International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Model Nano-Doped Polymers
Zainab Hussain Ahmed Al-Amiery Majid Khalaf Maytham Mahdi Emad Yousif
Abstract- The presence of nanoparticles in polymer improves
the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of the
materials; metal oxide NPs doped polymer were investigated as
substitutioanal materials for optical employment such as planar
wave-guide devices with micro-optical elements. Numerous
polymers were confirmed to be suitable matrices in the
structures of composite development because of their facility of
produce and conversion, perfect adhesion with enhances
elements, corrosive environment resistance and in significant
cases ductile mechanistic achievement. In this work, it has been
reference to some earlier studies on the subject.
Keywords: Nanocomposite, Polymers, Doped.
I. INTRODUCTION
The invention of novel materials with unique
characteristics predominating leads to new
technologies. After invention of polymers with
conductive properties in 1970s, it opened up a entire
novel research, that ultimately guide to a new
technologies of plastic electronics [1]. When interested
materials characteristics were spotted in the laboratory,
efforts were made to understand it mechanism, that lead
to fine control of the manufacture process of new
potentially significant material. If future employment
were expecting, optimization of material characteristics
become a continued and occasionally a lifelong
procedure. Materials doping was one of the methods of
modifying physical characteristics. As an example, Si
(silicon) that has extremely poor electrical conducting
characteristics could be doped with B (boron) or as
(arsenic) to make it a perfect hole or electron conductor
respectively. This opened up a novel class of doped-
silicon materials that are perhaps the basis of the largest
comprehensive electronics industries. Polymers, which
consist of large molecules linked together in repeated
fashion to form long chains, have naturally existed for
a long time. Examples are tortoise shell, tar and horns.
Today synthetic Polymers that have of big linked
molecules together in order to produce long chain, with
normally existed for a long time.
Al- Zainab Hussain is in Department of Chemistry, College of Science,
Misan University, Misan, Iraq.
Ahmed Al-Amiery is in the Energy and Renewable Energies Technology
Centre, University of Technology, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
Majid Khalaf is in Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-
Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Emad Yousif is in Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-
Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
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As examples are tortoise shell, tar and horns. Today
prepared polymers have been find significant
employments in many areas. Polyalkenes, epoxy and
resin have been crucial materials, commercial,
transport and entertainment. They were quite,
attractive, alternative materials due to simple
conversion they offer drop casting, spray-painting and
printing. Moreover, they almost supply low cost large
area scale ability. In generality employment however,
polymer material were multi-component systems.
Integral of fillers like metals or ceramics, could
produce unlimited types of new materials with
significant physical characteristics and may reduce
product cost. Typically, when the filler in systems with
multi-component that represents a minor constitutive,
has at least one dimension below 100 nanometer, the
producing materials are termed, "polymer
nanocomposite" [2]. Researches in this approach are
quite active and hopeful, fundamentally due to various
polymers combinations and fillers which could be
explored. Few examples of filler materials which are
newly published are SrTiO3 [3], fluorinated single
walled carbon nanotubes [4] and ZnS-coated CdSe
nanocrystals [5]. Addition of a small portion of fillers
to a host polymer could be significance doping
approach if the intention of modify the physical
characteristics of the host polymer. Concerning to a
continuance published articles on nanotechnology [6
15], we focus on the electrical, mechanical and optical
characteristics of the nanoparticles in polymers.
II. WHY USE NANOMATERIALS AS DOPED FOR
POLYMERS?
There is no reasonable global definition of nano-
particles, unless one presented in new PAS71 (Publicly
Available Specification 71) document developed in UK
is as follows: "A particle having one or more
dimensions of the order of 100 nm or less"[16].
Fillers, especially with macroscopically dimension,
may not react chemically with polymers hence they
may not be regarded as dopant. Nano-materials were
attractive dopant to polymer due to the higher reactivity
surface that was referred to extremely large surface to
volume ratio. In addition, they have intriguing
characteristics associate with quantum confinement
effects, making the interactions with various polymers
a theme of considerable interest [17]. Nano-particles
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
may be embedded in numerous various polymer
matrices, as an example poly-carbonate, poly-styrene,
nylon, Si-rubbers, poly-amide, etc. Nano-composites
according to PDMS were of interest to flexible nano-
micro system community. These nano-composites
show consolidate characteristics and were chiefly
because of high aspect ratio in addition to high surface
area of the filler, since nano-particulates had quite high
surface area to volume ratio while homogeneous
dispersions are accomplished. The new class of
composites exhibit, enhanced optical, electrical,
magnetic, and dielectric characteristics compare to
micro-particle reinforce polymer.
III. CONDUCTING POLYMER NANO-COMPOSITES
Nano-composites can be defined as multiphase solid
compounds have unparalleled, physical characteristics
with broad applications potentials and one or more of
the phases constrain by mean to grow more than 100
nm in either one, two or three dimensions which were
gained from molecular levels mixed of two or more
nano-sized objects utilized an appropriate manner [18].
Regarding to the macroscopic physical structure nano-
composite materials could be divided into three
categories:
1. Fibrous nanocomposites
2. Laminar nanocomposites
3. Particulate nanocomposites [19].
The 1st nano-composites generations are the nano-
composite plastics that are homogeneous dispersion of
small sized inorganic particle through polymers matrix.
These nanocomposites were prepared in the 1970s
employing sol-gel technique, however, the inorganic
phase in these nanocomposites were in some cases not
attached chemically to the organic phase.
Nanocomposite plastics found tremendous applications
in surface coating technology. The 2nd nano-composite
materials generation exhibit in the 1980s while small
particles and clay fillers are utilized as a minor phase in
plastic. In 1990s and beyond, the 3rd generation of
nano-composite exhibit where polymeric materials are
reinforce with nano-fiber like carbon nano-tubes and
nano-clay particle [20].
Nano-composites of fundamental, conducting
polymers were materials which employ conjugated
polymer and at one or more minor components which
could be chemical materials or biologically species
[21]. One can derive exciting novel properties from
nano-composites by successful combining the
properties of its parent constituent into a single
material. Generally, in polymer nanocomposites the
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polymeric component is utilized to provide mechanical
strength and processibility to the resulting
nanocomposite material. However, in case of
nanocomposites of intrinsically conducting polymers
the secondary components viz., inorganic, biological or
organic active species are generally used to enhance the
processibility and mechanical strength whereas the
functionalities of intrinsic conducting polymers are
used for different applications [21]. The properties of
the secondary components are also utilized in some
applications. In a nutshell, conducting polymer
nanocomposites are truly hybrid materials which have
excellent physicochemical properties resulting from the
synergistic effect of the individual properties of two or
more components. Conducting polymer
nanocomposites can be broadly classified into three
classes depend on nature of associations between the
individual components. These are Inorganic-in-
Organic (I-O) nanocomposites, Organic-in-Inorganic
(O-I) nanocomposites and Organic-in-Organic (O-O)
nanocomposites.
IV. SOME STUDIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF
NANO-DOPED POLYMERS ACCIDENTS
Al-Taay et al. [22] have study optical
characteristics of doped and/or pure PVC (polyvinyl
chloride) films. Parameters like extinction coefficient,
refractive index, real and imaginary parts, Urbach
energy, optical conductivity, infinitely high frequency
dielectric constant, and average refractive index were
studied by using the absorbance and transmittance
measurement from computerized UV-visible
spectrophotometer in the spectral range 200800 nm.
This study reveals that optical characteristics of PVC
are affected by the doping of zinc oxide which the
absorption increases and transmission decreases as
ZnO concentration increases. The extinction
coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts,
infinitely high frequency dielectric constant, and
average refractive index values were found to increase
with increasing impurity percentage. The Urbach
energy values are found to be decreasing with
increasing ZnO concentration. The optical conductivity
increased with photon energy after being doped and
with zinc oxide conc. increase.
Alam et al. [23] prepared Polyaniline (Pani)/ZnO
nanocomposite by in situ polymerization of aniline
using ammonium peroxodisulfate as an oxidizing
agent. Synthesis of Pani was confirmed by
spectroscopic techniques. Morphology of zinc oxide
nano-particle and Pani/zinc oxide nano-composite
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509

