is developed and compared by Fixed speed wind turbines have a high sensitivity to voltage
simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment under sags due to the fact that a generator is directly connected to
different wind velocity and fluctuation conditions to obtain the main grid.
the reactive power burden on grid.Wind generators are
In case of a voltage drop, resulting from a fault on
primarily classified as fixed speed or variable speed. With
the main grid, the electromagnetic torque of the generator
most fixed speed units, the turbine drives an induction
reduces significantly while mechanical torque is still applied.
generator that is directly connected to the grid. For the studies
This leads to the unbalanced torque, accelerating the rotor,
carried out in this paper, it focuses on modeling the fixed
which may, in turn, result in the rotor instability.
speed unit. In this case study, large scale wind farm with
squirrel cage induction generator having capacity 75 MW is In this case study, voltage sag is developed due to
connected to 33/132 kV substation to 220 kV electric grid symmetrical & unsymmetrical fault at different location. As
system is modelled by PSCAD as shown in figure 1. per Math J. H. Bollen seven types of sag are analysed.
Voltage sag is developed at generator, load & grid side due to
3. Power quality issues faults are shown in figure 2.
Although the main issues of power quality are common to Table 1: % Sag & Isc /IL at different location
grid connected induction generator system are as voltage sag,
Fault Location: Near to Generator
swell.
Location % Sag Isc /IL
3.1 Voltage Sag: Sag is a decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 p.u. After Generator 68.35 5.34
rms voltage and current at the power frequency for duration Transformer
from 0.5 cycles to less than 1 minute. Before Generator 52.91 20.3
Transformer
Load 66.85 0.28
After Grid Transformer 10.80 3.19
Fault Location: Near to Load
492
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After Generator 9.98 1.67 Fig.3. Voltage Swell at different locations
Transformer 4. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)
Load 10.80 3.0 The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a
After Grid Transformer 1.78 1.71 shunt connected reactive compensation equipment which is
Fault Location: Near to Grid capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power whose
After Generator 66.62 6.16 output can be varied so as to maintain control of specific
Transformer parameters of the electric power system. It consists of VSC
Load 59.83 0.4 connected in shunt to a bus through a coupling transform. The
After Grid Transformer 90.88 2.2 objective of the STATCOM is to provide fast and smooth
Before Grid 54.47 19.2 voltage regulation at the point of common coupling. In this
Transformer paper, the VSC is modelled as a six-pulse IGBT converter
with a dc-link capacitor. The static compensators are devices
Table 1 indicates fault location, percentage Sag & ISC/IL at with the ability to both generate and absorb reactive and
different location. If any fault developed near to generator, it active power, but the most common applications are in
also affects voltage profile of load as well as grid and vice reactive power exchange between the AC system and the
versa. compensator. The compensator control is achieved by small
variations in the switching angle of the semiconductor
3.2 Voltage Swell devices, so that the fundamental component of the voltage
Swell is an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 p.u. rms voltage produced by the inverter is forced to lag or lead the AC
or current at the power frequency for duration from 0.5 cycles system voltage by a few degrees. This causes active power to
to less than 1 minute.In this case study, voltage swell is flow into or out of the inverter, modifying the value of the DC
developed due to symmetrical fault at different location. capacitor voltage, and consequently the magnitude of the
Voltage swell developed at generator, load & grid side due to inverter terminal voltage and the resultant reactive power. If
faults are shown in figure 3. the developed voltage is higher than system voltage the
STATCOM will supply reactive power like a rotating
total : Graphs
140
Vtotal synchronous compensator and improve the voltage and
120 conversely if lower it will remove reactive power. Figure 6
100
80 indicates large scale wind farm with SQIG connected to the
60
y 40 grid with STATCOM is modelled.
20
0
-20 Ps Ps
A1 A1
-40 Qs Qs
PS1PS1 A2 A2
P+jQ
Vs Vs
-60 SAG
V
A
QS1QS1 S_G
10 [ohm] 0.157 [H] GENERATOR
PS2PS2
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ... VS1VS1
1 3 5
... QS2QS2 g1 2 g3 2 g5 2
... RRL
A A 100.0 [MVA]
220 [kV] / 132 [kV] VS2VS2
150 [MVA]
132 [kV] / 69 [kV]
300.0 [uF]
V
RRL B A #1 #2 A A A #1 #2
V V 4.0 [ohm] 0.082 [H] V V
2.0 [uF]
Generator Voltage during Swell RRL A

V
Pm
Pm Active Power 4 6 2
total : Graphs Qm
Qm Reactive Power g4 2 g6 2 g2 2
A
VLtotal Vpu V
140 A11
Phase
Vn
Vpu
Vn
Ptotal
Ptotal
120 A12
150.0[MVA]
Qtotal 132 [kV] / 33 [kV] gen
100 A13
VtotalVtotal
#1 #2
80 V V
60
y qm Voltage gen2
40 Q
Control
PWM dcVltg dc vtg DC Voltage
Vpu Control Igto2 Igto4 Igto6
Loop
V dcCur Igto1 Igto3 Igto5
20 dc curt DC Current
g1 Idi2 Idi4 Idi6 GTO Currents

0 [PWMControl] g1
Idi1 Idi3 Idi5
Statcom & Generator g2 gen3
[PWMControl] g2
-20 Diode Currents
g3
[PWMControl] g3
-40 g4
[PWMControl] g4
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ... g5

Grid [PWMControl] g5
... gen4
g6
... [PWMControl] g6
Load Voltage during Swell loadflow

gen5
total : Graphs
VS1
140.0
135.0
130.0 Fig.4. Large scale wind farm connected by STATCOM.
125.0
120.0
y
115.0
110.0
4.1 Voltage Sag Mitigation
105.0
100.0 Figure 5 indicates the voltage profile with STATCOM
95.0
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 ... connected. The DC side capacitor charges to higher value to
...
...
compensate reactive power requirement during sag and to
Grid Voltage during Swell maintain system stability.
493
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 2 : % Sag Mitigation by using STATCOM caused by symmetrical fault which is shown in figure 6.Table
3 indicates how swell is mitigated by using STATCOM at
% Sag Generator Load Grid different fault location.
Location Location Location
Table 3: % Swell mitigation by using STATCOM
After STATCOM 54.71 % 43.00 % 10.02 %
Before 68.35 % 66.85 % 10.80 % % Swell Generator Load Grid
Location Location Location
STATCOM
After STATCOM 112.53 % 119.02 % 103.39 %
Reduced after 13.64 % 23.85 % 0.78 %
Before 131.67 % 131.34 % 131.67 %
STATCOM
STATCOM
Reduced after 19.14 % 12.32 % 28.28 %
Table 2 indicates how sag is reduced by using STATCOM at STATCOM
different fault location.
total : Graphs
From the simulation results, the designed wind farm with Vtotal
2.5k
STATCOM responded well in mitigating voltage sag caused 2.0k
by symmetrical and asymmetrical fault. 1.5k

1.0k
0.5k
total : Graphs 0.0
y
Vtotal
1.0k -0.5k
0.8k -1.0k
0.6k -1.5k
0.4k -2.0k
0.2k -2.5k
0.0 ...
y
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

-0.2k ...
...
-0.4k
-0.6k Generator Swell Voltage Mitigation

-0.8k source1 : Graphs
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ...
...
VLtotal
2.0k
...
1.5k
Voltage Sag Mitigation at Generator Side
1.0k
total : Graphs
Vload 0.5k
1.0k
y (KV)
0.0
0.8k
0.6k
-0.5k
0.4k -1.0k
0.2k -1.5k
y (KV)
0.0
-2.0k
-0.2k
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ...
-0.4k ...
-0.6k ...
-0.8k Load Swell Voltage Mitigation