indicates uniform circulation all through the Pani

matrix researched by HRTEM images. FT-IR and UV-
Vis investigation affirm that there are solid compound
cooperation amongst Pani and zinc oxide nano-particle,
which causes the red shift due to the quanta effect of
ZnO and energy band between Pani and ZnO.
Conductivity of Pani/ZnO nanocomposite was found to
be 3.010 2 Scm1. Pani/ZnO nanocomposite may
find application in new electric and photoelectric
devices. Figure (1) explains the sem image of Pani/ZnO
nanocomposite.

Fig 2: SEM images of PVA/PANi\ZnO nanocomposite.

Also Goyal and Vaishnav [25] have been synthesized

high performance zinc oxide\ polyaryletherketon nano-
composites utilizing process of planetary ball milling
taken after by hot squeezing and they found from
results that dielectric steady and the warm security of
the nanocomposites expanded essentially with
expanding substance of ZnO in the framework. The
expansion in warm strength could be because of solid
connection as well as interfacial holding between the
lattice and zinc oxide nanoparticles, which prevented
the divided development of the PAEK [19]. Figure (3)
demonstrates the subsidiary bend of the nano-
composites as an element of temperature.

Fig. 1: (a) HRTEM micrograph of ZnO nanoparticle and (b) HRTEM

micrograph of Pani/ZnO nanocomposite.

Alireza Samzadeh-Kermani et al. [24] synthesized

Alcohol/Polyaniline/ZnO nanocomposites consisted of
Polyvinyl Alcohol/Poly aniline/zinc oxide nano-
composites that synthesized in various concentrations
of zinc oxide nano particles [1% (C1), 1.5% (C2), 2%
(C3) and 2.5% (C4)]. The antimicrobial action of
PVA/PANi/zinc oxide nano-composites at various
sizes of zinc oxide nano particles were demonstrated a
solid antimicrobial action against +Gram and -Gram
microscopic organisms. These outcomes were Fig 3: SEM pictures of ZnO filled PAEK nanocomposites
demonstrated that the antimicrobial resistance of zinc
oxide nano particles in nano-composites could be Figure 4 demonstrates the dielectric steady of
changed by their size dissemination, and diminished PAEK/ZnO nanocomposites. For a given recurrence,
with expanding in molecule measure. SEM pictures dielectric steady of nano-composites increments with
were demonstrated a proper size dispersion of zinc expanding zinc oxide in the lattice. It is notable that
oxide nano particles onto the polymer kip, and littler zinc oxide is a polar fired. At the point when a high
sizes for zinc oxide nano particles in lower recurrence AC field is connected, the zinc oxide
concentration nano-composites. The size appropriation molecule is in a snappy and solid polarization and
for various concentrations of nano-composites was at consequently it brings about higher dielectric steady for
the range 22.57 - 33.90 nm (Figure 2). the nano-composites [17].

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International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Fig 4: Dielectric constant versus vol% ZnO content for PAEK/ZnO
nanocomposites.
CONCLUSIONS
Doped of polymers of important processes that improve the physical
properties of the polymers such as improves the mechanical,
electrical, and optical properties, Which increases the interest of the
polymer in many areas
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