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ...
... source1 : Graphs
... VS1
600
Voltage Sag Mitigation at Load Side
source1 : Graphs 400
VS1
400
200
300
y (KV)
0
200
100 -200
y (KV)
0
-400
-100
-600
-200
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ...
-300 ...
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ... ...
...
... Grid Swell Voltage Mitigation
Voltage Sag Mitigation at Grid Side
Fig.6. Voltage swells mitigation by STATCOM.
Fig.5. Voltage sag mitigation by STATCOM.
5. Conclusion
4.2 Voltage Swell Mitigation
This paper has investigated the application of STATCOM
From the simulation results, the designed wind farm with to wind farm equipped with Squirrel Cage Induction
STATCOM responded well in mitigating voltage swell Generators to study reactive power supporter during wind
494
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
variation and symmetrical & unsymmetrical fault condition. Proceedings of the International conference on Power
A simulation on model of large scale wind farm is designed in System Technology, PP. 1-7, 2006.
PSCAD software to study the voltage sag & swell mitigation [10] Wei Qiao, Ronald G. Harley, Ganesh K. Effects of
using STATCOM. The study has demonstrated that an FACTS Devices on a Power System Which Includes a
additional active voltage/var support produced by a Large Wind Farm, Paper accepted for IEEE PSCE
STATCOM can significantly improve the recovery of wind 2006 Conference, PP. 2070-2076, 2006.
turbines from fault since this device can make a faster [11] B. Venkatesa Perumal and J. K. Chatterjee, Analysis of
restoration of the voltage, improving the stability limit Self Excited Generator with STATCOM/Battery Energy
conditions of the induction generators. Storage System, IEEE Conference, 2006.
The simulation results provide a clear qualitative [12] Bhim Singh, S. S. Murthy and Sushma Gupta,
verification of transient margin increase in the wind energy STATCOM-Based Voltage Regulator for self-excited
conversion system with STATCOM when compared to the Induction Generator Feeding Nonlinear Loads, IEEE
system without the STATCOM support. Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.53, No.5,
PP.1437-1452, October 2006.
References
[1] J. G. Slootweg and W. L. Kling, Modelling of Large About the Author
Wind Farms in Power System Simulations, Paper
published in IEEE Conference, PP. 503-508, 2002. Prof. Kadam D.P graduated in Electrical
[2] J. Bhagwan Reddy, D. N. Reddy, Reliability Engineering from Govt. College of
Evaluation of a Grid Connected Wind Farm-A case Engineering, Amaravati in 1997, Masters
Degree in Electrical Engineering from
Study of Ramgiri Wind farm in Andhra Pradesh, India,
Walchand college of Engg., Sangli, Shivaji
Paper published in IEEE Conference, PP. 659-662, University, Kolhapur with Power System and
2004. Ph.D (Electrical) from Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
[3] R. Grunbaum, P. Halvarsson, D. Larsson, P. R. Jones, in 2015. He is working as a Professor at Sandip Foundation,
Conditioning of Power Grids serving Offshore Wind SIEM, Nashik, Maharashtra, India. His research area
Farms based on Asynchronous Generators, ABB includes Power Quality, Optimization of Reactive Power &
Power Technologies, Sweden, PP. 34-39, 2004. FACTS. His total experience spans over 16 years.
[4] Mazen Abdel- Salam, Adel Ahmed Mahmoud Mahrous,
Steady- state and transient analyses of wind farm
connected to an electric grid with varying stiffness,
Proceedings of the 14th International Middle East
Power Systems Conference, Cairo University, Egypt,
Dec. 19-21, 2010 PP. 203-208, 2010.
[5] R. Venkatesh, Power Quality issues and Grid
interfacing of wind Electric Generators and Design of an
Optimal reactive Power Compensation System for Wind
farms
[6] Kadam D. P. and Dr. Kushare B. E. Dynamic
Behaviour of Large Scale Wind Farm, International
Journal of Electrical Engineering, Volume 5, Number 6,
PP. 757-764, 2012.
[7] Kadam D. P. and Dr. Kushare B. E. Overview of
Different Wind generator Systems and their
comparisons, International Journal of Engineering
Science & Advanced Technology, Volume 2, Issue-4,
PP. 1076-1081, 2012.
[8] S. M. Muyeen, Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Mohd.
Hasan Ali, Rion Takahashi, Toshiaki Murata, Junji
Tamura, Stabilization of Grid Connected Wind
Generator by STATCOM, Paper published in IEEE
PEDS 2005 Conference, PP. 1584-1588, 2005.
[9] Lie Xu, Yao and Christian Sasse, Comparison of Using
SVC and STATCOM for Wind Farm Integration, IEEE
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 491 495

Grid Connected Wind Generator

Dr. Deepak P. Kadam

1. Introduction reduction in life of T & D equipment [5]. As a result, utilities

P = 35.27 P = 89.89 100

Mag1 Mag2 Mag3 WIND_FARM_5

A wind farm typically consists of a large number of 130.0

individual wind turbine generators (WTGs) connected by an

internal electrical network. To study the impact of wind farms 120.0

Voltage Sag at Grid Side

Generator Voltage during Swell RRL A

g1 Idi2 Idi4 Idi6 GTO Currents

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 ... g5

Load Voltage during Swell loadflow

by symmetrical and asymmetrical fault. 1.5k

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

-0.6k Generator Swell Voltage Mitigation

-0.8k Load Swell Voltage Mitigation

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